values of u and v.

L
f "x# ! cos x # sin
7. 3 ing
Thexnext
T h ethe
!2
A dexact
example
d i t i ovalue
n a nof
d Scos
$ % "
2 cos7. demonstrates
3 xT h
t r a4cOf
u b15$.
o n a n d S u b t r a c t i o n F o r m u l a s 463
$e A d d i. t ithe use of the subtraction formula in find-
t i ocourse,
n F o r mifuonly
l a s an 465approximation were de-
mula sired, we could use
he last formula with the
Addition equation
formulas cosay calculator.
!may
$u $a cos #"bx
v%also be #
cos used c#,tovwhich
u cos "derive ureduction
sin we sin v formulas. Re-
e
weIfduction
Section 6.5, 22 seetanthat
formulas
the% amplitude
7 may beof
and cot # $
used
3theto change
graph is 2 expressions pe-such
2, theangle ! as
4 for a second-quadrant

$ % $ %L
!$
E X A M P L E 24 1 Using a subtraction formula
nd the phase shift "!4. The graph
andisa third-quadrant %angleof#f, findis sketched in Figure % 5,
ve also shown the Findgraphsthesin of !yvalue
exact #! sin n xcos
of and and
15°
2(b) cos !! " #" y cos
by
! cos
using !x.# Our
the nsketch
fact thatfor15$
any!integer
60$ " n45$.
(a) sin !! " #" (c) 2tan !! " #"
that obtained in Chapter 6. (See We
Figure
useanthe
10subtraction
in Sectionformula 6.6.) for cosine with u ! 60$ and
ES XOexpressions
to AL M
U TP ILOEN2 involving Using addition
only sin !formula
or cos !. Similar formulas are true for the
(d)v ! sin !! % # "
45$: (e) cos !! % #" (f ) tan !! % #"
other trigonometric functions. Instead of deriving general reduction formulas,
7! 7! ! !
we
Findshall the illustrate
exact value twoof
cos 15$special
cos
! cos cases
by in"the
using
!60$ thenext
45$" factexample.
that 2# $ .
23 If ! and # are third-quadrant12 angles such that cos ! $12 %5 3 4
and cos # $ %53 , find ! cos 60$ cos 45$ # sin 60$ sin 45$
Exercise
ES XOAL MU TPIL1 OEN: 5 We Obtaining
apply the reduction
additionformulas
formula for cosine:

" #
1 22 23 22
(a)
Express sin !! in % #" of a (b)
terms ! cos !! %!#
trigonometric
7 ! # " ! of ! alone:
function

$ %
ary
4 (a) sin
"
(b)coscos 0.64 # 2cos 2 $2 2
(c) the quadrant 3 % containing12 ##2%6# 4
3
(a) 12 sin ! $ (b) !
! %
22"!
cos #
2 !
4 cos ! " sin ! sin 2 ! L
(c) tan! 2
24 Exercise
If and (d) sec 1.2
2 # are second-quadrant # cosangles
S O L U T I O2N: 3 such 4 that sin 3! $ 3 4
1Using subtraction and addition formulas, we obtain the follow-
and cos , find

$ %
# $ %
–ing:
Exer. 5Find 10: the It is relatively
Find 3
the exact
exact values
easy
values.to obtain a2 formula
of # 1 2 23 2 2 cos !u # v". We begin by writ-
for
ing u # v as u3% " !"v" and then 3%
use
2!! 2" $
"the subtraction
2 ! sin
2
3% formula for cosine:
(a) "
(a) sin !!!"$#""
sin "(b) sin !tancos #" cos
5 (a) cos # cos 2cos !u # v" !2cos 2
2 "#u2"6 !"v"$
2
4 6 7. 3 T h e A d d i t i o n a n d S u b t r a c t i o n F o r m u l a s 4
(c) the quadrant containing#! " #

$ %
of one " sin ! ! ( "0#cos$4ucoscos!!"v" ( "$1#
# sin " cosu sin! !"v" L
5" 5" " "
(b) cos(b) 12 cos "! use # %12 # "!cos !#cos % $ sin ! sin %
4 6 7
Exer.
7 (a) tan25–36:60)
We"refer Verify
tan 225)to thethe reduction
sine! and formula.
cosine functions cofunctions
as $cos 22 Ifoftan
each !$ %24
other. and cot # $ 34 for a second-quadrant ang

# $
" cos ( "$1# $ sin ! ( "0# " ! L
2"
Similarly, the"tangent
285) *$ and 60) cotangent functions
& are cofunctions, and a third-quadrant
as are the se- angle #, find
6 (b)
(a) tan
25 sinsin !285)
cant *and "!use
sin
"#&cosecant.$ %sin If u is
"26225)"
the sin measure
radian x" of$ancos x angle, then the angle
acute
E X A 3M P L E 6 4 Combining a sum involving2the sine and cosine functions (a) sin !! " #" (b) cos !! " #" (c) tan !! "

# $$ %#
!!2 " u is complementary to u, and we may consider the
$
u 8 (a) with135)
cos radian% measure
cos 60)
a

%
Let
right 11 and5b&beshown
a triangle
" 11" numbers
real 2Figure
" with a ' 0.ratios,
"3. Using Show
3& we thatseeforthat
every x,(d) sin !! % #"
(b)
27 sinsin x % !use use75)
$ %cos !in x % #28 sin * % $ cos * (e) cos !! % #" (f ) tan !! %

"$ #
(b) cos 75)
12 2 12 $ 135) 3 60)"
4 2
$ u , we a cos Bx # b sin a Bx " A ! cos "Bx $ C#,
in terms of
9 a(a)
3& &
#
sin u # # cos
c bx " & 2 $
"u 23 If ! and # are third-quadrant angles such that cos ! $
3

"$ #
sin !* %
29 cos % &sin " $ %cos * 30 cos % %sin x % and cos # $ %5 , find
4 6
where A " 2a # b and tan C " 2
b a with $ !2 &C& 2 .
2 2

# #$ $ #
alue of cos u # # sin "u
7& 3& 7& 3& & c 5& 2 (a) sin !! % #" (b) cos !! % #"

" #
(b) sin x " use $ sin
31 cos $ x % 32 cos * % $ sin *
S O L12 U T I O N2 12 Given 4a cos 6Bx # ab sin Bx, 2let ! us consider tan C " b!a with
tanbu"#a tan#C,cot .
u write (c) the quadrant containing ! % #

# $
$ % !2 & C & % !2. Thus, and we "may
alue of b 2
3& & &
33
10 (a) tan x % atan $ %cot 34
cos Bx # b sin Bx " a cos Bx # "a%tan
x tan !& % * " $ tan C#* sin Bx24 If ! and # are second-quadrant angles such that sin !
These 4 three 2 formulas
6 and their analogues for sec u, csc u, and cot u state that 1
and cos # $ % 3 , find

# #$ $
the function value of u equals the cofunction sinofCthe complementary angle
4
$ 5 and 7& & 7& 3& & " a cos Bx # a sin Bx
35
(b) !
tan !2 "
* " u. use $ %cot
$ * % 36 tan !x " & " $ cos
tan C
x
6 weause subtraction formulas to(a) sin !! " #" (b) tan !! " #"
12In the2 following 12 4formulas extend these
" "cos C cos Bx # sin C sin Bx#
relationships
Exercise 3: to any real numbercos u, provided
C the function values (c)arethedefined.
quadrant containing ! " #
Exer. 11–16: Express as a trigonometric function of one
Verify
Exer.
angle. 37–46: the Verify
iden5ty the identity. " "a sec C# cos "Bx $ C#.

11 cos
37 48)
We shall
sin cos # 23)& $
complete
" sin 22the proof by showing that a sec C " Exer.
$ 48) !sin sin 23) 2a2 # 25–36: Verify the reduction formula.
b2. Since

# $
13
and *" * " cos *"
12 $%!2 & C 4 & %!2, 2 it follows that sec C is positive, and hence &
12 cos 13) cos 50) % sin 13) sin 50)

# $
25 sin !* " &" $ %sin * 26 sin x " $ cos
& 22 a sec C " a 21 # tan C. 2 2
13 cos
38 10)
cos sin* 5) " % sin$10) cos 5) * % sin *"

# $ # $
!cos (continued)
4 2 5& 3&
14 sin 57) cos 4) " cos 57) sin 4)

# $
27 sin x % $ %cos x 28 sin * % $ cos
& 1 " tan u 2 2
sin !%2"

# $
15 cos
39 3tan u " % cos $ 2 sin 3
angle ! 4 1 % tan u &

# $
16 sin !%5" cos 2 " cos 5 sin !%2" 29 cos !* % &" $ %cos * 30 cos x " $ %si
5
& tan x % 1 2

# $ # $
17 If40sintan! $x %13 and$ tan ! ( 0, find the exact value of
4 tan x " 1
3& 5&
sin ! ! % 3 ". 31 cos x " $ sin x 32 cos * % $ sin
&
41 cos !u " v" " cos !u % v" $ 2 cos u cos v 2 2

# $
24
18 If cos ! $ 25 and sin ! ' 0, find the exact value of
&
33 tan x % $ %cot x 34 tan !& % *" $ %tan *
cos ! ! " 6 ". &
2

19 If ! and # are acute angles such that cos ! $

8
tan # $ 15 , find
4
5 and
35 tan # $
*"
&
2
$ %cot * 36 tan !x " &" $ tan x