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The centrally controlled economy enables the totalitarian dictatorship to exploit its population for
foreign conquest and world revolution. For example, all resources can be concentrated on a single
important military project. The totalitarian type of economy enables the dictator to control the
workers and make them dependent on the government. Without a work permit none can work.
Work permits may be withdrawn for offenses such as objecting to foul working conditions. ” (1)
Resources
Company Union Company union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Company
union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Can be used to describe either an enterprise union or a yellow
union. Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Resources
Trade Union Topics [...]...
European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the
European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the
work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach
(Profile [...]...
Court Rules Court Rules Worldwide International Trade / Internet Rules Court of International Trade
ICANN: Domain Name Dispute Resolution Rules United States International Trade Commission
Patent Law Rules European Patent Convention Patent: Gulf Co-operation Council Patent: OAPI
(African IP Union) [...]...
List of international public law topics ContentsList of international public law topicsOther
topics:ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and
Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries List of international public law topics This is a comprehensive
list of entries dealing with public international law, including those areas of law dealing with the
United Nations System and the Law of Nations. There is also ... Read more...
Werner Report A report on the subject of European integration, prepared by a committee under the
leadership of Pierre Werner, prime minister of Luxembourg. The report, published in October 1970,
urged full economic and monetary union within the European Economic Community as "a catalyst
for the development o......
Court of Justice of the European Union Court of Justice of the European Union in Private
International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to
court of justice of the european union on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers
key issues involved when citizens face [...]...
Trade Union Meaning of European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) Here is a very short concept of
european trade union confederation (etuc) in the European Union framework: The principal trade
union lobby group in Brussels. Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom
Political [...]...
Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced
form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the
features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted
free trade among [...]...
Court of Auditors Court of Auditors in Election Law Financial authority in charge of monitoring the
management of public funds. In some countries, the court of auditors can intervene in the electoral
process to monitor the financing of political parties or election campaigns and the use made by
recipients of [...]...
Company Board Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation
Labor Dispute...
Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation
Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization
established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-
French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
European Patent Convention European Patent Convention (EPC) in E.U. Patent System Nineteen
European countries are parties to the European Patent Convention. A patent application filed under
this convention will, when granted, usually automatically be effective in each of the countries
designated by the applicant. [...]...
CIS Economic Union CIS Economic Union in relation with International Trade In the context of trade
organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of CIS Economic Union: A
prospective customs union among most members of the Commonwealth of Independent States,
intended to restore economic [...]...
Convention on Data Protection Convention on Data Protection and Europe There is an entry on
convention on data protection in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further
Reading Entry "Convention on Data Protection" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European
Union from Aachen to [...]...
Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available
technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This
section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade
Meaning of [...]...
EMU EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) and Europe There is an entry on emu (economic and
monetary union) in the European legal encyclopedia. EMU and the European Union Resources See
Also Economic and Monetary Union Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "EMU (Economic and
Monetary [...]...
ECU Ecu Summary of Ecu The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William
J. Miller) ECU and International Trade Economy ECU (European Currency Unit) and Europe There is
an entry on ecu (european currency unit) in the European legal encyclopedia. ECU and the [...]...
Enterprise Union Enterprise union in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of
Enterprise union provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A union whose membership is limited to workers in one
particular enterprise. Sometimes called a company union, but should not be confused with a yellow
union. Resources Trade [...]...
Court of First Instance of the European Union Court of First Instance of the European Communities
(CFI) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of First Instance of the European
Communities (CFI) provided by the European Union Commission: The CFI was set up in 1989 to
strengthen the protection of individuals' [...]...
Command Directed Economy An economy in which the questions of which goods are to be
produced, how they will be produced, and who will receive them are established by governmental
fiat. See Centrally Planned Economy.......
Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a
debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
ENP The European Neighbourhood Policy, abbreviated as ENP, was developed in 2004, with the
objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged European Union
(EU) and its neighbours to the South and East Through the ENP, the EU offers its neighbours a
privileged [...]...
European Monetary Union Meaning of European Monetary Union Here is a very short concept of
european monetary union in the European Union framework: It is a common mistake that EMU
means European monetary union. In fact the initials stand for Economic and Monetary Union, a
more far-reaching goal. Resources Notas y [...]...
European Payments Union Summary of European Payments Union An intra-European mechanism for
the periodic settlement of trade balances. The EPU was established July 1, 1950, among the
members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (read this and related legal terms
for further details) (OEEC) to [...]...
Council of Ministers Council of Ministers (Council, or Council of the European Union) and Europe
There is an entry on council of ministers (council, or council of the european union) in the European
legal encyclopedia. Council of Ministers and the European Union Resources See Also Council
Resources See Also [...]...
Economic Rent Economic Rent and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade
economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Rent: The gain to a
producer or resource owner resulting from a trade barrier or other restriction of supply that leads to
a higher [...]...
Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic
manufactures.......
Trade Diversion The shift in purchases from sources outside a free-trade area (within which tariffs
have been eliminated) to a union member, even though the cost of purchasing outside the union
(before duty) is less than procuring from within. The absence of duty among members of the free-
trade area more than [...]...
Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy
means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing
banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or
diminishes inflow of [...]...
Political Groups Political Groups and Europe There is an entry on political groups in the European
legal encyclopedia. Political groups and the European Union Resources See Also Transnational
parties European political parties Party groups Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Political
[...]...
Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by
all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.
(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation
to the GATT [...]...
European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area
consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on
industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA
originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to
international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export
Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides
related-related services to other [...]...
European Political Community European Political Community and Europe There is an entry on
european political community in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further
Reading Entry "European Political Community" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European
Union from Aachen to [...]...
Bargaining Unit Bargaining unit in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Bargaining
unit provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A group of workers within a particular company, establishment,
industry or occupation that constitutes an appropriate unit for the purpose of collective bargaining.
See [...]...
Downsizing Downsizing in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Downsizing
provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Reduction of a company's workforce generally in an attempt to cut costs
and improve efficiency. Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC)
Trade Union [...]...
Union Busting Union busting in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Union busting
provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Attempts by an employer to prevent the establishment of a trade union or
remove an existing union, e.g. by firing union members, challenging unions in court, or by forming a
yellow [...]...
Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade
economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount
by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by
the [...]...
Economic Space European Economic Space and Europe There is an entry on european economic
space in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European
Economic Space" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to
Zollverein", by [...]...
Economic Community European Economic Community (EEC) and Europe There is an entry on
european economic community (eec) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also
Further Reading Entry "European Economic Community (EEC)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia
of the European Union from [...]...
Economic Area European Economic Area (EEA) and Europe There is an entry on european economic
area (eea) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European
Economic Area (EEA)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to
[...]...
Industrial Unión Industrial unión in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Industrial
unión provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A union whose membership is composed of workers in a particular
industry, regardless of their profession or skill level. See company unión Resources [...]...
Combination Acts Combination acts in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of
Combination acts provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades
Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist
Party Legislative Power [...]...
Efta Efta Efta in International Trade Meaning of Efta, according to the Dictionary of International
Trade (Global Negotiator): The European Free Trade Association is an intergovernmental
organization set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its
four Member [...]...
West African Economic and Monetary Union West African Economic and Monetary Union or Union
Economique et Monetaire Ouest africaine (UEMOA) in relation with International Trade In the
context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of West
African Economic and Monetary Union or Union [...]...
Political Strike Political strike in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Political strike
provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A process halfway between conciliation and arbitration , in mediation a
neutral third party assists the disputing parties in reaching a settlement to an industrial dispute by
[...]...
Economic Partnership Agreements EPA and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EPA
provided by the European Union Commission: Economic Partnership Agreements: The ACP countries
and the EU have agreed to enter into economic integration agreements - concluding newWTO
compatible trading arrangements, progressively [...]...
Level Playing Field Level Playing Field and International Trade Economy In relation to international
trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Level Playing Field: A
concept or slogan employed by those calling for efforts to secure both free trade and fair trade. The
term alludes [...]...
Court of International Trade Proceedings In the United States For information about Court of
international trade proceedings in the context of international trade, click here...
European Economic Interest Grouping European Economic Interest Grouping and Europe There is an
entry on european economic interest grouping in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See
Also Further Reading Entry "European Economic Interest Grouping" in the work "A Concise
Encyclopedia of the European Union [...]...
Closed Economy The economy of an isolated area that engages in virtually no trade beyond its own
borders. This condition is usually the product of geographic remoteness rather than design. See also
AUTARCHY.......
Commercial Risk The risk borne by an exporter that his foreign customer may be unable to pay for
merchandise imported under open account terms. Commercial risk is contrasted with political risks,
which arise from governmental actions and are unrelated to the financial condition or credit-wor-
thiness of the [...]...
Convention Definition of Convention In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a
description of Convention : 1. A *treaty, usually of a multilateral nature. The International Law
Commission prepares draft conventions on various issues for the progressive development of
international law. 2. [...]...
Court of International Trade Court of International Trade in relation with International Trade In the
context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Court of
International Trade: A US Federal Court (formerly the Court of Tariff Appeals) that hears appeals
from proceedings [...]...
High Tribunals Iraqi High Tribunal Embracing mainstream international law, this section on iraqi high
tribunal explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources
Further Reading The entry "iraqi high tribunal" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of
[...]...
Court of Justice Court of Justice and the European Union Resources See Also European Court of
Justice...
Collective Economy Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right
Doctrine...
International law index E Contents International law index EConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and
Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries International law
index E Earth Charter (2000) East African Community (EAC) Eastern Carelia (Request for Advisory
Opinion) Eastern Greenland Case EC-Bananas Case EC-Hormones Case Eco-Labelling Ecological
Protection Zones Economic Assistance Economic Coercion Economic Community of West African
States ... Read more...
Centrally Planned Economy An economy in which basic economic decisions are made by a central
planning commission or a similar state agency. Price mechanism does not determine the allocation
of resources; instead the planning agency assesses resource availability and reports this to the level
of government that determines pri......
Council of Europe Hello Council Of Europe Summary of Council Of Europe An association of twenty-
one European states formed to identify and collectively pursue areas of common interest, and to
provide a forum for the articulation of European unity. The council was formed by treaty in London
on May 5, 1949; [...]...
European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three
components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and
Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded
the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations
imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange
controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic
industries, [...]...
Company Law The Legal History of Company Law This section provides an overview of Company Law
Applied Company Law Contents of Applied Company Law Contents of this subject matter include:
Introduction; Alternative Business Structures Characteristics of a Company Company's liability in
Crime, Contract [...]...
Contracting Out Contracting-out Contracting-out in the International Trade Union Rights Area
Definition of Contracting-out provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: The practice whereby an employer transfers
an aspect of its business operation to an external provider. Also called outsourcing. Not to be
confused with [...]...
Court of Justice of the European Communities Court of Justice of the European Communities and the
Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of Justice of the European Communities
provided by the European Union Commission: The Court of Justice is composed of the same number
of judges as there are Member States. At present it has [...]...
Dublin Convention Dublin Convention and Europe There is an entry on dublin convention in the
European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Dublin Convention" in the
work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach
[...]...
Economic and Social Committee Economic and Social Committee (ESC) and Europe There is an entry
on economic and social committee (esc) in the European legal encyclopedia. Economic and Social
Committee and the European Union Resources See Also ESC Resources See Also Further Reading
Entry "Economic and Social [...]...
Congress Congress in 1889 The following information about Congress is from the Cyclopaedia of
Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best
American and European Writers. Attention should be here called to the congress of Berlin, held July
13, 1878. [...]...
Committees System of Committees Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations
(including Committees, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG
Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Committees, Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005)
Dooge Committee [...]...
Check-off Check-off in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Check-off provided by
ITUC-CSI-IGB: A system where union dues and fees are automatically deducted by the employer
from the workers' paychecks and then remitted to the respective union. Resources Trade Union
Topics Trade [...]...
Cotonou Agreement Cotonou Agreement and the Treaties of the European Union Description of
Cotonou Agreement provided by the European Union Commission: Signed in 2000, this agreement
replaced the Lomé Convention. Its main objective is to create a new framework for co-operation
between the members of the [...]...
Currencies SDRs and International Trade Economy Green Currencies and Europe There is an entry on
green currencies in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry
"Green Currencies" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to
[...]...
Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is
organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
Central African Customs and Economic Union Central African Customs And Economic Union Central
African Customs and Economic Union Outline The Central African Customs and Economic Union
(CACEU or UDEAC: Union Douanier et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale) The union came into
existence in 1966 pursuant to a treaty signed in 1964 by [...]...
Mature Economy A developed economy in which population growth is declining and new capital
investment is slowing. Mature economies tend to be highly urban and industrial. Many economists
hold that limited new investment in productive capital will, over time, result in economic stagnation
and high unemployment.......
Mixed Economy Summary of Mixed Economy An economy that possesses the elements of both
public and private ownership of the means of production.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources
See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
Nonmarket Economy Essentially, an economy that is centrally planned, i.e., allocation of resources is
directed by a governmental authority, rather than by market forces. For purposes of trade reporting
and other reasons, the U.S. government defines the following states as nonmarket economies:China
Bulgari......
Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy
Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of
International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in
international economics support [...]...
Green Economy Green Economy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Green Economy
means: as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly
reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. A green economy can be thought of as one
which is low carbon, [...]...
Global Political Economy Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International
Political EconomyThe study of international political economy developed rapidly as an academic
discipline in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars in this subject area generally adopt the theoretical
perspectives of either ......
International Political Economy Theories Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of
International Political Economy MarxismThe ideas of 19th-century German philosopher Karl Marx
offer a third political approach toward understanding economic behavior and policies. Marxism
focuses on the inequality of relationship......
Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United States
ContentsCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United
StatesCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United
States. By the Best American and European WritersSubjects of the Cyclopaedia of Political Science,
Political Economy and the Political History of the United States. By the Best American and ... Read
more...
Economy Related Fields Related topics include: International Economic Law Find this subject in this
World legal encyclopedia. Economy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Foreign Direct
Investment Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Economic Law Find this subject in this
[...]...
Black Economy Black Economy and Europe There is an entry on black economy in the European legal
encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Black Economy" in the work "A Concise
Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books;
London)...
Small Economy Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
Globalization of the Economy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
Hidden Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
Informal Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
Planned Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
Dual Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment
Economic Law...
Knowledge Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct
Investment Economic Law...
Parallel Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct
Investment Economic Law...
Rural Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment
Economic Law...
Shadow Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct
Investment Economic Law...
Underground Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct
Investment Economic Law...
Agricultural Economy Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm
Agricultural Law Agriculture...
Social Economy Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare
State...
Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market
economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social
Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to
Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
Steady State Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct
Investment Economic Law...
Council For Mutual Economic Cooperation Known commonly as Comecon, was organized by the
Soviet Union in 1949, in response to the Marshall Plan. Comecon's objective is to facilitate trade
among its members: consisting of the Soviet Union, the communist states of Eastern Europe
(excepting Albania), Mongolia, and Cuba; Yugoslavia has bee......