Chapter 4 Reproduction

Reproduction
• The process of producing
new individuals from a
parent to maintain the
survival of a species
Type of asexual
reproduction
i) Asexual c) Regeneration
a) vegetative reproduction - The ability of the fragments of
- vegetative reproduction some organisms to grow and
involves the leaf parts of the develop into completely new
stem and roots individuals.

b) Binary fission
- The division of a single parent
cell into two daughter cells.

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d) udding
- Buds ae formed on the body of the parents
- A mature bud will drop off from the parent and becomes a new
individuals

e) Spore formation
- The production of spores in sporangium
- When the sporangium burst , spores are dispersed by wind to other
places and grow into a new plant in a suitable condition

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 Male Reproductive System

Seminal - vesicle Secretes nutritional fluid for the sperms

Urethra - A channel to discharge sperms and urine from the body
Sperm duct - Transports sperms from the testis to the urethra inside
the body
Penis - Transfers sperms into the vagina of the female during
copulation
Scrotum - Holds and protects the testes
Testis - Produces male gametes (sperms) and male sex hormones
Prostate glands - Secrete fluid which contains nutrients and protects
sperm cell.

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 Female Reproductive System

Fallopian - tube Place where fertilisation between sperm and ovum

occurs
Ovary - Produces female gamete (ovum) and female sex hormones
Uterus (womb) - Place where the embryo develops and grows
Cervix - Produces mucus to enable sperms to swim into the uterus
Vagina - Receives sperms and as a channel through which a baby is
born

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Physical Changes
During Puberty
Puberty
- means the initial stage of the
reproductive system becoming
mature producing reproductive
cells.
-The age of males when reaching
puberty is approximately 14-17
years while females are between
10-12 years.
Women's Change
- Enlarged breasts
- buttocks begin to dense and
thick
- hair grows in the armpits
- The ovaries produce ovum
and sex hormones
- hair grows on the genitals
- the menstrual cycle begins
Comparison between the
Male and Female Gametes
Sperm

Men's Change
- the larynx (larynx) enlarges,
the voice becomes hoarse
- mustaches and beards begin to
mash
- hair grows on the face, armpits
and chest.
- The testicles produce sperm
and sex hormones
- hair grows on the genitals
- The penis and scrotum begin to
enlarge

i) Head - carries male genetics

ii) Neck - produces energy for
tail movement
iii) Tail - moves sperm
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 Ovum

i) cell membrane - gives shape to the ovum

ii) nucleus - contains material inherited from the mother
iii) cytoplasm - supplies nutrients to the ovum
iv) gel layer - helps the ovum attach to the uterine wall

Gamete differences and similarities

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 - Menstruation is a sign of the beginning of the menstrual cycle for
every woman
- rupture of the lining of the uterine wall and blood flowing through
the vagina.

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i) Menstrual Phase - the lining
of the uterine wall, blood vessels
and unfertilized ovum are torn
and removed when menstruation
begins
ii) Recovery Phase - the uterine
wall begins to rebuild and
thicken. The blood vessels in the
uterine wall begin to form and
are ready to receive the
attachment of the fertilized cells
iii) Fertile Phase - The ovum is
released from the ovaries on the
14th day of the menstrual cycle.
The walls of the uterus and blood
vessels continue to expand. If
there is sperm, fertilization may
occur.
iv) Premenstrual phase - The
uterine wall continues to thicken
and is rich in blood vessels. If
fertilization occurs, the embryo
will attach to the uterine wall.
The menstrual cycle will repeat
if fertilization does not occur
The importance of managing
personal hygiene
during menstruation
- care is very important to
ensure that the reproductive
system is not infected by
microorganisms such as
bacteria, viruses and fungi
1) During menstruation,
women should always change
sanitary napkins 3-4 times a
day
2) Menstruating women are
encouraged to bathe regularly
to cleanse the body
Unstable Menstrual Cycle
1) Infertility
2) Difficulty planning a family
3) Health problems such as
anemia
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The embryo that has attached to Weeks 10-19
the uterine wall will continue to
develop into a human -like fetus
(baby). This process is called
pregnancy. After about 38
weeks, the fetus will be born
through the vagina. - The embryo will look like a
baby
Weeks 1-4 - The embryo is now called the
fetus

Weeks 20-37

- hands and feet begin to form

- the embryo has a small tail

Weeks 7-9 - the fetus will increasingly

look like a baby

- nose, ears and fingers will be

visible

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 Weeks 38-40

- the fetus is fully formed

- the fetal body rotates until its head is towards the cervix
- the muscular wall of the uterus shrinks violently, the amnion
ruptures and amniotic fluid is released
- the fetus is pushed out of the uterus through the vagina and
subsequently out of the body

Importance and Function of Placenta and Umbilical Cord

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Food class for pregnant women iii) Drugs
i) Fiber - The fetus may be deformed
ii) Ferum The importance of breast milk
iii) Carbohydrates and Fats i) Breast milk contains all the
iv) Vitamin C baby's food needs
v) Folic Acid ii) Breast milk has antibodies
vi) Protein that can protect the baby from
vii) Calcium And Phosphorus some diseases
Possible effects on iii) The relationship between
baby and mother becomes close
pregnant women and important for the baby's
i) Cigarettes emotions
- babies born are likely to be iv) The baby's digestion is
small in size better by drinking breast milk
- the risk of infant death at birth compared to formula milk.
is likely to be high
- babies born are likely to be
mentally retarded and physically
handicapped
- babies are likely to be born
prematurely

ii) Alcoholic beverages

- the fetus may be retarded
- brain function, nervous system
and heart may be destroyed

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Infertility is the inability of a Methods of Overcoming
person to have children.
Infertility
Causes of Male 1) Hormone treatment
Infertility 2) Surgery
1) Insufficient sperm count 3) In vitro fertilization (IVF)
2) The testes do not produce method
sperm Pregnancy Prevention
3) Low sperm quality
4) Impotence Methods
5) Hormone imbalance 1) Birth control pills
6) Defective or diseased sex 2) Implants
organs 3) Condom Use
7) Health problems 4) Contraceptives in the uterus
5) Vasectomy
Causes of Female 6) League
Infertility
1) tumor in the uterus
2) abnormal uterus
3) clogged fallopian tubes
4) The ovaries cannot produce
an ovum
5) Hormone imbalance studywithadmin - ns
6) defective or diseased sex
organs
7) health problems
Structure and Function
of Flower Parts
1) Stamen - the male
reproductive organs of flowers
2) Petal -usually colorful to
attract insects and animals
3) Sepal - usually green in color
and serves to protect the flower
at the kudup stage
4) Pistil - the female
reproductive organ of the flower
Pollination
Pollination is the process of
transferring mature pollen
grains from the anthers to the
stigma.
i) Unisex
ii) Bisex
Self Pollination
- pollen grains are transferred to
the stigma of another flower on
the same tree
- pollen grains are transferred to
the same flower stigma
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Hybrid pollination
- pollen grains are transferred
to the stigma of another flower
and another tree of the same
tree species
Advantages of hybrid
pollination
i) Trees are healthier and can
adapt to the environment
ii) new trees are highly
resistant to pests and diseases
iii) more seeds
iv) crops of various new
varieties
Fertilization Process
1) Pollen grains fall on the
stigma
2) The pollen tube grows
towards the ovary carrying the
male gamete
3) After the pollen tube
penetrates the ovule, the male
gamete fuses with the female
gamete.
Seed Function

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