YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices GS - 4: ETHICS, INTEGRITY & ATTITUDE > Basic terminologies, definitions and concepts: 1. Values: '& Individual Principles or qualities that guide judgement and behaviour of a + person ora group. \& Abstract thing to which individuals / society / group of people organization attach importance. '& Things that people consider "worthy of doing and makes our lives easy. They determine our preferences. "Acquired Bay from the environment by continuous teaching, and the behaviour of others “& There are two types of values (Based on importance) 4. Intrinsie Values (1V) ji, Extrinsic values (BV) Intrinsic Values (1V) has worth in its own right These values retain even ifthey were to exist completely alone. They are "End-in-themselves” Ex: Truth, Beauty, courage, Honesty, compassion etc. Extrinsic values (EV) are means to some other values, Ex: The value for water bottle for a thirty person is only when it contains water to drink. “+ Values can be further graded as; © Positive Values and Negative Value © Productive Values and Unproductive Value © Permanent Values and Transient Value + Intellectual values: Human mind has three functions: + Thinking feeling and willing. + These are called Universals values. ‘+ Values corresponding to these (Thinking, feeling and willing) are: ©. Intellectual Value (Truth) © Aesthetic Value (Beauty) © Moral value (Goodness) ‘There are no. of Core Values. Ex: Honesty, Non-violence, Love, Peace etc. Few values change with time: + Roll model © Social atro es (Sati, was abolished and widow remarriage was given importance) ‘+ social outlook (Patriarchy, LGBT (sec. 377), Secularism, women empowerment (Issues related to entry in Sabarimala Temple)} “Few values change with place / culture: ‘+ Religious idols/ symbols ‘+ Liverin-Relationship + Democracy, Few values change with context: ¥ Killing sp Murder = Euthanasia > Ethles: Systematic study of human actions from the point of view of their rightfulness or ultimate happiness. Code of conduct / set of standards that a society place on itselt Gulde our behaviour, choices and actions Scope of ethies < vrongfulness, as means.for attainment of the a6 vServices SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices YOuULDstuay ror ci Human Actions Vs Actions of human, © Human Actions © Actions of human 7 Voluntary action 7 Taveluntary Actions ¥ These are done consciously, deliberately and n view ofan] Act of sleeping, breathing end, ¥_ Ethics deals with this, > Branches of Ethics 1) Descriptive Hehies, ¥ Empirical investigation of people's moral beliefs that explains the general pattern or a way of life of people in different times of studies, It studies the history and evolution of ethics. ¥ Record of certain taboos, customs or conventions ¥ family oF marriage 2) Normative kthics Study of ethical theories that prescribes how people ought to act, Involves arriving at moral standards that regulate right or wrong conduct. © Aristotle's - Virtue Ethics ‘©. Kant's- Deontological Ethics. © Mill’s- Consequentialism (utilitarianism) © Bhagwat Geeta's- Nishkam Karmayoga © Gandhi's- Non-Violence, 1, Golden Rule: Single principle against which we judge all principles. We should do to others what we want others to do to us" 3) Meta Ethics: ‘Study of what ethical terms and theories actualy refer to, Determines the validity of theories advanced in normative ethics Ex: what is the meaning of moral Judgements? What is the nature of moral Judgements? 3) Applied Analyses specific, controv Lear Animal rights Euthanasia sial moral issues Abortion / Surrogacy. > Determinants of Ethical Behaviour: > Three main influences that determine the ethical behaviour and decisions: 1) Individual personalities traits: Individual values system, upbringing, education, religious beliefs, experiences, etc 11) Culture / Country of an individual, |i) Organization /industry; prevailing ethies of the organization. Ethics: Propositional standards that are used by members of group/ profession to determine 1 Fight course of action in a situation. It relies on logical and rational criteria to reach a decision, an essentially cognitive process. Values: Describe ideas that we feel worthy of and aspire to achieve (equality and social justice), vse < Morals: Describe a behavioural code of conduct to which an individual ascribes. They are the individual set of commitments, even when they are rejected by others. It is possible to be morally alone. ‘Thay are used to negotiate, support and strengthen our relationship with others. KKKYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices > Ethics in Public Administration: ¥ They are summarized under following maxims: ‘Maxim of legality and Rationality ‘Maxim of Responsibility and Accountability ‘Maxim of Work commitment (duty) ‘Maxim of Excellence, [Total Quality Management] ‘Maxim of Fusion, ‘Maxim of Responsiveness and Resilience. vil) Maxim of utilitarianism. viii) Maxim ofcompassion ix) Maxim National Interest x) Maxim of Justice xi) Maxim of Transparency xii) Maxim of Integrity > Bthies in Public Relation ¥ Long-term Responsibility ¥ To achieve mutual understanding’ ¥ Agreement for acceptance of attitudes and ideas. Succeed only when the basic policy is ethical, and the means used is truthful {In Pablic Relation (PR) Ends can never justify the use of false, harmful or questionable means.” Dishonest relationship does not lead to strong foundation of Public Relation (PR). Public should not be considered as fools. < You can fool some people all the time, All people at some times, but not al the people all the times "- Abraham Lincoln. > Unethical Acts in Public Relation (PR) ¥ Suppressing unfavourable news. Y_ Misrepresenting facts, ¥ Postponing to serve a cause in order to serve other interest. Y Promising result that can't be obtained > Values in Public Relationships: Seven principles of public life {SHOOLIA} - Nolan Committee (UK) SHOOLIA fo S-Selflessness © HeHonesty © O=Objectivity © O-Openness © AcAccountability, > Integrity: + Soundness of moral principles. ~+ Consistent across time and situation ~ Types i) Intellectual Integrity ¥- Willing to stand up for your best judgement of truth to actin accordance with the judgement, ¥ Characterized by Openness and fairness & requires one to avercome self-deception and temptation offered by commercialism.YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices if) Personal Integrity: Organizing one's desires, commitments, volitions, values and actions in such a way that there is no conflict between them, ¥- Requires that the person subscribes to some consistent set of principles and commitments. {tf) Moral Integrity: Requires an unconditional and unwavering commitment to some or the other moral principles. we can'thave moral integrity without personal integrity. > Utility of Integrity in Governance and Public Service: Do not misuse their official position. Comply with law. Professional character. Fulfil their duties and obligation To deal fairly, efficiently, promptly and sensitively and effectively with public and their affairs, Not accept or receive gifts/other benefits which might compromise your personal judgements, > Impartiality and, Non-Partisanship Impartiality can be defined on two broad levels: ‘+ Public Impartiality ¥ Service without discriminating on the basis of caste, religion, gender, statues & give due regards to the diversity of nation. ‘© Political Impartiality and (Non-Partisanship/ Political Neutrality) Principle of working without reservation and with devotion for the success of every government. ¥ Froe and frank advice tothe government and without any political consideration, Advantages of Impartiality & Non-partisanship: ¥ Provide professionalism, ¥ Provide assurance in public that thelr current aspiration will be faithfully served. ¥ ffective management of available resources and programs, ¥ Hig morale in public servants. ¥- Insures legal and constitutional transformation (transition) when democratic process results in new administration, & Results: ¥ Public Confidence in administrators against political influences, ¥ Trust among the ministers. ¥_ Appraisals and promotion of civil servants free from political biasness. Complete Neutrality Neither possible nor required. © always maximize the public interest. > "Nepotism [Favouritism ¥ Benefit to one's family in coreupt way. ¥ Using your power or influence to give unfair advantage to your family, especially by giving them jobs. Objectivity Y Basing our advice and decisions on rigorous analysis of evidence and observable phenomena without being influenced by emotions, biases ¥ or personal prejudices, Itensures: 1) Dedication to public service. i) Basing our decisions on merit of the case and take account of expert and professional adviceYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices Empathy: ¥ Ability to comprehend another's feeling and re-experience them in oneself Ability to imagine oneself in other's place and understand the other's feeling, desires, ideas, and actions. The Ability to empathize is directly dependent on your ability to feel your own feelings and identify them. ¥ Iecan be achieved by: 4. Giving full attention to someone, Detecting and test interpreting non-verbal cues. iii, Acknowledging others perspective |v, Understanding another's felt experies ‘Two types of Empathy: 1) Affective Empathy [Emotional Empathy / Primitive Empathy: ve to respond appropriately to another's emotions. Happen automatically and unconsciously, ithappens tous, rather than us doing it. ¥ Ieisour automatic i) Cognitive Empathy: ¥ Itis largely conscious drive to recognize accurately and understand another's emotional state. ¥ tis called as a perspective taking” ¥ Itis deliberate, a skill that everyone at work can learn and needs to use, Empathy in Governance ¥ Allows leaders and administrators, become more aware of the changing environment. [Adaptability] ¥ To have an appropriate degree of Openness about diversity. =) Developing Brust. ¥ To make work environment = more enjoyable & productive, ¥ To promote superior listening (Inter personal relations) ¥ Power to read between the lines. v Enhance the perception of readers integrity and credibility. Degree of Action: ‘Apathy > Sympathy > Empathy > compassion, > Sympathy: Understanding of the difficulties and problems faced by others; i, there is presence of emotions. Understanding not as per the perspective of ethers but only as per own's Response of pity and attempt to look down upon others who are in distress. > Compassion’: [Empathy + Action] ¥ Desire to mitigates/ alleviate the sufferings of others. ¥ Terequires: Sensitivity of commitment Being attentive to the needs of others. willingness to exert self-control © Self-awareness. © Being calm and composed © Theuse of reasoning. components of compassion ‘Sensitivity: Being attentive enough to notice when others need help. Empathy Motivation: Desire and commitment to be caring, supportive and helpful to others. ‘Non-iudgemental Approach; Not judging - person's pain and distress but simply accepting and validating their experience. Distress Tolerance: The ability to bear difficult emotions within ourselves and in others. + Tolerance: ¥ Practice of recognising and respecting the beliefs and practices of others.YOuULDstuay ror ci Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices ¥ Itis a fair objective and permissive attitude towards those whose opinions, practices, race, religions, and nationality etc differ from your own, Freedom from bigotry, Fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, freedom of thought, conscience and belie. Harmony in difference. (one's views are not to be imposed on others). It is the responsibility that upholds human rights, pluralism, democracy, harmony and rule of law (Rejection of dogmatism and absolutism, KANN Ruleoflaw: Indicates that no branch of government is above the law, and no public official may act arbitrary or unilaterally outside the law. ¥ "No one is above the low" Adherence to the principles of © Supremacy of law © Equality before law Accountability to the law Equity and Equality Equality usually means - everyone should be treated the same (due to fundamental equality ofall persons). Equity holds that- groups and individuals should be treated according to their particular circumstances and requirements It recognizes that some people have to overcome obstacles (illiteracy, poverty, remote location, place in social hierarchy) to access resources or opportunities. KA Ene " 1) Emotions: They are the strong feelings of love, anger, fear ete. ¥ It is an effective state of consciousness [something pertaining to feeling, especially pleasurable or unpleasurable aspects of ‘mental process] in which sorrow, fear, hate, love etc. are experienced, as distinctive from cognitive and volitional state of 2) Intelligence: They are set of cognitive abilities which allows us to acquire knowledge, to learn and to solve problems. 3) Emotional Intelligence: "Anybody can become angry, that Is easy, but to be angry with the right person and to the right time and to the right degree and for the right purpose and in the right way; that's not within everybody's power and that's not easy.” ~- Aristotle ¥ Ability to identify and manage your own emotion and the emotions of the others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing, ‘emotions (ourselves, out relationships. ¥ It is the ability to perceive emotions, to assess and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and ‘emotional Knowledge, and to reflecively regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth, ¥- Not the triumph of head over heart, rather itis the unique intersection of both. CONTRIBUTION OF MORAL THINKERS AND PHILOSOPHERS FROM INDIA AND THE WORLD: 1) Development of Moral Reasoning / Consciousness =p LAWRENCE KOHLBERG: (Theory of Descriptive Ethies) Studied moral development of 75 children aged 10-16 years for thirty years. He posed certain hypothetical dilemma, whose core ‘concept was "Justice" He describes 3 levels of moral reasoning, i) Level-1 (Pre conventional Morality) Locus of control =) outside the individual Purely ego-centric. v ¥ People under external controls obey rules to avold punishment, oF to get rewards. Butact out of sel v ¥ Ex: A child doesn’t copy to avoid punishment. Level-2 (Morality of convention of role conformity) Y_Asindividual grows, tends to internalize the standards of authority figures.YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices ¥ Locus of control - Approval ofthe society. People at this stage, are concerned about belng good’, pleasing others, and maintalning social orders, ¥_ Bx: Aschool-goer doesn’t copy because he knows his teacher and friends despise it or don't approve it at all, iii) Level 3 Morality of autonomous moral principles ¥ Locus of control - Internal (People now realize the conflicts between moral standards and make their own judgements, Ex: A person do not copy in competition exam because he believes, that copying defeats the purpose, Normative Ethics Theories: 4 Virtue Ethics + Emphasize on role of character” and virtue in moral philosophy. 4 Consequentialism 4 Deontological Ethics PLATO ==» 4 CARDINAL VIRTUES: ¥ Goodness consists of the natural and proper functioning of human nature, ¥ 4 important virtues in his theory of Morality. © Wisdom courage © Temperance © Justice They are called cardinal, because they support moral life of man in Society, They are fundamental values & other virtues are subordinate to them and depend upon them. ¥ ‘Key to moral life isthe proper integration of the 3 parts ofthe self. (Tripartite Soul/self), i) Passionate / Appetitive Element (Passions) i) Spirited / Dynamic / Executive Element (will) 1) Philosophical or Rational Element (Reason Intellect) ‘This integration can be achieved when the spirited element helps the reason to keep the passions in check, Wisdom is the virtue of Reason, ‘Aman is wise, in whom reason rules over the other impulses. Courage [physical courage & moral courage] isthe virtue of spirited Element. ‘A man is brave when the spirited elements holds fast to the instructions of intellect, ‘Temperance / self-control consists in keeping bodily satisfactions within limits ‘Aman is temperate when the spirited element ot passionate element yields to intellect and obey its command. ¥ Justice is the virtue of the whole self or the complete person. [proper integration ofthe all parts ofthe sel] Being morally perfect, therefore, is tantamount to being wise, valiant, temperate and just. © Justice > Supreme Virtue. > Morality ofthe society is the same as itis forthe individual Ko M0 RS ¥ elements ofself > 8 Classesin Society. 1) Guardians © Guardians (Ruling Class) > Rational Element > Wisdom (Greatest Virtue) ii) Auxiliaries © Auxiliaries (Law Executor / society protector) > spirited Element dominant > courage ii Civilians © Civilians > passionisdominant > Temperance “& when each class does its appropriate function, Justice Emerges, ‘ ARISTOTLE: ETHICS OF CHARECTER: > Followed the doctrine of golden Mean: Virtuous conduct consists in avoiding the extremes of excess or of deficiency, Virtue isa matter of striking of a mean between two vices [vice of deficiency & vice of excess}.YOuULDstuay ror ci Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices Aristotle considered Justice as the Supreme virtue. Distributive Justice Remedial justice Equitable distribution of wealth and honours among the citizens of | Fair transactions among the members of the community the state. Ability to think and control one's desires and passions isthe special virtue of man. ¥ Virtue isa matter of habit. < Differentiated intellectual and moral virtues. Strengths: Focuses on cultivating good actions from people, rathe stbounded by laws. Sy It can be best used in (International of Relation because + Probity in Governance) here legalistic laws are seldom effective, t can be followed by both religious and secular group. Linkage between ethical theory and ethical practice < CONSEQUENTIALISM: It bases morality on the consequences of human actions and not on the actions themselves. Itemphasizes on the rightness ofthe end”, rather than morality of the means" employed According to it,a morally right actions is one that produces a good outcome, or consequences, ers People should do whatever produces the best greatest amount of good consequences. > Three Subdivisions of consequentialism 1) Anaction is morally right, ifthe consequences of that action are more favourable “only to the agent performing the Action- ETHICAL EGOISM, i) To everyone except the agent- ETHICALALTRUISM, i) To everyone - UTILITARIANISM. It maintains that the supreme ideal of life is pleasure - not the individual pleasure but universal or general happiness. greatest happiness to the greatest numbers". Jeremy Benthem’s Gross/Quantitative utilitarianisms ¥_ Anaction is right ifit produces pleasure, An action is wrong ifit produces pain, Y Pleasure do not have qualitative difference, and all pleasures are alike, but only quantitative difference (more/less). ‘ John Stuart Mills Refined / Qualitative utilitarianism ‘Actions are right if they promote happiness {means pleasure and the absence of pain}. ‘Actions and wrongifthey promote unhappiness [means pain and absence of pleasure Intellectual pleasures are better than sensual pleasures, ‘ DEONTOLOGICAL (Non-consequentialism): Y Concerned with action themselves and not with the consequences. ¥ Teteaches that some acts are right or wrong in themselves, whatever the consequences, and people should act accordingly. > HEDONISM ¥ Itisa school of thought that argues pleasure is the highest good; in supreme ideal of ie, v v Ahedonist always strives to maximize net pleasure (pleasure - pain). Hedonism evaluates human actions on the basis of the consequences of actions, i. pleasure and pain.YOuULDstway For ci SCSGYAN ‘e""Biall astudyforcivilservices * > IMMANUEL KANT: ¥_ Deontology revolves entirely around ‘duty’ rather than emotional feelings or end goals. ¥ ‘Duty’ one ought to do in certain situations & According to Kant ¥ Truly moral or ethical acts are not based on self-interest or the greatest utility, but on a sense of duty and a sense of what is right, and fair on wider level > wh: ¥ If we compare Deontologists and consequentialist, we can say that the latter begin by considering what things are good, and Identify right action” as the ones that produces the maximum of those good things. ¥_ Deontologists appear to do it the other way around; they first consider what “actions are right and proceed from there. ¥ So the person is doing something good ifthey are doing a morally right action. a Kant believed that moral laws arises from pure will, Kant regards moral laws imposed by practice reason as “Categorical imperative” ¥ “Categorical imperative” denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement that exerts its authority in all circumstances, bot required and justified as an end in itself, Its on the internal law imposed by conscience upon itself ¥ Kant believed in "duty for duty's Sake" Indian Schools of Philosophy: [Orthodox (Astika) Heterodox (Nastika) 7 Mimansa 1 Gharvakas fi, Vedanta ii, Budhas iL Sankhya 4, Jainas iv. Yoga Do not Accept the authority of Vedas. ve Nyaya vi, Vaisheshika = PURUSHARTHA Higher tower & spiritual values material values “ ey — ~ |_phatma il shadharan Dharma (General virtues | Arthy of duties) li) Vishesh Dharma (Special virtues of duties) aoa > Da koma ‘Moksha — Ww +> Concept of PURUSHARTHA The term "PURUSHARTHA” means the goal ofthe and that every human being ought to seek. Y Good life consists in the pursuits of 4 supreme ends (Purushartha), ') Dharma (Virtue). ii) Artha (wealth) = Satisfy material needs 1) Kama (Desire}=) psychological i) Moksha (Liberation) aims at spiritual Satisfaction, ¥ Dharma (Virtue) accompanies throughout life. They ll are interconnectedly woven and always accompany each other, © Dharma leads to Artha © Arthalleads to Kama © Kama leads to Moksha,YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices Dharma without Moksha leads to > mere rituals, ‘Artha without Dharma leads to > Greediness, Kama without Artha leads to - lust. Moksha without other Purushartha will be ~ hollow and abstract, Dharma indicates moral & reflective awareness, ‘Man is essentially a rational and spiritual being. He is not satisfied with the mere satisfaction of biological needs of hunger, sex and safety. He has higher needs - psychological, moral and spiritual. SYR KKK * ‘The idea of Niskoma Karna in the Gita /B ¥ A.common man always hopes for reward for his action. The performance of duty has dual [Feelings of an agent & Interest in the fruits of the action} ichment feelings of an agent ———— Reaction} Chain Continues Chain “=> the bondage can be stopped by detachment, ¥ Again detachment is 2 fold: © Thas to realize that true agent of all activities is “prakriti & not the individual. © The interests and desires regarding the fruits of action should be given up. Gita preaches > NishKam Karma ‘our duties must be performed without selfish motive. ‘The Right to the performance of our duties Right to the rewards of our actions. Sas ¥ v Performance of duties in a detached spirit. Buddhist Ethies: < ‘The Ethical and Moral teaching principles are governed by examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is ikely to be harmful to one's self on to others and thereby avoiding any actions. which are likely to be harmful ‘There is much talk of "skilled mind Stalled mind avoids actions that are likely to cause sufering or remorse. Moral discipline in Buddhism: Five Precepts / Vows of Individual Refrain from Killing Refrain from Stealing Refrain from Sexual misconduct Refrain from lying Refrain from drunkenness. Lord Buddha's teaching to lead path beyond evil is known as 4 Noble Truths. (Catvari Aryasatyani) Path to reach a state free from misery i. Nirvana, > Noble path = Eightfold path, (Arya Astanga Marg) Samak dist (Right views) & Samyak Sankalp (Right Resolve) -& Samyak Vacha (Right speech) Samak Karmanta (Right eonduet) & Samyak Ajivika (Right Livelihood) KV SRR ERSYOuULDstuay ror ci I Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices They believe that human existence is confined to the physical body, Hence physical pleasure is the only good thing one can state such as Absolute Happiness. futile hope of future pleasures, & samyak vyayam (Right Effort) Samyak smruti (Right Mindfulness) - Samyak Samadhi (Right concentration) > Iainas: ¥ They believe that “ignorance” is the root cause of bondage Right } 3 fold Path in Jainism are as follows: & Right Faith & Right Knowledge & Right Conduct. > Totake 5 Vows (Vratas) > Purpose to builda > Basic rules ofthe conduct > Strong character > Non-Injury (Ahinsa) > SelF purification > _Truthfulness (Sunruta) > Selfrealization Non-stealing (Asteyan) > celibacy (Brahmacharya) > Non possessions (Aparigrih) + Charvaka Hedonism: { Lokayatmat] & Opposing Four Supreme Ends (Purusharth},it considers ‘+ Dharma and Moksha being the supreme ends, Charvaka believed that Kama as the primary goal of life. 4 obtain, “& According to Charvaka, Pleasure is always associated with pain. No “& One can try to minimise his/her pai. + One should always seek the pleasures of present life and give up the + Gandhian Philosophy v v v > v ‘MAHATMA GANDHI: [ GANDHIAN ETHICS) NY is thoughts are multi-dimensional It covers political, social, economic religious and ethnical aspects o Human life. [Influenced by ethical principles embedded in Buddhism, Jainism, Hinduism & Christianity] Gandhi was a mass leader not an academic thinker. IDEALISM, Do not emphasize on idealism but on PRACTIYOuULDstuay ror ci His philosophy is certainly considered as UNIVERSAL + TIMELESS, Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices > Gandhi on Moral Behaviour ¥ Elements of moral life in Gandhi an Ethics includes & calmness A Wideness and tranquility of personality & fostering of good habits observance of chastity Altruism and Righteousness ee. An action is moral iit is volitional, intentional, Universal, practical, selfless, free from fear and compulsion > Gandhi and Non- Violence: ¥ Non- Violence is nat; © Creed of inaction, © forthe weak and timid © signify meek acceptance of evi. [Better to be violent than to be cowardly] © convenient tool for avoiding confrontation with evil * Itisa tool that include truth and fearlessness, > Ahimsa ¥ Prerequisites: -Truthfulness and fearfulness. ¥ Except God, men should not fear anyone else, ¥ [service to man, isthe service to Cod] ¥ Ifmen obey God, they need not worry about any human agency. > Satyagraha: [ Peaceful protest] > Gandhi Economic Ideas: Y_ Everyone should be their own "bread labours ¥ Farn his bread with his own hands or through manual labour. This only givesa person RIGHT ‘TO EAT, ¥ He sees exploitation as a form of violence against Right to basis amenities, Y- Wealth should be "SHARED EQUALLY" not “DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY”. ¥_ Argues everyone to limit their needs, so that the resources available in present can be used by everyone inclucing poor. Doctrine of Trusteeship: Under this concept, Rich are regarded as TRUSTEES of wealth. Ultimately, all the property belongs to Good. Hence, excess/superfluous wealth (which the rich possess) should be used for supporting the POOR, Wealthy people have no moral right to what is more than their proportionate share in national wealth, SAN6 Concept af CSR (CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY): > Problem Solutions > Moral Crisis > Non-Violence, Ashram, Anashakta Karma > Religious > Sarva Dharma Sambhav, Tolerance, Fundamentalis Respect towards all religions. > Educational > Nai Talim Adult Education Reform, ¥ social > Removal of untouchability, communal Disturbance unity, Sarvodaya, Upliftment of women, prohibition of ill-practices, service of Backward class, Village Sanitation, > Political ¥ Swaraj, _Decentralisation of Power, Conflicts Democracy of Enlightened majority, Economie } Trusteeship, Decentvalisation of Power Problem Swadeshi, Bread labour Khadi & Village Industries, Decentralisation of wealthYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices Selected Moral Teachings of Gandhi: 7 Deadly Sins: wealth without work Pleasure without conscience, Science without humanity, Knowledge without character Politics without principles commerce without morality worship without sacrifice, We nee n By “The greatest greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated” Talisman: SWAMI VIVEKANANI Prevalent morality (in both individual and social life is based on FEAR: Fear of Police Fear Public Ridicule Fear of God's punishment Fear of Karma. His principle of morality based on intrinsic purity and oneness of Ataman. we should be pure, because purity is our real nature, our true Divine (Ataman), Similarly we should love and serve our neighbours because we are all one in supreme spirit (Param-Ataman). It implies the recognition of NON-INDIVIDUALITY: You' are part of me" and" of you" the recognition that in hurting you, I hurt myself and in helping you, |help mysell. (Applicable in working organisation of build ‘our moral attitude towards excellence in all spheres of ie] Selected Teachings of Moral ‘we want that education by which Character is formed. Strength of mind is increased. ‘The intellect is expanded. ne can stand on one’s own feet SS EY SS SK ve beooey + Socrates: (SOCRATIC METHOD) Dialectic method of Enquiry-+ "Elenchues” [Cross-examination] {with a series of questions} the more question asked —+ better is the solution. He claimed that “he knew one and only one thing that he knew nothing” ¥- Equated knowledge with virtue which ultimately leads to ethical conduct. Socrates firmly believed that no person could willingly choose to do something harmful /negative, if they were fully aware of virtue or "the good” < ETHICS]: > She developed her theory based on moral voices 1) Masculine: Y Voice is logical and individualistic. ¥ “Emphasis in moral decisions is protecting the rights of people and making sure JUSTICE is upheld. 1) Feminine ¥ Voice focuses on the care perspective". by emphasis on protecting interpersonal relation ¥ Focuses on the needs ofthe individual in order to make an ethical decision. ‘and taking care of other people. > Ethics of care: Y Women moral is centred around the understanding responsibilities and relationship, while, men's moral is centred around understanding of morality and fairness, which i ted to rights and rules. Y Women perceive the situation as more contextual and the narrative, men define the situation as more formal and abstract.YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices + MONTESQUIEU: (Types of government] > There are 3 types of government, A monarchy (suited by a king or queen), A republic (ruled by elected leader) A despotism (ruled by a dictator) Separation of Power. ¥ Government should avoid placing too much power within one group of individuals/individuals, [when the law making and law enforcement powers are united in same person. There can be no liberty. ¥ Fach branch of power Government could limit the power of the other two branches, such that no branch of government could threaten the freedom of the people ETHICS AND HUMAN INTERFACE: > Essence of Ethics: Itis the attempt to state and evaluate principles by which ethical problems may be solved. Itis a moral philosophy, which includes four main goals on interests 1) Clarification of moral concepts, ‘tical evaluation of moral claims focused on "testing their truth, justification and adequacy." Construct ig an inclusive perspective by elucidating the interconnections among moral ideas and values. Providing moral guidance through improving practical judgement. > Difference between Morality and ethics: Though they are used interchangeably, but there isa subtle distinction between them, Morality assumes some accepted modes of Behaviour that are given by religious tradition, culture, social class, community or family. ¥ Itinvolves expected course of conduct that are ruled in both formal rules and informal norms. ¥ Ex: "Decent young couple do not engage in premarital se and with respect”, ete. ¥ while, Ethics to involves the examination and analysis of the logic, values, beliefs, and principles that are used to justify morality in its various forms, amily comes first’ suest in one's home should be treated cordially Ethics weighs the adequacy of characteristics of good family, good organisation, and good society etc. and analyses how they are justified, How are ethics and laws related? Value is the minimum level of conduct that we as a society agree to impose on all of us through the threat of force and sanctions. 4 Ethical considerations are often involved in deliberations about proposed legislations, but once crystallized into law, the conduct prescribed is assumed to be backed up by the coercive power of government. v “Consequences of Ethics: ¥ Can be traced at three differentlevels; i) The Expressive Level: ¥ simply venting our feelings about something. spontaneous, unreflective expression of emotion that neither provide evidence nor detailed description ofthe state of affairs, Ex: we face corrupt clerk in a government department and respond- "That clerk isa thie”. ¥ Astudent does not greet his teacher we 1) The moral Rules revel: ¥ Itis the first level at which serious questions are raised and serious answer fence he is ill mannered and a fool. 7 given. ¥ Weaddress the problem of appropriate conduct and begin to assess alternatives and consequences. We consider these courses of action and their anticipated outcomes in the light of certain rules, maxims and proverbs that we hhold as moral guides.YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices Ex: ¥ "Honesty is the best policy” ¥ "Never fighta battle you can't win". ¥ These moral rules are acquired through socialization, [They provide rules of thumb for appraising a situation and deciding what ought to be done} ‘The Ethical Analysis levels: Y Sometimes, an issue Is So unique, so complex, o confusing, so conflicting, so profound in the consequences of its resolution that ‘we have no choice but to re-examine the ethical principles that are implicit in our routine norms for conduct, Ex: Y- Moral rule of "always tell the truth” is sometimes needed to be revised like "Always tell the truth unless third parties would be seriously harmed! iv) The Post ethical levels: v The: levels are exemplified by the question: ‘why should be moral?" ¥ we reach this level only when pushed by a particalar persistent or cynical adversary or under the sway of a deeply disilusioning, experience or confronting a profound personal crisis. ¥ At these levels we began to question our worldview--our views of human nature, how we know anything to be true, and the ‘meaning of life. ¢ Dimension of Ethics: } Major Schools of Ethles '). Utilitarianism [consequentialism) ii) Kantian Ethies { Deontology] {il Contractarian Ethics Iv) Bthies of care +) Casuistry: It is an ethical tradition that we are too concerned with principles. ¥ For the casuist, ethical decisions can be made only on a case-by-case basis, although the decisions made in previous cases can provide a source of wisdom to draw upon. > INCULCATING VALUES: 41) ROLE OF FAMILY: ¥ Astand major Agency of Socialization, ¥ sets the pattern for the child's altitude towards people and society, aids intellectual growth in child and supports his aspirations and good values 2) Role of society Y Nature of any individual is powerfully moulded by the level of the surroundings{ income level, education level, culture, national Ideology, mass media etc} and prevailing civilizations. ¥ Core values like hard-working, honesty, tolerance, national integration, secularization, and dutifulness are further Strengthened and negative values like dowry, castelsm, communalism, alcohol, drugs are discarded. ¥ Italso gives better chance to develop diseipline as individual and collectively. ¥ Role of Educational Institution: Teachers serve as a role-made to students in school ¥ poersat school diffuse confidence about cheating, lying, stealing, and consideration for others. ¥ Educational Institution play a key role in developing personality, preservation of culture, promotion of social justice, sclentific temper, democracy, secularism and ethical behaviour in children, O armrupe 1 it refers to a Psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular object (- includes people, things, events, and ssues) with some degree of favour or disfavour. = Attitude may be positive ~ Yeilds favourable behaviour = Oritmay be negative ~ Yeilds unfavourable behaviour > According to Hogg & Vaughan-” An attitude is a relatively enduring organisation of beliefs, feelings and behavioural tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events ar symbols,YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices + Difference between Belief and Attitude: Do you think that death penalty isan effective Warning? + How do you feel about Death penalty (DP)? |. Assesses your beliefS about the Death penalty (DP). Assesses your attitude towards Death penalty (DP), Abelief is conclusion regarding factual evidence, whereas, ‘Attitude isa belief that includes an emotional component as well. 1 Structure [ABC Components of Attitude] Affective component: Ie consists ofthe person's emotions and affect towards the stimulus, ex: Lam scared of darkness ¥ Behavioural component: I consists of how the person tends to act regarding the stimulus fx: will avoid darkness, and scream ifthere is sudden electricity cut in night ¥ Cognitive component Ie consists of thoughts the person has about the particular attitude object, including fats, knowledge, and beliefs Bx: believe that one lost thei sight in darkness. hence dangerous, + Values and beliefs Vs Attitude. 4 Two structural components of Attitude (How attitude develops) ca Explicit Attitude Result of conscious cognition, which means person is aware of his/her attitude, Represents cognitive and motivational factors behind the assigning of attitudes. KS FUNCTIONS: so ‘Attitude may serve various functions: > knowledge: Attitude provides meaning (knowledge to the life, We perceive our surroundings as stable, and hence predictable that is likely to happen, Knowing, a person's attitude we can predict their behaviour. > Utilitarian (Adaptive) Some attitude serves to enable people to attain particular, desired goals or avoid undesirable circumstances. ‘They serve the utilitarian concept of maximizing reward and minimizing punishment. > Ego Defensive: It is formed to protect person’s self-image, some attitudes serve to protect the person that holds them from psychologically damaging events or Information by allowing them to recast in less damaging or threatening ways. iv) Valve Expressive (Ego Expressive) [Enables the person’s expression to hold their central values.YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices ‘The attitude is, consequently part of “who they are” and the expression of the person's centrally held values. ATTITUDE’S INFLUENCE AND RELATION WITH THOUGHT" & BEHAVIOUR’ * Following are the factors, which determine degree of influence of attitudes on behaviour. v v Effect of Attitude: Behaviour: SSvv SSS v ‘The more accessible attitudes can be spontaneously and automaticaly activated without our conscious awareness, and can guide our behaviour without us being necessarily aware of them, < v v v Ex: Asch’s Classie study, 1955. eved from memory. How does Attitude influence our Thought and Behaviour? True Vs Expressed attitudes: They both differ because both are subject to ather Influences. So, when dealing with sensitive issues, contents and situation, a measured/expressed attitude may not be person's true attitude, One instance versus Aggregates titude becomes more apparent when we look ata person's aggregate average behaviour rather than at an individual act, Level of Attitude- behaviour Specificity [ike to eat Mexican foods. ike street foods. | dislike cooking, Tike to go out to eat. Attitudes can predict behaviour if both attitudes and behaviours are measured at similar level of specificity Self-Awareness: Behaviour is guided by the fact that how far the individual is aware of the atitudes that he/she holds. Ifa person is not self-aware of his/her attitudes, ewill tend to influence the individual behaviours all more intensely Attitude Strength: Stronger the attitudes are the greater their impact on behaviour. Attitude formed out of direet experiences are stronger and hence better predictor of behaviours, Attitude Accessibility Itrefers tothe ease with which attitudes ean be SOCIAL INFLUENCE It isa major topic in social psychology and looks at how individual thoughts, actions and feelings are influenced by social groups. It focuses on ways in which behaviour is influenced by outside factors. & this influenced behaviour could be behaviour of a whole group or of discrete individuals. ‘Types of social Influence: Normative Influence. Informative Influence. Normative Influence: Itis related withthe going along with the erowd in the effort tobe liked and to be accepted. Itis related with to humans fundamental need to try belong to a social group this increasing their ehances to survive. By agreeing on common beliefs values, attitudes and behaviour, there will be a higher level of acceptance and survival possibilitiesYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices > Informative influence: In this, we go along with the crowd because we think the crowd knows more than we do, ¥ Thisis especially during ambiguous situations when we do not have a clear idea of what to do. ¥ Thisis produced by two types of situations. i, Ambiguous situation (when people do not know what to do) ji, Crisis situation (when people have no time to think, what to do) “+ Principles of social influence: 1) Reciprocity ¥ people give back what another has given to them. (smile against smile) 2) consistency: Y Desire of the people to be consistent with thelr previous actions, opinions and assertions. [combined with the idea of commitment] 3) Social proof ¥ People often decide wiat to do by looking at what similar others have done, ¥ Itis more influential to people with uncertainty, they can be influenced easily. 4) Liking: ¥ People are more influenced by those they like. ¥ Itmay consist several elements: Physical attractiveness, Similarity, Contact and Association, 5) Authority ¥ Influential power of authority is undeniable, ¥ Its basic form is parental authority 6) Scarcity ¥ Items and opportunities are more desirable as they are less accessible, fensored, “Limited edition". ¥ The level of being unique is an attainable advantage and have strong influential elements. PERSUASION ¥ Itis an attempt to change a person's attitude and the scientific study fori ‘who says what to whom?” Who “The source of the message. ¥ Says what -The message ¥ Towhom- The audience = The two important criteria that can determine the effectiveness of the persuasion are: Credibility, Likeability > Construct of Persuasion: ‘Three important things: i. Source of persuasion ii, ‘The message ii, The audience ~ Source Credibility Source is credible ithe/she is seen as, ¥ anexpert, ¥ canbe trustedYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices Be Experts ~ Source likeability Source is lkeable if he/she is seen as, ¥ similar ¥ attractive Ex: physical attractiveness, intelligence ete > Resisting Persuasion: Four ways to resis: 1) Acitude inoculation: People who have been exposed to counter arguments have more resistance to the persuasion. 2) Forewarned: when people believe someone is trying to persuade them and may take thelr freedom of choice, they experience psychological reactance that motivates them to resist such attempts, + Boomerang Effects: ¥ when people do the effect exact opposite of what they are being persuaded to do. Y- Thisis also termed as “negative attitude”. 3) Stockpile: ¥_Aperson with physical, cognitive and social resources is more likely to resist persuasion, ¥ Amidea dealing with persuasion, a healthy well-read person may be able to resist it better. 4) Defence against influence Techniques: ¥ Related to techniques of social influence. People perceive that someone uses tricks to persuade them, being strongly related to society, they are resisted better PUBLIC/ CIVIL SERVICES, VALLIES, & ETHICS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: Public Administration: ‘The Public aspect of public administration lends special character to it. Public denotes government here. Public administration’ is government administration. ‘Administration has been defined asa co-operative human effort towards achieving some common goals. venecvve Public Administration (Pub. Adm) is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this Implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service, o Ethics and values in Public Administration: 1 Public Service ethies /Administration Ethics refers here to principles and standards of right conduct in the administration sphere of government Public servants have been traditionally advised that they adhere to a number of generally worded rules or commandments. ‘Actin public interests Be politically neutral Do not disclose confidential information, Protect the privacy of citizens and employees. Provide efficient, effective and fair service ‘Avoid conflict of interest. Be accountable. According to American society of Pub. Ad. (ASPA), code of Ethics for Public Administration /Administrators: Public servants should put the public interest above self interest. ‘They should recognize and support public's rights to know public’s business and involve citizens in policy-making/decision- making ‘They should respect the constitution and law ofthe land, SSO NNN KS <YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices ¥ They should be committed to perform their duty honestly and should not compromise them for advancement honour, or personal gain, ¥ They should make every effort to strengthen organizational capabilities to apply ethics, efficiency, effectiveness in serving the public. ¥ They should strive for Professional excellence. 4 "Gandhiji believed that politics without morality isa thing to be avoided” > Other sources: 1) Central Civil services (Conduct) Rules, 1964. 2) First initiative for Code of Ethics May 1997 3) Public Serviee Bill, 2006 (second initiative for Public Service value) 4) UK - Nolan committee [SHOOLIA] 5) International Code of Conduet for public officials, 1996 [UN] 4 Determinants of Ethics in Public Administration: 41) Political Construct 2) Legal framework. 3) Administrators and public employees 4) Citizens and users of public services At individual level, it includes Ethicaltecision making skills mental atitude virtues professional values, > Atorganisational structure dimension: Accountability, collaborative arrangements dissent channels participation procedures ¢ Atpolitical organisational culture, + Artifacts, belies and values. + Leadership > At Societal expectation + public participation + laws and policies. 1D. ARIL. Model of imperatives of ethical reasoning in Pub. Ad + Democratic Accountability of administration + Responsiveness to civil society. Professional Integrity ‘The rule of law and the principle of Legality ETHICS IN PUB. AD. [PROBLEMS} whether to use Philosophy as its foundation and iso, whose philosophy to use Abuse of personal authority or rank position. Excess of personal authoring or rank position Negligence towards service and responsibility S688 8860 Bribes as a major form of corruption Individual level © organisational levelYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices ¥_Irresponsive towards prestige of public service by not knowing business ethics well enough, ¥ Lack of ethical competence of civil servants, failures in supporting professional ethics", Ethical concerns and Dilemmas. c Ethical concerns and Dilemmas: Meaning & significance A dilemma isa problem offering two possibilities, neither of which is practically acceptable, aay Ethical dilemma can be described as circumstances that require a choice between competing sets of principles ina given, usually undesirable or perplexing situation, ¥ ‘There are conditions that must be present fora situation to be considered as ethical dilemma, 41) when an “agent”, must make a decision about which course of action is best, 2) There must be plenty of courses of action to choose from. 3) No matter what course of action is taken, some ethical principle is compromised, There is no perfect solution} ‘types of Ethical Dilemmas: 41) Personal Cost Ethical Dilemmas 2) Right-Vs-Right Ethical Dilemmas 3) conjoint Ethical Dilemmas 4 Ethical concerns and dilemmas in Government [Public Sector}: ¥ Administrative discretion. ¥ corruption, ¥- Administrative Secrecy ¥ Nepotism ¥ Information Leaks. ¥ Public Accountability Poliey Dilemmas. Ethical concerns and dilemmas in Private Business Institutions, Ethical Issues of Employees Ethical Issues of Employers. conducting personal business on company time, Taking credit of other's work, SNK 54% Harassing Behaviour. LAWS, RULES, REGULATIONS 4 CONSCIENCE AS SOURCES OF ETHICAL GUIDANCE: There are two sources of guidance by which human beings can judge the morality of thetr actions. 1) Law (Outside the actor) 2) Conscience- (Inside the actor) ¢ ‘The notion of law: > In ethics, law has a moral connotation, "An ordinance of reason for the common good promulgated by him/her, who has care of the community’ Law sets up a course of action that must be followed of that should be good, possible and just. Regulation Vs Laws: Regulation often clarify laws. Law is geographically bounded to its land, while Regulation may bind a person wherever he/she goes. Ex-1992, US. Election [Bll Clinton] ° v Regulation facus on the individual good, whereas purpose of the law is to promote the common good, v v + 1992, 14 years old girl abortion case, [Ireland] v Division of Laws 1) Natural LawYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices 2) positive Law ¢ Natural law is based on human nature, and human reason can discover it, While Positive law consists of laws that depends on the free will of the legislators and are promulgated by some external sign. > Natural laws are often vague and general, Because of this vagueness of natural law, positive laws based on natural laws are necessary to clarify atleast some principles. Y Natural laws are universal and Immutable Y civil laws: ¥ Itisa kind of positive law. ¥ A-civil law is one that a legislator freely enacts and promulgates. Civil laws do 3 things: 1) They sometime declare or repeat natural law. 2) They sometimes determine or clarify what natural law contains. 3) They often concern issues not commanded or forbidden by natural law. Effects of ral, Positive and civil laws: > Natural law ¥ Ithas a effects on human beings: 1) Itnot only tells us what is good, it also imposes a “moral obligation to do good and avoid evil, regardless of race, religion, or sex. 2) There are penalties and sanctions attached to 7 natural law. For obeying —=» Rewards For disobeying —-yPunishments, common notion forall Laws Positive laws They are based on natural law and often clarify them too, then there is an obligation to obey positive laws. ‘The moral obligation rests on the & assumption that positive law conform to the natural law. Civil laws Sv svve Obeying civil laws rests on the assumption that there is a lawful government with proper authority which enacted the Law. ‘The laws are not contrary to natural laws © The civil laws are morally possible to obey ‘They are for the common good ¥ The lawful authority has sulficiently promulgated it. 2 conscience: ¥ conscience is something within human being that determines the morality of human actions. < It is a special act of the mind that comes into being when the intellect passes judgement on the goodness and badness of a particular act. From a deontological principles > sv conscience is ajudgement -an act of intellect. Itis nota feeling, or an emotion, but rather an intellectual decision, conscience is different from law, sy law states a general rule concerning actions; Conscience lays down a practical rule fr specific action, rom a teleotogical viewpoint conscience is similar to completion of ego identity, whereby every ego isin some sense a code of ethics’ ‘TYPES OF CONSCIENCE ‘True Conscience: (Judgement is in accordance with the fact). A conscience is erroneous when the judgement is false Certain Conscience: (when ever judgement on the morality of an action is without prudent fear or error). Doubtful Conscience: (when the judgement does not exclude al tine prudent fear of error) Probable Conscience: (when the judgement most” exclude all the prudent fear of error). ACCOUNTABILITY - ETHICAL GOVERNANCE: ‘Accountability Oe eR PosyYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices > Accountability ensures actions and decisions taken by public officials are subject to oversight so as to guarantee that government Initiatives meet their stated objectives and respond to the needs of the community, they are meant to be benefitting thereby contributing to better governance and poverty reduction. > concept of Accountability Involves two distinet stages: 1) Answerability: It refers to the obligation of the government, its agencies and public officials to provide information about their decisions and actions and to justify & them to the public. 2 Enforcement: It suggests that the public or the institution responsible for accountability can sanction the offending party o remedy the contravening behaviour, 1D Government Vs Governance: \ Government isa group of people who rule or run the administration of a country, ie; it is a body of representatives that governs and controls the state ata given time. Governance is the act of governing or ruling. Itis the set of rules and laws framed by the government that are to be implemented through representatives. [Governance is what Government do]. Features of Good Governance: Full respect of Human rights, the rule of law. Effective participation rmulti-actor partnership, Transparent and accountable processes and institutions values and attitudes that foster responsibility CNN NN Solidarity and tolerance o Ethical Governance: v It requires that public officials adhere to the principle of serving others by setting a high standard of moral conduct and by considering their jobs as vocation (purpose driven life devoted to the well-being of all). Parameters of Ethical Governance: Voice and Accountability Absence of political instability and violence. Government effectiveness > v y v ¥ Reasonableness of regulatory burden, ¥ The rule oflaw,and ¥ The absence ofthe erat. STRENGTHENING OF MORAL & ETHICAL VALUES IN GOVERNANCE: > Inthis context, OECD countries have prepared a set of 12 recommendation: 1) Ethical Standards for Public Service should be clea. 2) Ethical Standards should be reflected in legal framework. 3) Ethical guidance should be available to public servants. 4) Public Servants should know their rights and obligations when exposing wrong doings. 5) Political commitment to ethies should reinforce the ethical conduct of public servants. 6) The decision-making process should be transparent and open to scrutiny. 7) Thee 8) Managers should demonstrate and promote ethical conduct. should be clear guidelines for interaction between the public and private sectors. 9) Management policies, procedures and practices should promote ethical conduct. 10) Public service conditions and management of human resources should promote ethical conduct. 11) Adequate accountability mechanism should be place within the public service 12) Appropriate procedures and sanctions should exist to deal with the mis conduct,YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices Other measures: Risk Review: sy Identifying the areas which are more at risk. of value conflicts and developing specialist codes of conduct for the staff working in these areas are necessary for the development ofthe value-based working environment, Control as a means to strengthening of the values and Ethies in governance: clear policies, procedures and control. by separation of duty and oversight. Fffective monitoring, audit and reporting. clear mechanism for reporting wrongdoing Effective and transparent action when wrongdoing is discovered. Civil Society Engagements Seo K KK Formal as well as informal entities and includes the private sector, the media, NGOs, professional associations and informal groups of people from different walks of fe. Eg: Jan sunwal by Mazdoor kisan Shakti Sangathan. (Rajasthan). Parivartan, Delbi Integrity Pacts sv It isa mechanism that helps in promoting transparency and creating confidence in public contracting. ig: on tenders and procurements, INTERNATIONAL ETHICS: D ¥ Itrefers to the good that international interactions, exchanges, relations can bring to our planet earth and to all life forms and which can be harmed by unfriendly, hostile, un co-operative behaviours. ¥_Iemay be defined as that which enables one to participate more actively in shaping and bullding good international community. + Various School of thoughts in International Ethi 41) Realism: According to it, function of the sovereign state is to provide protection in exchange of obedience, but he expands thelist of rights that the state is supposed to protect The only thing that really matters is power. ¥ To deny any role for common/Shared ethics and create and ethically neutral Zone or an ethics free zone which can be filled with power of one who is dominant. 2) Idealism: (contrast Realism) ¥ Iefocuses on common interests, between nations, and not necessarily at the power or power balance. ¥ In this, the international system, order and sphere follow rules, laws and institutions, & in idealism ethics, morality, laws, legal systems, International institutions all have a central place. 3) Constructivism ¥ It focuses on things like foreign policy, diplomatic initiatives etc. to shape international relations and sphere where a world country has credible influence. The focus is on domestic politics and how it shapes foreign policy with what goals in mind. 4) Liberalism © Ther are basic elements 1 Indivduatistic: ==> Moral primacy of person. {i Egatitarianistic mp conferson all himans ii, Universlistic map affirms mora unity ofthe human species. jv Meliorist =) Affirmation of the corvgibilty and improvabilty of al socal institutions and politics Arrangements © exHegemonie *Anglo-Americans’ © To spread self-defined morality and ethics & democracy by force, 4) Cosmopolitanism:YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices With the idiology to do right thing, The right thing to be done is to behave as you would want others to behave. ¥_ Itempowers international ethics and the development of “global values and ethics “fully. 1D Ethical Issues in International Affairs: 41, Management of common Goods: "International laws identifies 4 Global Commons “(Resource domains or areas that lie outside the political reach of any one nation state on which there have been ethical issues) 4. High seas: ii, Climate change: iii Antarctica fv. Outer Space 2. Humanitarian Interventions: ¥ Bona fide Vs Mala fide Interventions ¥ Ex: Americans and European countries interfering in the internal afflrs of other countries, 3. Disarmament 4. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): 5, Trade Negotiations Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large. Corporate Governance: Itisa set of systems, processes and principles which ensure thata company is governed in the best interest of all stakeholders. Itis about promoting corporate fairness transparency and accountability, Challenges © Unclear Ownership Objectivism © Weak owners © Low level of Transparency and disclosure © Unprofessional Board of Directors, o PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE: Public Services (various meanings) Public utility: Sve Service provider electricity, health care, working in the army, maintenance of law and order, urban and rural infrastructure, etc. where the prime criteria of success are 34s i. Availability ii, Affordability of services ill, Accessibility > Public Functionaries: ¥ Working in the army, "judiciary and executive + PRoBITY: ¥ Evidence of ethical behaviour ina particular process. ¥ Itmeans: © H- Honesty © U-Upr © ntegrity sntness ¥ Regarded as being incorruptible. ¥ Strict adherence to a cade of ethics based on undeviating honesty.YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices > PROBITY IN GOVERNANCE: ‘According to 2nd ARC Report: Y Apart from the traditional civil service values of efficiency, integrity, accountability and patriotism, itis necessary for civil servants to inculcate and adopt ethical and moral values including probity in public life, respect for human rights and compassion for the downtrodden and commitment to their welfare “An important requisite for ensuring probity isto end corruption in governance. > Principles of probity 41) Accountability 2) Transparency 3) Leadership 4) Confidentiality 5) Management of Conflicts of interests. Measures required for ensuring probity in Governance Need for enforcing section 5 of the Benami Transaction (prohibition) Act, 1988, Misfeasance in public office lesisation, Enclosure Public Interest Disclosure and protection of Informers Resolution, (Popularly known as whistle Blowers Act). Civil services Commission Board. Fthies in Government Act. Strengthening of criminal Judicial system. S000 08 New Public Administration 40s Solution 4. De-centralisation ii, De-bureaucratisation iii, Democratization iv. Delegation 0 INFORMATION SHARING & TRANSPARENCY IN GOVERNMENT: ‘TRANSPARENCY: > Itimplies openness of decision-making process and freedom of information to the members of the public and media. > It is a moral issue, under this the people have the right to know how decisions are made, & whether they are benefitted or affected by the decision > Ithas 3 basie components: Participative governance, of people's engagement in decision making ¥ Bottom up approach under 73% & 74% Constitution amendment act (PRI) (Gandhij!’s vision of good governance) ¥ Social Audit ¥ urban local bodies ¥ Resident welfare Associations and Bhagidari 2) Access to information or Information Sharing: ¥ freedom of Information Act, 2002 Right to Information Act, 2005, ‘Any citizen may request information from a “public Authority (a body of government or * instrumentality of state"), which is required to reply expeditiously or within 30 days, ¥ Role played by Key stake holders, © civil society organisations /NEOs © Media © State Governments (eg. fankari Call centre, Train the Trainer)YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices National Data Sharing & Accessibility policy (NDSAP),2012 ‘© Department of Science & Technology would be serving the nodal functions of co-ordination and monitoring of polity through clase collaboration ofall Central Ministries and the Dept. of Information & Technology. ‘© Aims to empower citizens to access information owned by the government, permitting wider accessibility and use of public data and information, Keeping in view RTI Act, 2005 guidelines. ¥ Leveraging e-governance fora better reach & transparency © Social media © National e-governance plan. 3) Accountability for actions of the government or executive ¥ Public Procurement Bill ¥ Performance management division. ‘+ Institutional means to achieve Transparency in Administration: v Parliamentary controls: Question sessions, debates etc. Legislative framework - RTI Act, Time bound delivery of goods and ‘Ombudsman-Lokpal & Lokayuktas. Independent judiciary v v ¥ Free Press. 0 coe oF conpucr: + Code of Conduct is principles, values, standards, or rules of behaviour that guides the decisions, procedures and systems of an organization in a way that: ¥ Contributes to the welfare ofits key stakeholders: ¥ Respect the rights ofall constituents affected by its operations, + In India current set of values are incorporated under > CENTRAL SERVICES(CONDUCT) RULES, 1964, ‘Ie contains some general rules/norms like ‘maintaining integrity and absolute devotion to duty and not indulging in ‘unbecoming of a permanent government servant’ > These conduct rules are: ¥ Not to accept employment from any organisations for his/her dependents. ¥ To inform the prescribed authority for movable property above Rs 20,000, within 1 month from the date of transaction v Not to acquire or dispose of any immovable property by lease, mortgage, purchase, sale, gift ete. on his own name on in the name of any family member without prior knowledge of prescribed authority, ¥ To manage his private alfairs, so as to avold habitual indebtedness or insolvency. [Too vague tobe followed & likely to observed more in breach than in reality, hence, redefine them} ~ Second ARC Report. SOME COMMITTEES ‘RECOMMENDATION: 41) Santhanam Committee (1964) ¥ Values like “altruism” and “empathy for the poor childhood, are hard to imbibe after joining the service, hence need to be instilled in ¥ Code of Ethics" which is absent in our country needs to be incorporated 2) P.C. Hota Committee (2004) Y Aptitude and leadership test may be introduced for selection Invoking, probation rules to weed out irrelevant officers. Also performing a review on performance after each 15 years of service, ¥ Code of Ethies should be laid down, 3) Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) ¥ Recommended drafting a Bill on ethics to give code of ethics a statutory basis ¥ Civil Servants shall be guided by following values: © Adherence tothe highest standards of INTEGRITY & CONDUCT.YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices ‘© Impartiality & Non-partisanship: ‘© Dedication to public service. © Objectivity ‘o. Empathy & compassion towards weaker section 1 CODE oF ETHICS: 1) Code of Ethics, 199: 4 Astep towards better governance, first initiative to introduce the code of Bthics but it was not issued. 4 Public servant should: Uphold the Maintain Objectivity & Transparency in their conduct Maintain utmost Impartiality in service le of law and respect human rights Be accountable for their actions for timeliness of delivery, quality of service etc. Effective & efficient use of public funds, Not exploit their position of power. 2) Draft Public Service Bill 2007: Department of Personnel & Training (Dopt) has drafted this bill It envisages moral behaviour for Public servants that will ude them to discharge their functions. Allegiance to the constitution and the law, Act objectively, impartially, honestly, equitably, and in a fair and just manner To act with integrity in a courteous & just manner, Establish high standards of service quality. Be accountable forthe decisions. Discharge function without discrimination. Provide honest, impartial and frank advice to political executive. Ensure public money is used in utmost economy. ‘To serve as instruments of good governance to foster socio-economic development. Without prejudice to the provisions of CUTIZEN'S CHARTER: Itisa written, Voluntary declaration by service providers about their service standards, choice, accessibility, non-dis crimination, transparency and accountability. It should be in accord with the expectations of citizens. Therefore, itis a useful way of defining with the stakeholders what service should be and what standard to expect. YORK SSSR KHER RS v Objectives To help change the mindset ofthe public official. (someone in power over public someone witha care of duty) Tool to ensure transparency and Accountability Improved service delivery Value fo e taxpayers, BLS NS ‘The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievance (ARTPG) in the central is responsible for the task of coordinating, formulating and operationalizing Citizen's Charters. o COMPONENTS OF CITIZEN'S CHARTER: + Ithas 5 broad components Standards of service delivery SMART (Specific Measurable Accurate, Relevant a Time bound) ¥ Monitored periodically, < ‘Should be measurable and specific,YouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices 2). Openness and information about service delivery: ¥ Provide concise information & should be published in plain language. ¥ Service levels and quality to be expected and about who is in charge ifthe standards are not met, 3) Choice for the citizens and consultation with users about service levels, and quality: 4) Courtesy and helpfulness in service delivery: Y May Ihelp you counters, 5) Provisions of redress when services are not delivered to the published standards: Getting feedback + identifying " trends" in complain, ¥ Redressal System. Issues in Implementing the Charter: Y Consultation process was minimal or largely absent, ¥ Lackof training and motivation in the employees. ¥ ‘Transfer of concerned officers atthe crucial stages ofits formulation implementation. Tasks to educate & aware the public were not conducted systematically. ¥ Non-realistic standards were formulated, ¥ Meaning of “citizen's Charter’ are not understood by stakeholders. Implementation of the charter by departments and citizen satisfaction data isnot available. + Recommendations: ¥ Tendency to promise less than they can deliver Proper examination and critical review for the processes and systems in the department should be undertaken. Motivating the staff and involving them inthe preparation phase. Independent audits of results Simplify the systems for lodging complaints ¥ Should not be launched without adequate publicity and distribution of pies. coRRuprion v Corruption refers to deliberate and intentional exploitation of one’s position, status or resources directly or indirectly, for personal aggrandizement whether it be in terms of material gain or enhancement of power, prestige or influence beyond ‘what is legitimate or sanctioned by commonly accepted norms to the detriment of the interests of other persons on the community as a whole. y Coercive Corruptions: ¥ Ithappens when the citizen isa victim of extortion and is compelled to pay a bribe in lieu of service to which he is entitled, ¥ For Ex in cases of delays, harassment, lost opportunity, loss of precious time and wages, uncertainty, as well as potential damage of loss of ie Collusive Corruption: In this case, both parties (bribe giver and corrupt public servant) benefit at immense cost of society For Ex awarding of contracts for public works, procurement of goods and services, recruitment of employees, evasion of taxes, adult Sey tation of food and drugs, obstruction of Justice etc, Corruption Vs Ethles & Values: Consumption is an important manifestation ofthe failure of ethics. Corruption is so deeply entrenched in the system that most people regard corruption as inevitable and any effort to fight it as futile. This cynicism is spreading so fast that it spoils our democratic system itself. seYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices There are two contrary approaches towards corruption: 11) Overemphasis on values and character: ¥_ The implicit assumption is that until values are restored, nothing much can be done to improve the conduct of human beings. 2) Instrumental conditioning: © The good behaviour is consistently rewarded and bad behaviour consistently punished, the bulk of people follow straight and narrow path of honesty/probity, + Role of values and institutions: ¥ Values are needed to serve as guiding stars, and they exist in abundance in our society. But values need to be sustained by Institutions to be durable and to serve as an example to others. + Challenges of Corruption: ¥ Those who benefit from a corrupt status quo will try to Impede reform. These changes will gradually occur that requires government actions to complement private efforts ¥ Corruption lowers productivity, reduces the effectiveness of industrial policies, and encourages business to operate in the unofficial sector in Violation of tax and regulatory laws. ¥ Highly corrupt countries tend to under-invest in human capital by spending less on education, and to over-invest in privately ‘managed infrastructure. ¥ Itproduces more unequal distribution of Income. Corrupt governments lack political legitimacy, accompanied by avoidance in paying taxes and attachment towards bribery. Corruption are seen as a handy weapon for partisan, political use to harass opponents. V Toallarge extent people who have accepted corruption as a way of their life and they do not judge it on the grounds of morality and ethics anymore. % Corruption laws in India > Public servants in India can be penalized for corruption under: ¥ Indian Penal Code, 1860; ¥ Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988; The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988; The prevention of money Laundering, Act, 2002; ¥ India is also signatory to UN Convention against corruption (since 2005), > Process followed to Investigate and Prosecute corrupt Public Servants & 3 main authorities: Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) 4i, Central Batu Bureau of Investigation (CBI) il Anti-corruption Bureau (ACB) “& Cases related to money Laundering are investigated and prosecuted by ¥ Directorate of Enforcement and Financial Intelligence Unit “& Allcases under prevention of corruption Act, 1988 are tried by: SPECIAL JUDGES appointed by Central and state government) “= CONTROL OVER ADMINISTRATION ao Legislature control Judicial Control Ww weYouULstuay For civil Services SCSGYAN ‘Ball astudyforcivilservices * CONTROL OVER ADMINISTRATION % Legislature control ¥ Judicial Control T Budget © judicial review © Aadiing © Statutory Appeals Parliamentary Committees F Ombudsmen — (Lokpal —_& Lokayuktas) [5 Question hour Debates © Motions & Social Audit E-Government: It is defined as the application of Information & Communication Technology (ACT) by government agencies to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, transparency and accountability of government. Itaims to make the interaction betweenrelationships more friendly, convenient, transparent and cost effective. “— Government. wy oN am aN Citizens Business Government enterprises agencies 7 NS Sa E-Governance: & It is the application of ICTs to the process of government functioning to accomplish simple, accountable, speedy, responsive and transparent governance. E-Governance represents a journey from passive information giving to active citizens involvement, informing the listening to the citizens, representing the citizens, consulting the citizens, and engaging the citizens. Question Answer (QL. What is ethics? Ethics isthe study of what is right and what is wrong in the conduct of life. [tis concerned with what ought to be done to achieve what is good and what ought not to be done to avoid what is evil, ‘The Second Administrative reform commission defined as a ‘set of standards that society place on itself and which helps guide behaviour, choice and actions . It can be said that in general, ethics is concerned with human independence when it focuses on the relationship that exists between humans and the world. This independence is the primary condition in ethical decision-making and in any objective analysis of the facts. Individuals demonstrate independence when, in a decision-making process, they choose to free themselves as much as possible from their conditioning. Insofar as this operation assumes a degree of lucidity that allows us to judge objectively and to decide what direction to take, it will be understood that making ethical decisions is difficult Ethics Is doing more than what the law requires and less than what Itallows. For example ifyou are an ethical civil servant, you would go beyond the rules and find ways of helping a citizen, Ethics tackle some of the fundamental questions of human life such as, What are the basic principles of right and wrong? , What ‘constitute virtue and good character?, What should Ido in a particular situation? EteVout stway For civit services SCSGYAN ‘“°Biall ostuayforcivitservices (Q2. What is Determinism theory of Human Action? ‘Ans, Determinism is a theory which explains that all human action is conditioned entirely by preceding events and not by the faculty of ‘the Will. In philosophy, the theory is based on the metaphysical principle that an uncaused event is rather impossible ‘There are three main influences that determine the ethical behaviour and decisions- ‘© Individual personality traits: individual value system, upbringing, education, religious beliefs, experiences, et © Culture/countey of an individual © Organisation industry: prevailing ethics ofthe organisation/ industry an individual works for Accordingly one can enumerate different categories of determinism based on a particular science. ike the (a) Theory of Physical determinism: It state that human interaction can be reduced to relationships between biological, chemical or physical entities. (b) (b) Theory of Theological determinism - This theory posits that there is God, omnipotent and omniscient, who is determining all that humans will do, either by knowing their actions in advance or by decreeing their actions in advance. (c) Theory of Psychological determinism - It posits that we al possess certain mental qualities which govern our life (a) Theory of Biological determinism -It isthe idea that all behaviour, belief, and desire are fixed by our genetic endowment, We can say that determinism is a doctrine which in some way holds the stance that there is no such thing as free choice for any choice that we make is already conditioned by a set of causes or is settled prior to our act of choosing, Q3. Which of the following are the impediment for Human action? Impediment to human action hinders one from performing his moral responsibility. Some major impediments are ~ Ignorance: It is elucidated as lack of adequate knowledge in an individual with regard to the nature or moral quality of an act one is performing or proposes to perform, Passion: Passion is said to be a strong tendency towards the possession of something good or towards the avoidance of something evil ‘The more the intensity of the emotions, the less the capability for making balanced and objective deliberation. Habit: Habit is an acquired tendency for doing something as a result of repeated practice. It may be voluntary or involuntary. Habits usually do not render an act non-human, because though they exert certain coercion they can be overcome by a committed effort. Fear: The shrinking back of the mind on account of an impending evil considered to be difficult to avoid or even impossible at times. Fear may be grave or mild according to whether it is caused by a grave evil whose avoidance is rather difficult if not impossible, or only by a mild evil which can be easily avoided. Hence to perform moral action these impediments should be controlled. (Q4. What is difference between the morality and ethics? + We often use the terms ‘ethics’ and ‘morals’ interchangeable . In fact ethics has been moral philosophy or system of moral principle Ethical values are beliefs concerning what are morally right and proper as opposed to what is simply correct or effective. Le. an individual may personally believe that drinking is immoral. However drinking is notin and of tse, unethical. + Further, it is unethical to impose your personal moral values on another. Ethical values transcend cultural, religious, or ethnic differences, Ethical values embrace a more universal world view, Trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring and citizenship are some important ethical values. Ethics and morals seem to appear similar on the face of it, but if one analyzes deeply, there is a subtle difference. It means, it may be ethical for someone to consume meat and at the same time the same person may find the idea of slaughtering an animal repugnant. This implies that ethics define the code that a society or group of people adhere to, while morality delves into the right and wrong at a much deeper level, both personal and spiritual. ‘+ Morals also prescribed dos and don’t but they are personal principles created and followed by an individual, Moral defines personal character while ethics are drawn from the society. (QS. What is the relevance of ethics in Public relationship? ‘+ Public Relations recognize a long-term responsibility and seek to persuade and to achieve mutual understanding by securing the willing acceptance of attitudes and ideas. It can succeed only when the basic poliey is ethical, nd the means used as truthful. In Public Relations, the ends can never justify the use of false, harmful or questionable means. However, it is a difficult task to describe what is ethical and what is unethical. It would be simpler to state itas a matter of choosing between the right and wrong options in keeping with conscience, Anything that causes dissonance in the mind brings about a feeling of guilt and dishonest And dishonest communication cannot be an aid to cementing relationsitips. Public are also not to be underestimated as fools. AsVout stway For civit services SCSGYAN ‘“°Biall ostuayforcivitservices Abraham Lincoln said, you can fool some people all the time, and all ofthe people some of the time, but you cannot fool all the people all of the time. + Ther 1re a number of acts that could be classified as unethical, ranging from suppressing of news to misleading the audience. + Unethical act in public relations may include: Suppressing unfavourable news , Misrepresenting facts , Postponing to serve a cause but actually serving some other interest, Promising results that cannot be obtained, + Therefore itis imperative for public relation to be self regulating, ethical as also be careful about legal aspect of communication, (Q6. What is Comparative and normative ethics? Descriptive ethies also known as Comparative ethics is the study of people's beliefs about morality. [tinvolves empirical investigation It gives us a general pattern or a way of life of people in different types of communities. Descriptive ethics studies the history and ‘evolution of ethics. It gives a record of certain taboos, customs or conventions, For example, it states the history of various institutions like family or marriage. Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral consciousness is an example of Descriptive Ethics. Descriptive ethics investigates people's ethical ideals or what actions are condemned in a society. It aims to find out people's beliefs about values, which factions are right and wrong and which characteristies ofa moral agent are virtuous, Normative Ethics: Normative ethies involves arriving at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. In a sense, isa search for an ideal litmus test of proper behaviour. Normative ethics is also called as prescriptive ethics. It is the study of ethical theories that prescribe how people ought to act. It ‘examines standards for the rightness and wrongness of actions. Normative ethics suggests punishment when a person deviates from the path of ideals. It provides justification for punishing a person who disturbs social and moral order. It tries to establish certain, theories on the guidelines of some norms. Normative ethics offer the moral principles to use to resolve difficult moral decisions. (Q7. Explain the ethics in Buddhism? Buddhism brings about the four noble truths and eight fold path as the way of life intended for all people. This way of life is offered to all mankind without any distinction, This is the moral foundation of Buddhist ethics. The core of Buddhist belie is contained in the four + noble truths. The core is that there exists suffering and there is a way to escape suffering: a) Life is full of suffering; b) The cause of, suffering is desire or craving; c) Eliminating suffering is liberation; and the final is the means for attaining Nirvana is eightfold path. The ‘eightfold path as follows, + Right Knowledge about four-noble truths + Right Aim towards salvation + Right Speech ~ right speech reflects our character. We need to avoid speaking false, slanderous, belittling words + Right Conduct -no killing, stealing, lying, committing illicit sexual acts, consuming of alcohol + Right Livelihood - having the profession of good nature, no butchering, slave dealer, prostitutes and trading of weapons + Right Effort- one must have will-power to burn desires and develop virtues. + Right Mindfulness- one must examine his behaviour and the thoughts from which it ‘comes. By improving awareness one can become virtuous. + Right Meditation proper mental, physical preparation helps a person to attain nirvana, Salvation comes only from following four ~ noble truths and eightfold path, No god, no ritual and no type of outside power can save humanity, Buddhist ethics are not arbitrary standards invented by man for his own utilitarian purpose nor are they arbitrarily imposed from without. Man-made laws and social customs do not form the basis of Buddhist ethics. Buddhist ethics finds its foundation not on the changing social customs but rather on the unchanging laws of nature, Buddhist ethical virtues are intrinsically a part of nature and the unchanging law of cause and effect. The Buddhist ethics are based on and rooted in natural law and so its principles become useful and acceptable to the modern worl (Q8. What do you understand by Vedic and Vedantie schools of ethics? ‘The beginnings of ethical vision is traced from the Vedas, particularly Rig Veda. Concept of Dharma and the concept of Karma become the central moral principles emerging from the Vedas. In the Upanisads the aatm-centric understanding of morality takes precedence ‘The Self-realisation as moksha isthe highest goal reached by good conduct and pursuit of knowledge, The smrt literatures like sastras, especially dharmasastras are moral codes and law books for the Vedic and Vedantic traditions. The practical guidelines and strict injunctions are found for human conduct with respective rights and duties in Manusmriti, athough from the caste categories. The Dharmasastras, Epies and the Puranas have thelr own specific goal but they seem to share more or less a common ‘ethos’ feom the point of ethics. The epics teach ethical ideals and thoughts of Hindu system, Much celebrated text of Bhagavat Gita focuses on moral actions coupled with attaining Brahmajnana. Gita emphasizes both Karma Yoga and Gnana Yoga for the attainment of the Supreme BlissVout stway For civit services SCSGYAN ‘“°Biall ostuayforcivitservices Besides all the scriptural texts, the philosophical schools of Vedic and Vedantic traditions have focused well on the ethical concepts and ‘conduct based on their metaphysical and epistemological positions. Q9. Explain the Jain Ethics? Jainism is an ancient religion of India. According to Jainism the path to enlightenment was through a disciplined mode of life and the practice of non violence, In the observance of ahimsa, Jainism rather surpasses even Buddhism. In the observance of ascetic rituals also, Jainism goes further than Buddhism especially in the case of monks, The pancamahavrtas and triratnas form the ethics of Jaina tradition. Right knowledge, right faith and right conduct are known as three gems of Jainism, Right knowledge is the clear distinction between the selfand non-self. Right Faith- Faith leads to calmness detachment, kindness, and the renunciation of pride of birth, beauty of form, wealth, scholarship and fame Right practice- Spontaneous virtual conductor, All three must be cultivated together because none of them can be achieved in the absence ofthe others, Core teaching of Jainism are (1) Spiritual liberation in the highest of all goals (2) Non - Violence is the means of attaining it (3) The principle of non- violence isa guide to all morality Jainism does not draw any distinction between one's responsibility for what one does and one’s responsibility or what one omit todo. (Q10.What are the ethical values in private and public relations? Ethics in private relationship is governed by the individual virtue , universal human values,religion, social norms and law of land. Hence they comprise limited influencing factors:These aspect decides individuals ethical conduct in private relationship. In private relationship an individual need to cater only one role. Fthical claim in private relationship emerged from the individual private responsibility towards the role Le responsibility as father , mother, husband, son etc. Thus these responsibilities are self imposed informal and voluntary. ‘The ethics in private relationship also concerned by the private religious law, Individual, family and community obligations have long been written into law and backed by serious sanctions from ancient times to today’s inheritance,divorce, marriage and other laws. Pablic service is about serving to the people,society and nation. Hence ethics inthe public relations are governed by the many aspects Ethics in public relationship became important to establish and sustain authority to develop confidence among people about the system and to achieve social well being of society. In Public relationship public servant need to cope with five primary cluster of roles which includes - () His role in his personal and family sphere (1) His role asa professional (Gi) His role for the job (iv) His role towards his jurisdiction and work influence (v) His role towards society and humanity at large. Apart from all this public service role often invoke legal obligations, through legal provisions and penalties. Q11.To what extent is the use of wrong means to achieve right ends morally justified? A common concept in today’s society is the belief that the ends justify the means, That is, any action taken to achieve the final result is correct. For example, to save a mother suffering from cancer, her child should bring stolen money from somewhere and give it to the doctor. This will allow immediate treatment of his mother and save her life. However, wrong means cannot be justified for right ends as ‘we always have options before us to reach the right destination, ‘Wrong means should not be justified for aright end ‘+ Gandhi believed that ‘the means are as important as the ends’. So we should always try to follow better means and paths. + The achievement of a goal depends to a large extent on the exact ratio of the resources, For example, to crack the exam, we must, study the syllabus carefullyVout stway For civit services SCSGYAN ‘“°Biall ostuayforcivitservices + Apart from losing time, studying other than that can also make you fail in the exam. Its believed that means is everything. Asis the means, sois the end. There is no wall between the means and the end. For example, we cannot aspire for plum by planting an acacia tree. Even it we get the result once, it will be short-lived and negative. + It is said in the Bhagavad Gita that ‘do the work, don't worry about the result’ because we have control over the means, so faith and belief should be left to God and keep doing our work in a good and right way. For example, to be successful in the examination, instead of relying on copying, work should be done continuously and correcting your shortcomings. Q12. Why is morality necessary even in a person's personal life? According to RM, Mactver, ‘Ethics refers to that system of rules by which a person’s conscience is aware of good and bad! and because a man is an inseparable part of human society and for him the effect of judgment It also affects the society, in such a situation it becomes necessary to be ethical in public life as well asin private life. Importance of morality in the personal life ofa person: + Personal ethics are followed in family, friends and in the field of society, such as respecting the elderly or women, These are guided by the process of socialization ofan individual and are generally informal and unwritten, ‘+ Many people believe that public life has nothing to do with the private life ofthe individual. This is not entirely correct because ‘most of the decisions of our personal lie affect the family as well as the society. For example, the type of food we eat in our home in the evening (vegetarian or non-vegetarian) affects the entire market chain as well as the environment. Similarly, if we ‘consume physical means like AC/TV in the house then it also affects the economy, energy sector and environment. The effect of Which is universal + The role played in personal life (mother, father, husband etc.) also demands personal responsibilities. These are self-imposed voluntary norms that since ancient times have been imposed by their obligations towards self, family and society. + The governing factors of morality in private life include personal qualities, universal human values, religion, social norms, and laws. For example, in India, the Dharmashastras provide moral codes to regulate private life. Q13. Define the role of family in inculcating value? ‘+ Family is the basic social unit ofthe society and whatever we learn from our family becomes our value system and ultimately action. Since an individual is known by his or her actions, therefore the most important role of family isto give proper identity. + The earliest conception about what is right and what is wrong, good or bad, is formed in terms of rules and expectations of elders, particularly the parents, referring to specific acts and situations. + Parents are the primary social agents who transmit personal and social values to their children. + The family environment influences the individual's learning throughout life and the kind of experiences (pleasant and unpleasant) shape a child's personality. A sense of security is a basic pre-requisite to all development including learning Children desire a conducive environment at home, During early years, the social and emotional environment of home becomes a critical factor in influencing the individual's come of learning and development Some of the basic strategies and styles of learning in fact begin to be moulded even before the child goes to a formal school. The informal learning endeavors that children engaged at home and in the surrounding community set the tane for their learning explorations in later life Parents are the main agency of socialization and the theory of symbolic values shows how altruistic parents socialize their children in various contexts. ‘+ The quality ofthe home environment during this period is more influential and lasting than in any other phase of life Q14. Role of Educational institutions in inculeating value? Education is a process of initiating the learners Into a form of life that is considered as desirable to preserve and promote, Education necessarily involves transmission of values. However, these changes are to be brought about employing such procedures as do not violate the freedom and autonomy of the learner. The different alms of education-development of the human personality, pursuit of knowledge, preservation of culture, development of character, promotion of social justice, scientific temper, democracy, secularism and so on are just so many varied educational expressions of the constituents of the good lif. It is through education that society secks to preserve and promote its cherished values. a. Atthe pre-primary school level, the great accent is put on developing good manners and etiquettes, ete b, Atelementary schoo! level, efforts are made to become responsible citizens of the school community. . Atthe higher secondary stage, the greatest emphasis Is put on achievement both scholastic and co-scholastic abilities. Children develop various skills and aptitude which enable them to plan their future life, 4. A particular class in the school provides innumerable opportunities to the children to move and mix with an egalitarian group. Here children get many chances to mix-up without any distinction of caste, colour or creed.YOuULDstuay ror ci Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices Q15. Role of society in inculcating value? ‘Administrative morality isa part and parcel ofthe general morality of the community. Finer said, "The ethics of every profession will be found, on close analysis, to be not much higher and not much lower than the general decency of the nation as a whole, Their nature, at the best, is powerfully moulded by the level of the surrounding and prevailing civilization,” The success of any government depends upon the effective collaboration af its citizens, All the books of civies would emphasise civic consciousness for the progress of the ‘country. This is possible only if our educational system and mass media are reoriented to character-bullding among the people. People's characteris the ultimate source which can supply kinetic energy for modernisation and development. There is a great need to infuse civic consciousness, patriotism and discipline among the citizens through education, adult education and functional literacy. The members of all the communities would then cooperate with the personnel in the public services. And the personnel in the public services would work hard to bring about all round development ofthe people. Q16. Define Attitude ? (125 words) ‘+ Itis Psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular object with some degree of favour or disfavour. Attitude are feeling and belief that determines the attitude of person. They provides frame work for responding in particular situation. ‘+ Itis accompanied by an emotional component, and a tendency to act in a particular way with regard to the attitude object. The ‘thought component is referred to as the cognitive aspect, the emotional component is known as the affective aspect, and the tendency to act is called the behavioural (or conative) aspect. Taken together, these three aspects have been referred to as the A~ B-C componentsof attitude. ASfective- What we feel about the attitude object Behavioural: How we act toward: he attitude object. Cognitive - What we think about the attitude object. (Q17. What are the function of attitude? ‘The American psychologist Daniel Katz was of the view that attitude are determined by the function they served for us, People hold given attitude because these attitude help them achieve their basic goals, Kartz proposed that the major functions that attitude perform fora person can be grouped under four broad heads as described below- Adaptive and Instrumental Function: Favourable attitudes are developed toward rewarding objects and unfavourable attitudes ‘toward objects that thwart or punish us. In this process people learn socially acceptable views, opinions and attitudes. Knowledge Function: Attitudes function as simplified categories for various social stimuli (people, events, situations, etc.) which further help us to understand and explain the complex social world, Our attitudes about the object category provide us with a meaning to the social world and a foundation for making inferences about its members. Self-expressive Function: Attitudes are means to define, maintain and enhance the self-worth. Many attitudes express the basic values of the attitude holder and reinforce his or her self-image. Some attitudes represent a person's identification with a particular group. Ego-defensive Function: The ego-defensive function of attitudes refers that we hold attitudes that protect our self-esteem from harm. ‘or justly our acts that make us feel guilty. This function involves psychoanalytic principles where people use defense mechanisms, such as, denlal, repression, projection, rationalization etc, to protect themselves from psychological harm, From all four functions described above, the basic idea behind the functional approach may be clear- Attitude helps a person to mediate between their own inner need and the outside world, Q18. Define stereotype? ‘+ Stereotypes are beliefs that some traits and characteristics are shared by the members of a particular social group. Stereotypes function as cognitive framework and influence the way in which information relevant to the stereotype is processed, Gender stereotype is one of the most prevalent stereotypes across societies. Based on compilation of findings of various studies on gender stereotype, it is concluded that females are stereotypically believed as ‘warmand dependent’, whereas; males are perceived as ‘competent and independent’. Stereotypically associated feminine traits are warm, emotionally sensitive, kind, submissive, oriented to aesthetics, mild, ete. On the other hand, traits like competent, emotionally stable, confident, tough, Independent, non-conformist, leader, aggressive, ete. are stereotypically believed as traits possessed by males. Similar to the schemes, stereotypes function as cognitive structures that help us in classifying, understanding and retrieving social information. Thus, we classify people based on the group they belong to and in understanding and interpreting theirYOuULDstuay ror ci Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices behavior we utilize the cluster of traits that we stereotypically believe associated with the group. This process significantly ‘minimizes our cognitive efforts in social interactions and help us in predicting behavior of people based on their groups. If we are asked to describe social, cultural, ethnic groups, such as Indians, Pakistanis, Asians, Europeans, Americans, Africans, et, in terms of the traits that characteristic them; most of us would come up with lists of traits even for those groups with whom we ha very litle interaction or even no interaction at all. These traits are actually stored in the stereotype associated with the particular group and are retrieved when the stereotype is activated. Q19. What is prejudice? + Prejudice is defined as a feeling, primarily negative, toward a person exclusively on the busis that the person is member of a particular social group. Thus, a person prejudiced toward a particular social group expresses negative emotions for the members of that particular group. Although prejudice is expressed toward a particular individual, the negative emotions are actually targeted to the whole group. Similar to stereotypes prejudice too influences the way by which prejudiced person processes information related to the particular social group and information consistent with the prejudice is more readily attended, encoded and retrieved than the information which is inconsistent. + Some studies have also reported that prejudiced people differentiate social groups based on a belief that the groups have some common essence among all the group members which may be biologically influenced . Prejudice is further referred to as an implicit or covert association between a person's being member of a particular social group and the evaluative emotional response a prejudiced person expresses toward that person. This suggests that in-group and out-group categorization of our social world automatically activates emotional evaluation of the people belonging to the social groups and results into our corresponding responses toward them without being consciously aware of I Q20. Define social influence ? Social influence can also be defined as the process by which individuals make real changes to their feelings and behaviours as a result of interaction with others who are perceived to be similar, desirable, or expert, People adjust their beliefs with respect to others to whom they feel similar in accordance with psychological principles such as balance. Individuals are also influenced by the majority: when a large portion of an individual's referent social group holds a particular attitude, itis likely that the individual will adopt it as well ‘Additionally, individuals may change an opinion under the influence of another who is perceived to be an expert in the matter at hand, ‘Some scholars in 1959 provided an early formalization of the concept of social influence in their discussion of the bases of social power. For them, agents of change included not just individuals and groups, but also norms and roles, They viewed social influence as the ‘outcome of the exertion of social power from one of five bases: Lreward power 2evercive power Blegitimate power ‘expert power Sureferent power. Since 1959, scholars have distinguished true social influence from forced public acceptance and from changes based on reward or coercive power. Social researchers are still concerned with public compliance, reward power, and coercive power, but those concerns are differentiated from social influence studies. Q21. Define persuasion how it is different from motivation ? Persuasion is an act or process of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your audience, Aristotle taught that rhetoric, or the art of public speaking, involves the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion . In the case of Prime minister of India, he may have appealed to your sense of duty and national values. In persuading your parents to lend you the car keys, you may have asked one parent instead ofthe other, calculating the probable response of each patent and electing to approach the one ‘who was more likely to adopt your position (and give you the keys). Persuasion can be implicit or explicit and can have both positive and negative effects. In this chapter well discuss the importance of ethics, as we have in previous chapters, when presenting your audience with arguments in order to motivate them to adopt your view, consider your points, or change their behavior. Motivation is distinct from persuasion it involves the force, stimulus, or influence to bring about change, Persuasion is the process, and motivation is the compelling stimulus that encourages your audi ce to change their beliefs or behavior, to adopt your position, or to ‘consider your arguments. Messages about what is beautiful, or what is the right thing to do in terms of your pet, involve persuasion, and the motivation compels you to do something.YOuULDstuay ror ci Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices Another way to relate to motivation also can be drawn from the mass media, They want to establish motive in the case to provide the proverbial “missing piece of the puzzle." They want to know why someone would act in a certain manner. (Q22. What is the relationship between attitude and behavior? ‘The behavioural tendency of attitude refers to a tendency of predisposition to act in a certain manner, It cause by affective and cognitive components. Studies have shown that there are certain special conditions under which attitudes can predict behaviour: + When attitudes are strong and consistent, that is when the three components of attitude are clear and stable behaviour. Weak, unimportant and ambiguous attitudes are less likely to predict behaviour. ey better predict + When one holds a strong attitude or when one is conscious of one’s attitude, thereby it is also easily recalled and possible to predict behaviour, + When attitudes have been formed through direct experience prediction of behaviour is more accurate, + When one acts under social pressure attitude may be expressed in diverse ways, An adolescent may not want to smoke or drink because it affects health. But peer group pressure may force him to drink. Thus his way of thinking is different from his behaviour. ‘When external influences are minimal then attitude behaviour relationship is becomes strong. It is important to note whether behaviour is spontaneous or well planned. When behaviour is deliberated upon and planned, particularly which college to join, or when and whom to marry, these issues become important hence hasty decisions will not be taken, Thus when we have time to think and itis personally relevant then the attitude-behaviour relationship will be strong. (Q23. Write in short about the formation of attitude ? Right from our birth onwards, we are exposed to a wide variety of stimuli, both directly and indirectly, which lead to our acquiring particular attitudes towards the attitudinal object. It Is believed that attitudes are by and large acquired as a result of various life ‘experiences, although a small but growing body of evidence indicates that attitudes may be influenced by genetic factors, too, Direct contact: Repeated association with the stimull evokes positive or negative feelings, The attitude object now comes to have the same feelings. This involves classical conditioning. Strong smells, tastes and sensory information can bring about strong emotional responses. For example, ifa child eats sprouts and dislikes it, there are chances that this dislike will be generalized to other food items similar in colour and taste, Direct instruction: Instructions given by parents, teachers, or leaders, lead to formation of specific attitudes. Parents tell their children not to smoke and drink because itis unhealthy. Teachers may also reinforce this attitude. The child may develop a negative attitude towards smoking and drinking. Interaction with others: We are usually in the company of others and adopt attitudes similar to the group we belong to, For example, if your group of friends think it is ‘cool' to wear black jeans and shirts decorated with chains, you may think it cool to be dressed in such clothes. Observational learning: Attitudes are often learnt through observation of other people's actions. As a child do you remember how your grand parents sang bhajans everyday during prayer time? Asa young adult you may also now enjoy such songs. Im adaition, the educational system, media particularly television, movies, magazines and newspapers all influence attitude formation. Belonging to an impressionable age children believe in what they watch on the TV. Q24. Why is morality necessary even in a person's personal life? According to RM. Maclver, 'Ethics refers to that system of rules by which a person’s conscience is aware of good and bad! and because a man is an inseparable part of human society and for him the effect of judgment also affects the society, in such a situation it becomes necessary to be ethical in public life as well as in private life. Importance of morality inthe personal life of a person: © Personal ethics are followed in family, friends and in the eld of society, such as respecting the elderly or women. These are guided by the process of socialization of an individual and are generally informal and unwritten, © Many people believe that public life has nothing to do with the private life of the individual. This is not entirely correct because most ofthe decisions of our personal life affect the family as well as the society. For example, the type of food we eat in our home in the evening (vegetarian or non-vegetarian) affects the entire market chain as well as the environment. Similarly, if we consume physical means like AC/TV in the house then it also affects the economy, energy sector and environment. The effect of which is © The role played in personal life (mother, father, husband etc) also demands personal responsibilities. These are self-imposed voluntary norms that since ancient times have been imposed by thelr obligations towards self, family and society.YOuULDstuay ror ci Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices © The governing factors of morality in private life include personal qualities, universal human values, religion, social norms, and laws. For example, in India, the Dharmashastras provide moral codes to regulate private life (Q25. What is pro socal behaviour? Prosoctal behavior is defined as ‘voluntary behavior intended to benefit another" . ll religions teach us that we should help these who are in need, This behaviour is called helping or pro-social behaviour, Pro social behaviour is very similar to ‘altruism’, which means doing something for or thinking about the welfare of others without any sel are sharing things, cooperating with others, helping during n charitable donations. interest. Some common examples of pro-social behaviour ral calamities, showing sympathy, doing favours to others, and making Pro-soctal behaviour has the following characteristics It must: + sim to benefit or do good to another person or other persons, + be done without expecting anything in return, + be done willingly bythe person, and not because of any kind of pressure, and + involve some dificulty or ‘cost tothe person giving help. For instance, if rich person donates a lot of money that is obtained illegally, with the idea that her/his photograph and name will appear in the newspapers, this cannot be called ‘pro-social behaviour’ although the donation may do good to many people. (26. What is aptitude ? Iisa component of competency to do a certain kind of work at certain level which can also be considered talent. An aptitude therefore {sa special potential ina certain field of performance. It indicates a special ability, acquired or innate, to learn or develop knowledge of 2 skill in some specific area, It involves prediction of the probability of success of a person with training in a certain type of ‘work/job/vocation, The aptitude of an individual is the result of both inherent and the environmental factors, An aptitude is more than mere potential ability. It involves the following: + Readiness to acquire some skill or knowledge. + Ability to acquire those skills/knowledge. + Ability to derive satisfaction from those activities. So aptitude refers to a combination of characteristics that indicate an individual's capacity to acquire some specific knowledge or skill after learning. Knowledge of aptitude can help us to predict an individual's future performance. With proper training these abilities can bbe enhanced. itimplies the the prediction about the individuals future performance, Q27. What do you understand by integrity? (125 Words) It implies the soundness of moral principles the character of un- corrupt virtue, uprightness, honesty and sincerity. According to the ministry of personnel ‘Consistently behave in a open, fair, and transparent manner, honour’s one commitments and works to uphold the public service values. Integrity is regarded as + Concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes + The honesty and sruthfulness or accuracy of one's actions. + The integration of ideals, conviction, standards, belief and behavior Integrity isa three-step process + Right course of conduct + Acting consistently with the chotce—even when itis inconvenient or unprofitable to do so; + Openly declaring where one stands. Integrity is the foundation of public trust that Is essential for a person holding a public office. Civil Servant should not act or take decisions in order to gain financial or other material benefits for themselves, their family, or their friends. They must declare and resolve any interests and relationships,YOuULDstuay ror ci Services SCSGYAN ‘© Biel ostudyforcivitservices Q28, Define impartiality in Civil services ? Impartiality means acting solely according to the merits of the case and serving governments of different political parties and the general public equally well and in the same spirit, Impartiality requires public servants to refrain from opinions, positions or actions that demonstrate a bias toward or against a particular cause or course of action, including the defence of government policies. In analyzing options, public servants will consider the best evidence-based knowledge. They will base their recommendations on the desired outcomes and implement the decisions lawfully taken by ministers, even If these decisions differ from the advice or recommendations provided, Apolitically impartial public service supports the government of whichever political party the electorate chooses. Q29. Define empathy and its significance? Empathy refers to the ability imagine oneself in another is place and understand Me others’ feelings, desire, ideas, and actions. In other words. empathy is about being able to accurately hear out and understand Me thoughts, feelings and concerns of others. even when these are not made explicit. The ability to empathize Is directly dependent on your ability to feel your own feelings and Identify them. It ‘means In order to empathize with others, we need to become aware of what we are actualy feeling acknowledge, identify, and accept ‘our feelings. Only then we may empathize with others ‘To become empathetic It others, me need to + Demonstrate active listening skills + Recognize body language, facial expression, and/or tone of voice to understand the unspoken message + Recognize unexpressed or poorly expressed thoughts, concerns. and feelings. Significance of Empathy Empathy widely recognized as a universal virtue, closely related to many other virtue, such as love, compassion, kindness, tolerance, respect, and acceptance, It promoted es the empathy is the cornerstone of moral and character development. It Is also essential for ‘working towards inclusiveness in society. As an individual, we need empathy to survive and succeed in the complex world. Q30. Define tolerance and its significance? Tolerance or toleration Is a fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, practices, race, religion, nationality, te, differ from one's own: freedom from bigotry. In other words. tolerance is respect, acceptance and appreciation ofthe rich diversity of our world’s cultures, our forms of expression and ways of being human, It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, and freedom of thought, conscience and belief, Tolerance is harmony in difference. Significance ‘Tolerance is the responsibility that upholds human rights, pluralism, democracy, harmony and the rule of law. It involves the rejection ‘of dogmatism and absolutism and affirms the standards set out in international human rights instruments. Consistent with respect of human rights, the practice of tolerance does not mean toleration of social injustice or the abandonment or weakening of one's ‘convictions. It means that one is free to adhere to one's own conviction and accepts that others adhere to theirs. It means accepting the fact that human beings, naturally diverse in their appearance. situation, speech, behavior. and values, have the right to live in peace and to be as they are, Italso means that one's views are to be imposed on others. Q31. Define Compassion and its significance in civil services? Compassion is understanding or empathy for suffering of others. More involved than simple empathy compassion give rise to active desire to alleviate another suffering, Compassion involves a sense of empathy. It does not end with the pity. Compassion can be understood by noticing ant someone who Is compassionate Has an active desire to alleviate another's suffering, Helps others because he wants to, not because he has to. Understands the feelings of others. Shows empathy towards another person Shows kindness without expecting anything in return. ‘Significance of Compassion in Civil Services Feeling compassion is one thing acting on itis another. Compassion is deeply rooted in human nature it has a biological basis in the brain and body. Humans can communicate compassion through facial gesture and touch, and these displays of compassion can serve