Nama : Muhammad Irsan Hasibuan

Nim : 5191122010

Single-crystal copper nanorods under uniaxial tensile load with different

period by molecular dynamics

Metal nanomaterials, whose material properties are different from macroscopic metal
materials, have attracted much more attention. Owing to experimental conditions and the
accuracy of experiment can hardly been met in the laboratory on the account of the fact the
limited science and technology, nevertheless, so many characters and features of the metal
nanomaterial can be observed under a certain condition via method molecular dynamics
(MD) simulation. Based on computational codes, molecular dynamics simulations can be
calculated and formed relatively precise.
Gleiter [1,2] investigated the deformation of nanostructure. Janusz et al. [3] used molecular
dynamics simulation method to calculate thermodynamic properties of the transition metal
with face-centered cubic structure. Park and Zimmerman [4] discussed the mechanical
properties of the gold nanowires in yield condition, and summarized the plastic
characteristics of gold nanowires by molecular dynamics simulation. k-TiAl [5] have been
investigated by molecular dynamics (MD). The deformation behavior of
This work will investigate the mechanics effect of applying periodical

load to nanorods under uniaxial tensions for approaching the macro mechanics and obtain
microscopic damage models not in the mesoscopic damage mechanics by using molecular
dynamics [13]. In recent years, researchers realized the importance of micro-cosmic models
with periodical loading method, which has been the research hotspots in recent years. And
when amplitude of the period considered into the loading and unloading cycle, mechanical
response of the MD system will be diverse.

Identifying hyperelastic and isotropic materials by examining the

variation of principal direction of left Cauchy–Green deformation tensor
in uniaxial loading

1. Introduction
Many engineering materials have a fibrous microstructure. It is also known that (Fung, 1990,
1993; Holzapfel, 2000) many biological tissues have a layered and a fibrous structure. Hence,
it is believed that these materials have to be modeled as inhomogeneous bodies made of
anisotropic material (Holzapfel, 2000). However, a systematic methodology using
experimental observations from mechanical experiments to decide whether these bodies need
to be approximated as homogeneous bodies made of anisotropic material or inhomogeneous
bodies made of isotropic material1 or inhomogeneous bodies made of anisotropic material
is absent in the literature.

Traditionally to identify anisotropy from mechanical experiments one examines whether the
response of the body under investigation changes with the direction of the applied uniaxial
load or by how much the ratio of the applied normal stress in the (say) x and y directions in
the equal biaxial experiment differ from 1 (Strumpf et al., 1993). Following Saravanan and
Rajagopal (2005), it is known that the change in the response with the direction of the applied
load would happen even in case of inhomogeneous bodies made of isotropic material. Also,
we show that in case of inhomogeneous bodies made of isotropic material subjected to equal
biaxial experiment, the ratio of the nominal stress in the x and y direction would differ from
1, provided the material parameters vary along two directions.

Deformational Response of Rocks to Uniaxial, Biaxial, and Triaxial

Loading or Unloading Regimes

1. Introduction

1.1. Triaxial experiment for study of mechanical behavior of rocks in variable stress
conditions Investigation of mechanical behavior of rocks under applied external stress fields
constitutes necessary base for understanding many natural geophysical processes in the
Earth’s crust, or for solutions of engineering problems connected with a wide spectrum of
human activities. For these tasks, simple or very sophisticated numerical models can be
adopted. However, for a satisfactory prediction of mechanical evolutions, these models need
experimental data in the form of basic mechanical parameters. Rocks usually represent the
complicated aggregates of mineral grains of variable size, chemical compositions, or
magnitude of binding forces. Such microscopically heterogeneous materials, when subjected
to increasing external stress, from the start of loading, undergo reversible elastic deformation,
as well as permanent deformation originating preferably from microfractures. Standard
material engineering can successfully adopt generalized Hook’s law, describing elastic and
mostly linear response through constant elastic moduli, for majority of construction materials
at sufficiently low strains. However, in rock mechanics, the mechanical moduli determined
from laboratory experiments play the role of linearized effective coefficients rather than
constant intrinsic material parameters. For ideal material described through linear relations
between strain and stress, a deformational response to general loading conditions can be
determined through superposition of uniaxial loads. Therefore, the simplest uniaxial
compression/extension laboratory test may be often sufficient to estimate the deformational
response in other loading regimes including general triaxial stress state. This consideration is
widely used also in geomechanical modeling, i.e. Young moduli and Poisson ratios
determined from uniaxial tests on rocks as secant or linearized coefficient are accepted as
inputs. However, such attempt is not fully satisfied, and laboratory investigation of the
deformational behavior of rocks under alternative triaxial loading regimes is necessary.