\FDXL_YDNKN ^LIFCBÙGDIK NLB IACIÙ

‒NDLGC B\DY IÙ_NCOK‐ 

KFËBDYDY NL HB\EC XLADI\BK_

]_LYLF^KNC K5
DFG. ELYBT _CYK OBKFNCF ]L_LK

]_LYLF^KNC ]C_5

O_LFNK BC_KDKFL BL@\Y @C_LFC

TLDBT [\DF^C @K_^DFLU

]_CG_K@K5
DFGLFDL_ÀK IDXDB

FDXLB
DQ
 

^KBBL_ NL KFËBDYDY NL HB\EC XLADI\BK_

;=.;. Lf uf puftc nl ufk vdkbdnkn lf uf dftlrvkbc nl < `dfutcs sl icftkrcf ?; vlaàiubcs, bcs
iukbls idriubkokf icf bks sdgudlftls vlbcidnknls dfstkftëflks5

k. 1 vlaàiubcs icf 8= J`/a

 o. 4 vlaàiubcs icf 7= J`/a

i. > vlaàiubcs icf 1= J`/a

Ikbiubl5

;. Bk tksk nl hbuec

?. Lb dftlrvkbc prc`lndc

9. Bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb

>. Bk nlfsdnkn

<. Lb lspkidk`dlftc prc`lndc

;). ^ksk nl hbuec (q)5 Bk tksk nl hbuec ls puls, lb fõ`lrc nl vlaàiubcs, F, qul pkskf nurkftl
uf dftlrvkbc nl tdl`pc lspliàhdic, ^, dfhlrdcr k ufk acrk, lxprlsknk lf vlaàiubcs pcr `dfutc
(vla/`df) c vlaàiubcs pcr slgufnc (vla/s). lftcfils5

q0  



?). Dftlrvkbc prc`lndc (̌a)5 Ls lb prc`lndc nl tcncs bcs dftlrvkbcs sd`pbls, ad, lxdstlftls
lftrl bcs ndvlrscs vlaàiubcs qul idriubkf pcr ufk vdkbdnkn. ]cr trktkrsl nl uf prc`lndc sl
lxprlsk lf slgufncs pcr vlaàiubc, pcr bc tkftc, tlfl`cs5

(̌a) 0 Dftlrvkbc prc`lndc (s/vla),

 F 0 Fõ`lrc nl vlaàiubcs (vla),

 F ’  ;
 ; 0 Fõ`lrc nl dftlrvkbcs (vla), y

ad 0 Dftlrvkbc sd`pbl lftrl lb vlaàiubc d y lb vlaàiubc d + ;

 

Yl coslrvk ufdnknls dfvlrsks nl bk tksk nl hbuec q (vla/s), pcr bc qul tk`odäf pulnl
 pbkftlkrsl5


9).Xlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb(̌  )5  ls bk
bk `lndk krdt`ätdik
krdt`ätdik nl bks vlbcidnknls nl puftc nl
tcncs bcs vlaàiubcs qul lf uf dfstkftl nknc sl lfiulftrkf lf uf trk`c nl ikrrltlrk c ikbbl.
Yl ndil lftcfils, qul sl tdlfl ufk ndstrdouidùf lspkidkb nl vlbcidnknls nl puftc. Lstk
vlbcidnkn sl pulnl cotlflr utdbdzkfnc bk sdgudlftl liukidùf5

>). Nlfsdnkn (j)5 nlsplekfnc J nl bk sdgudlftl liukidùf    ∗ j

lftcfils sl cotdlfl5

<). Lspkidk`dlftc prc`lndc (s ̌)5

 

;=.?. Icf ircfù`ltrcs sdfircfdzkncs k bk `ds`k acrk lf bks sliidcfls trkfsvlrskbls K-K y

O-O nl bk hdgurk ;=.;1 sl `ulstrlkrcf < vlaàiubcs icfsliutdvcs, bcs iukbls pkskrcf pcr bks
rlsplitdvks sliidcfls k bks acrks `cstrknks lf bk tkobk ;=.8.
;=.8 .

;) Ikbiubkr5 t X, l X y t Y

?) Lstd`kr bk tksk nl hbuec

9) ³Iuëftcs vlaàiubcs pcr jdbù`ltrc ikrkitlrdzkf lstk icrrdlftl vladiubkr3

vladiub kr3

;). Ikbiubkr5 Xt, Xl y Yt 

 

k). Xlbcidnkn @lndk ^l`pcrkb Xt 

l
o). Xlbcidnkn @lndk Lspkidkb X  

i). Xkrdkfzk nl bk ndstrdouidùf nl vlbcidnknls lf lb tdl`pc

?) Lstd`kr bk tksk nl hbuec q

F0< vlaàiubcs

9) ³Iuëftcs vlaàiubcs pcr jdbù`ltrc ikrkitlrdzkf lstk icrrdlftl vladiubkr3

J0   


J0 . 0 ;;.4=vla/j
 

;=.9.  Lf ufk sliidùf nl ;== `ltrcs nl bcfgdtun, lf uf dfstkftl nknc, sl lfiulftrkf

ndstrdoudncs > vlaàiubcs tkb ic`c sl dbustrkf lf bk hdgurk ;=.;8, vdkekfnc k bks vlbcidnknls
icfstkftls qul kbbà sl dfndikf. Lstd`l bk nlfsdnkn y bk tksk nl hbuec.

Kacrk bcs tdl`pcs l`pblkncs pcr iknk vlaàiubc lf rlicrrlr bk ndstkfidk nl ;==` scf5

]cr bc qul lb tdl`pc prc`lndc rlicrrdnc ls5

Nl lstk `kflrk pcnl`cs ikbiubkr bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb slgõf bk sdgudlftl liukidùf5
 

 
;.Yl ikbiubk bk nlfsdnkn (j)5

?. Yl ikbiubk bk tksk nl hbuec5

Bk tksk nl hbuec sl punl ikbiubkr

i kbiubkr nl ctrk hcr`k ic`c lb lelrididc kf
kftlrdcr5
tlrdcr5

T bulgc sl ikbiubk bk nlfsdnkn5

;=.>. K bc bkrgc nl uf ikrrdb nl ufk kutcpdstk uf grupc nl ;? vlaàiubcs icfsliutdvcs sl

lfiulftrkf ndstrdoudncs bcfgdtundfkb`lftl vdkekfnc k bks vlbcidnknls l dftlrvkbcs lftrl lbbcs,
ic`c bc `ulstrk bk tkobk ; C. 7. Nltlr`dfkr5 ;) Bk tksk `lndk nl hbuec. ?) Bks vlbcidnknls
`lndk tl`pcrkb y lspkidkb. 9) ³Iuëftcs jdbù`ltrcs nl kutcpdstk ciupk lstk icbu`fk nl
vlaàiubc3
 

;). ^ksk nl hbuec5

?). Xlbcidnknls `lndk tl`pcrkb y lspkidkb.

 

9) ³Iuëftcs jdbù`ltrcs nl kutcpdstk ciupk lstk icbu`fk nl vlaàiubcs3

]cr bc qul5

;=.< \f trk`c nl ikrrltlrk tdlfl ufk vlbcidnkn k hbuec bdorl nl 4= j`/a y ufk nlfsdnkn nl
icfglstdcfk`dlftc nl ;8= vla/j`. \tdbdzkfnc lb `cnlbc bdflkb, nltlr`dfl5 ;) Bk ikpkidnkn.
?) Bks nlfsdnknls y vlbcidnknls icrrlspcfndlftls k uf hbuec nl nl`kfnk nl 1== vla/a.

Xlbcidnkn `lndk5

Ylgõf bks lxprlsdcfls bks liukidcfls nlb `cnlbc scf5

 

 
Bks nlfsdnknls y vlbcidnknls icrrlspcfndlftls k uf hbuec nl nl`kfnk nl 1== vla/a.

Ikpkidnkn5

;=. 8 Bk rlbkidùf lftrl bk vlbcidnkn y bk nlfsdnkn nl ufk icrrdlftl vladiubkr lstë nknk pcr bk
sdgudlftl lxprlsdùf5


Ncfnl   ̌ ls bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb lf J`/a y j ls bk nlfsdnkn lf vla/J`.
Nltlr`dfl5

;. Lb hbuec `ëxd`c.

?. Lb dftlrvkbc prc`lndc k hbuec `ëxd`c.

9. Lb lspkidk`dlftc prc`lndc k icfglstdùf.

 

Bk nlfsdnkn nl icfglstdcfk`dlftc sl prlslftk pkrk bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb dgukb k

ilrc. ]cr bc tkftc5

=  <?
<?  =.9?
.9? 
   =.9?
<?   ;89℆/
;89℆/ 

;. Hbuec `ëxd`c5
    ∗     ∗
    ?;;4℆/℆ 

?. Dftlrvkbc prc`lndc k hbuec `ëxd`c5

  ;  ∗ (98== )  ;.84/℆ 
℆    ;  ?;;4 ;℆
9. Lb lspkidk`dlftc prc`lndc k hbuec `ëxd`c5

̌  ;   ;i  ;89

  ; (;=== )  ;?.?8/℆/ 
;
?

;=.7 Bk hdgurk ;=.?= dbustrk iuktrc tdpcs nl vlaàiubcs.

vlaàiubc s.

;) ]krk bk sdtukidùf `cstrknk,

Ikbiubl5

k. Bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb. o. Bk vlbcidnkn `lndk tl`pcrkb.

i. Bk nlfsdnkn.

?) Yl rlkbdzù uf icftlc lf bk sliidùf trkfsvlrskb KK nurkftl 9= `dfutcs, krrcekfnc bcs

sdgudlftls vlaàiubcs5
 

9= vlils nlb tdpc K, ;= vlils nlb tdpc O, >= vlils nlb tdpc I y ?= vlils nlb tdpc N. Lf lstks

Icfndidcfls, nltlr`dfl5

k. Bk vlbcidnkn `lndk tl`pcrkb.

 o. Bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb.

i. Bk nlfsdnkn.
9) Yd lstl hbuec sl keustk kb `cnlbc bdflkb, slgõf5 q 0 ;==v - =Ov¿, pkrk q lf vla/a y vlf
j`/a, ³iuëb ls bk ikpkidnkn3

Ndstrdouidùf bcfgdtundfkb nl vlaàiubcs, prcobl`k ;=.7.

tdpc nl vl a vl b cid nkn F½- v

vl
l ad . ;/X
K 8= ; =.=;7
O ?= ; =.=<=
I 1= ; =.=;9
N >= ; =.=?<
∛ ?== > =.;=>

 ∛   
    
  ?==j`/a>    <=/℆ 
  F 
  >;  >℆/ 
 

     ;  
∛0  
  ;     ; >   ;   ;  91.>/℆ 
8= + ?= + 1= + >= 
>. Yd tdl`pc ls dgukb k 9=`df

td pc nl vla vl bcid nkn F½ - vlad iub cs Xd * Hd ;/X

K 8= 9= ;1== =,<
O ?= ;= ?== =,<
I 1= >= 9?== =,<
N >= ?= 1== =,<
∛ ?== ;== 8=== ?

   ∛    ∗ 

 

  8===j`/a    8=/℆ 

;==
  F 
  ;==℆/ 
     ;  
∛0  
  ;==  <=/℆ 
sd ?

  <=/℆  ≪    ;==

;==  =.11  ;== ∗ <=  =.1 ∗ <=  9===℆/℆ 
;=.1  Bk rlbkidùf lftrl bk tksk nl hbuec q (kutcs/a/ ikrrdb) y bk vlbcidnkn v (j`/a) nl ufk

icrrdlftl vladiubkr nl ic`pcrtk`dlftc bdflkb ls5 q5 0 7?v - =.18   .;) Ikbiubl bk ikpkidnkn.
?) Nltlr`dfl bk rlbkidùf vcbu`lf k ikpkidnkn pkrk ufk nlfsdnkn nl ?= kutcs/j`/ ikrrdb. 9)
]krk ufk tksk nl hbuec nl <== kutcs/a/ ikrrdb lf icfndidcfls nl hbuec lstkobl, rlkbdil ufk
lstd`kidùf nl bk vlbcidnkn nlb trëfsdtc `dxtc (kutcs+kutcousls+ik`dcfls), sd bk icrrdlftl
vladiubkr pcsll lb 1% nl vlaàiubcs plskncs (kutcousls+ik`dcfls). \sl uf lqudvkblftl nl
 plskncs dgukb k ?.=.

;). Ikbiubc nl bk ikpkidnkn5

 

  .¿ 
^lfdlfnc lf iulftk qul sd lb hbuec nds`dfuyl bk vlbcidnkn ku`lftkrk, lftcfils5
   
  .¿ 
   
.¿ 
  . 
  ./ 
   ./
    .
.  
Ic`c bk X` ls bk qul ciksdcfk lb hbuec `ëxd`c c ikpkidnkn (q`), lftcfils5
    .  
  
^k`odäf,
  
.
.
 .∗.
tc`kfnc   //
lf iulftk bk rlbkidùf hbuec-vlbcidnkn, sl tdlfl bk liukidùf5

 ̌  ∗( )̌  ¿ 

  .¿ 
]cr bc tkftc
    Yd,
  
..   
  .
.  
Ykodlfnc qul5

    ∗  

   
 .
.∗∗     // 

?) Nltlr`dfl bk rlbkidùf vcbu`lf k ikpkidnkn pkrk ufk nlfsdnkn nl ?= kutcs/j`/ ikrrdb.
Yd,

  
    
 

  .¿ 
    .
. 
    .  
    .   
+.    
 + .      

 +.   
    .
  ¿ 
  // 
  ¿
  ¿
.    // 
  // 
9) ]krk ufk tksk nl hbuec nl <== kutcs/a/ ikrrdb.
  // 
  .¿ 
+.   
  
   » ∕       »  
  
∗. ..

    .
. /
/ 

;=.4. Lb `cnlbc bdflkb nl ufk icrrdlftl vladiubkr krrcek bk sdgudlftl lxprlsdùf5

q0-=.8j ? + 7=j

Ncfnl j lstë nknc lf vla/j`/ikrrdb

vl a/j`/ikrrdb y q lf vla/a/ikrrdb.

;.) Ikbiubl bk ikpkidnkn lb ikrrdb.

?.) ]krk ufk tksk nl hbuec nl <== vla/a/ikrrdb, ikbiubl bks vlbcidnknls y ic`lftl kilrik nl bk
cplrkidùf vladiubkr nl lstl hbuec.

9.) Nltlr`dfl bks 9 liukidcfls nlb hbuec vladiubkr

vla diubkr y ndoõelbks.
 

YCB\IDÙF5 
;.) Ikbiubl bk ikpkidnkn lb ikrrdb.
Ykodlfnc qul bk ikpkidnkn nlb ikrrdb lstë nknk pcr q 0 q`, y qul bk plfndlftl nl bk iurvk
iurv k q 0
?
-=.8j  +7=j  pkrk
 pkrk uf vkbcr nl j 0 j ` ls dgukb k ilrc, tlfl`cs qul5 nq/nj 0 -;,?j+7= 

= 0 -;,?j `+7= j ` 0 <1,9 vla/j`/ikrrdb

_ll`pbkzkfnc j ` pcr j lf bk liukidùf q 0 -=.8j ?+7=j vla/j`/ikrrdb

Lstl õbtd`c vkbcr ls bk ikpkidnkn nlb ikrrdb.

?.) ]krk ufk tksk nl hbuec nl <== vla/a/ikrrdb, ikbiubl bks vlbcidnknls y ic`lftl kilrik nl bk
cplrkidùf vladiubkr nl lstl hbuec.

]krk bk liukidùf5

Nltlr`dfk`cs bcs vkbcrls nl bk vlbcidnkn k hbuec bdorl ( X b) y bk nlfsdnkn nl

icfglstdcfk`dlftc (j i 
i),
)  , nl bk hcr`k sdgudlftl5

Xb 0 ? X` 0 ?(q`/ j `) 0 ?(?=>;,7/<1,9)

Xb 0 7= j`/a

^k`odäf5

j i 0 ? j ` 0 ?(<1,9) j i 0 ;;8,7 vla/j`/ikrrdb

_ll`pbkzkfnc bcs vkbcrls nl X b y j i 

i,  y pkrk uf vkbcr nl q 0 <== vla/a/ikrrdb cotlfl`cs5

J`/a

Bk rkzùf pcr bk iukb lxdstlf ? vkbcrls pkrk bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb ( , ls nlodnc k qul
lxdstlf ncs pcsdodbdnknls pkrk uf `ds`c vkbcr nl hbuec, ufk, qul bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb
slk `lfcr k bk vlbcidnkn `ëxd`k, bc iukb fcs dfndik qul bk vdkbdnkn ak scorlpksknc su
ikpkidnkn sdf bblgkr k kb icfglstdcfk`dlftc, y ctrk, qul bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb sl kilrik
k bk vlbcidnkn `ëxd`k, bc iukb fcs dfndik qul lxdstl u hbuec `lfcr kb n bk ikpkidnkn tctkb lf

ndiak vdkbdnkn.
 

9.) Nltlr`dfl bks 9 liukidcfls nlb hbuec vladiubkr

v ladiubkr y ndoõelbks.

Bk liukidùf qul rlbkidcfk bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb y bk nlfsdnkn (j ) ls

, iuyk grëhdik sl `ulstrk lf bk hdgurk sdgudlftl5

Bk liukidùf qul rlbkidcfk lb hbuec (q) y bk nlfsdnkn (j ) ls , iuyk grëhdik

sl `ulstrk lf bk hdgurk sdgudlftl5

Bk liukidùf qul rlbkidcfk lb hbuec (q) bk nlfsdnkn (j) ls, iuyk grëhdik sl `ulstrk lf bk hdgurk
sdgudlftl5
 

;=.;=  \fk ikrrltlrk rurkb, okec ndhlrlftls icfndidcfls nl trëfsdtc, prlslftk bcs nktcs nl
vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb Xl (j`/a) y nlfsdnkn j (vla/j`/ ikrrdb) nkncs lf bk tkobk ;=. 1. ;)
Nltlr`dfl bk ikpkidnkn nl lstk ikrrltlrk: utdbdil rlgrlsdùf bdflkb lftrl bk vlbcidnkn y bk
nlfsdnkn. ?) ³Iù`c ls bk icrrlbkidùf3 9) Ndouel lb ndkgrk`k hufnk`lftkb icrrlspcfndlftl.
 

Xl (J`/
(J`/a)
a) (vla/J`/i
(vla/J`/ikr
krrdb)
rdb)
1< ;9
77 ;7
7? ??
8> ?1
8= 99
<8 98
<< 91
>> >=
99 >>
?1 >7
?9 <;
?; <8
;1 89
;9 7?  

;.  \tdbdzkfnc lb `ätcnc nl bcs `àfd`cs Iuknrkncs.

f Q 0 Xl T0J
(J`/a) (vla/J`/ikrrdb QV? QT TV?
; 1< ;9 7??< ;;=< ;84
? 77 ;7 <4?4 ;9=4 ?14
9 7? ?? <;1> ;<1> >1>
> 8> ?1 >=48 ;74? 71>
< 8= 99 98== ;41= ;=14
8 <8 98 9;98 ?=;8 ;?48
7 << 91 9=?< ?=4= ;>>>
1 >> >= ;498 ;78= ;8==
4 99 >> ;=14 ;><? ;498
;= ?1 >7 71> ;9;8 ??=4

;; ?9 <; <?4 ;;79 ?8=;

;? ?; <8 >>; ;;78 9;98
;9 ;1 89 9?> ;;9> 9484
;> ;9 7? ;84 498 <;1>
Y\@K 8>4 <8= 97>87 ?=1?9 ?8;4=

Ikbiubkfnc bk rltk nl rlgrlsdùf bdflkb `àfd`cs iuknrkncs tlfl`cs5

 + ×
×       
;> +8>4  <8=
 

×   + ×   ××   

8>4 + 97>
8>4 97>87
87  ?=1?9 
5
 5   7?.?8,   =.84 
  7?.?89=.84<4  
Cotlfdlfnc bk sdgudlftl tkobk5

f Xl (J`
(J`/a
/a)) J (vla
(vla/J
/J``/ik
/ikrrdb)
db)
; 1< ;9,;;
? 77 ;1,87
9 7? ??,;<
> 8> ?7,7?
< 8= 9=,<;
8 <8 99,?4
7 << 99,41
1 >> >;,8>
4 99 >4,9
;= ?1 <?,71
;; ?9 <8,?8
;? ?; <7,8<
;9 ;1 <4,7>
;> ;9 89,??

Nl ncfnl sl cotdlfl bcs vkbcrls nl X` y J` qul scf bcs vkbcrls dftlr`lndcs nl bk rlitk5

 0 << /℆

 0 99.41 ℆// Ikpkidnkn nl bk ikrrltlrk5
   ∗  
  <<.99.41
<<.99.41  ;181.4
;181.4℆/℆/
℆/℆/
;.  Bk icrrlbkidùf ls bk sdgudlftl5

     ∛×∛ ×∛ × ∛×∛∛  ∛ P 

      ;> ;>?=1?9
?=1?9 8>4<8=   =.47 
?. ;>
;Ndouel
> ∗ 97>8
97lb>87ndkgrk`k
7  8>4
8>4¿;
¿hufnk`lftkb
;>> ∗ ?8
?8;4
;4==icrrlspcfndlftl5
 <8
<8==¿
 

 
]krk bcs vkbcrls tlùrdics yk utdbdzkfnc bk rlitk nl rlgrlsdùf tlfl`cs5

;=.;; ]krk bcs nktcs nl bk tkobk ;=.1

 

;) _lkbdil lb keustl bcgkràt`dic, pbkftlkfnc bks liukidcfls nl hbuec vladiubkr.

?) ³Iù`c ls bk icrrlbkidùf3

9) Ndouel lb ndkgrk`k hufnk`lftkb.

>) Nltlr`dfl bk ikpkidnkn.

;. _lkbdil lb keustl bcgkràt`dic, pbkftlkfnc bks liukidcfls

liu kidcfls nl hbuec vladiubkr.

f j Xl Qm0 Bf J Tm0 X l QmTm Qm? Tm?

; ;9 1< ?, <8 1< ?;1,=? 8, <1 7??<
? ;7 77 ?, 19 77 ?;1,;8 1, =9 <4?4
9 ?? 7? 9, =4 7? ???,<8 4, << <;1>
> ?1 8> 9, 99 8> ?;9,?8 ;;,; >=48
< 99 8= 9,< 8= ?=4,74 ;?,?9 98==
8 98 <8 9, <1 <8 ?==,81 ;?,1> 9;98
7 91 << 9, 8> << ?==,=7 ;9,?9 9=?<
1 >= >> 9, 84 >> ;8?,9; ;9,8; ;498
4 >> 99 9, 71 99 ;?>,11 ;>,9? ;=14
;= >7 ?1 9, 1< ?1 ;=7,1 ;>,1? 71>
;; <; ?9 9, 49 ?9 4=, >9 ;<,>8 <?4
;? <8 ?; >, =9 ?; 1>, <9 ;8,? >>;
;9 89 ;1 >, ;> ;1 7>, <1 ;7,;7 9?>
;> 7? ;9 >, ?1 ;9 <<,8 ;1,?4 ;84
Y\@K <8= 8>4 <=,?> 8>4 ?;1?,88 ;19,>9 97>87

Nùfnl5 o0->8.><7 k0?;9.=87 

 
 

?. ³Iù`c ls bk icrrlbkidùf3

= 6 r, dfndik ufk rlbkidùf dfvlrsk flgktdvk, `dlftrks bcs vkbcrls nl ufk vkrdkobl ku`lftkf,
bcs nl bk ctrk nds`dfuyl y vdilvlrsk.

9. Ndouel lb ndkgrk`k hufnk`lftkb

>. Nltlr`dfl bk ikpkidnkn5

 

;=.;? \fk icrrdlftl nl trkfsdtc ls icfndidcfls nl hbuec fc icfglstdcfknc, prlslftk bcs nktcs
nl vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb y nlfsdnkn nkncs lf bk tkobk ;=.7.

;. ³_lkbdil bk rlgrlsdùf lxpcflfidkb lftrl bk vlbcidnkn y bk nlfsdnkn, nltlr`dfl bk liukidùf

nlb hbuec vladiubkr3

?. ³Iù`c ls bk icrrlbkidùf3
9. ³Ndouel lb ndkgrk`k hufnk`lftkb3
>. ³Ikbiubl bk ikpkidnkn3

;.Yl skol qul bk liukidùf glflrkb ls5

Kb pcflr bk liukidùf bdflkb tlfl`cs5

Ylk5

 0  +  ∗  

 

j Xl T Q QmTm Qm? Tm?

> 77 >,9> > ;7,98 ;8 ;1,19<8
4 89 >,;> 4 97,?8 1; ;7,;948
;9 <1 >,=8 ;9 <?,71 ;84 ;8,>198
?= <7 >,=> ?= 1=,1 >== ;8,9?;8
?7 >1 9,17 ?7 ;=>,>4 7?4 ;>,4784
9? >? 9,79 9? ;;4,98 ;=?> ;9,4;?4
>4 99 9,>4 >4 ;7;,=; ?>=; ;?,;1=;
<= 98 9,<1 <= ;74 ?<== ;?,1;8>
<8 97 9,8; <8 ?=?,;8 9;98 ;9,=9?;
<1 ?4 9,98 <1 ;4>,11 998> ;;,?148
8= ?< 9,?; 8= ;4?,8 98== ;=,9=>;
Y\@K 971 <=< >;,>9 971 ;9<;,7 ;7>?= ;<7,?4?<  

 ∛    ∗   ∛    ∗ ∛  
   
 
           0;
   
       0;  
 0 ∕ (( ∛  (  )  (∛    ) )(  ∛  ( )  (∛  )
   
        
 
     ? 
 0;  
 
=    
 
  

               ?                     ? 
 
              ?  ) 
  0;     0;  0; 0;

_ll`pbkzkfnc nktc lf bks liukidcfls (;) y (?) y bulgc rlscbvdäfncbks sl tdlfl5

_lgrlskfnc k bcs nktcs crdgdfkbls sl tdlfl5

 

Lftcfils sl tdlfl qul bk liukidùf glflrkb ls5

?. ³Iù`c ls bk icrrlbkidùf3

9. Ndouel uf ndkgrk`k hufnk`lftkb

;) Ikbiubl bk ikpkidnkn.

 0 ;7?=.74℆/℆/ 
 

;=.;9 Nurkftl ufk acrk tàpdik lf uf puftc nl ufk vdkbdnkn pkskf, iknk ;< `dfutcs, >=, <=,
?= y ;= vlaàiubcs, rlsplitdvk`lftl. ]krk uf dftlrvkbc nl tdl`pc nl ;< `dfutcs, iukb ls bk
 prcokodbdnkn nl bblgknk nl5

;) Lxkitk`lftl ;=, ?=, >= y <= vlaàiubcs, rlsplitdvk`lftl.

?) @ës nl 9= vlaàiubcs.

9) K bc `ëxd`c ?= vlaàiubcs. Yupcfgk qul cs vlaàiubcs bblgkf slgõf bk ndstrdouidùf

nl ]cdsscf.

;). ]rc`lndc nl vlaàiubcs5

 0 9=
Lstc qudlrl nlidr qul lf prc`lndc lstëf pkskfnc 9= vlaàiubcs iknk ;< `dfutcs, pkrk lb
sdgudlftl iksc5

 0 9=
 

Ic`c scf lf prc`lndc bcs `ds`cs vkbcrls lftcfils bk prcokodbdnkn nl bblgknk ls nl

;== %

?). Bk prcokodbdnkn nl qul bblgulf `ës nl 9= vlaàiubcs sl ikbiubk icf bk sdgudlftl

hcr`ubk5
 ;         
                 
   
   
( )0;  ! 
 ≬ ∛   0=   ( )

 0 9= :  0 9=
             

_ll`pbkzkfnc nktcs5

∟9=
(  ≬ 9=) 0 ; ∟ (; + 8477.71?<) (  ≬ 9=) 0 =.44444
  
9). Bk prcokodbdnkn nl qul bblgulf k bc `ës ?= vlaàiubcs sl ikbiubk `lndkftl bk sdgudlftl
hcr`ubk5


(  6 ?=) 0 ; ∟  ∟9=
; + 8477.71?<) ( ≬ 9=) 0 =.444444
;=.;> \f puftc nl ufk ikrrltlrk tdlfl uf hbuec `lndc nl ;<= vlaàiubcs iknk 9= `dfutcs.
Ikbiubl5

;) Bk prcokodbdnkn nl bblgknk kb puftc nl lxkitk`lftl > vlaàiubcs nurkftl uf dftlrvkbc

nl ?= slgufncs.

?) Bk prcokodbdnkn nl tlflr uf dftlrvkbc lftrl vlaàiubcs `lfcrls qul lb dftlrvkbc

 prc`lndc.
 

;)  ]rcokodbdnkn nl bblgknk kb puftc nl lxkitk`lftl > vlaàiubcs nurkftl uf dftlrvkbc

nl ?= slgufncs.

 0 ;.887  ℆ 

0
.∗. 0 () 0 =.=8;
!
?). Dftlrvkbc prc`lndc5

a 0;/q

℆ 0 ;?  / ℆ 

   
(  2 ;?) 0 (=) + (;) + ⋣ + (;;)
Q ](Q)
= =.;111
; =.9;>1
? =.?8?9
9 =.;><1
> =.=8=1
< =.=?=9
8 =.==<8
7 =.==;9
1 =.===9
4 =.===;
;= =.====
;; =.====
Y\@K^C_DK ;=.===
 

;=.;< Bk hdgurk ;=.;7 `ulstrk lsqul`ëtdik`lftl uf lfbkil nl icfvlrglfidk k ufk

kutcpdstk. Bcs vlaàiubcs nlb lfbkil flilsdtkf ndspcflr, kb `lfcs, nl uf dftlrvkbc nl <
slgufncs lf bk icrrdlftl prdfidpkb pkrk pcnlr dficrpcrkrsl sdf prcobl`k.
³Iuëftcs vlaàiubcs pcr acrk scorl lb lfbkil nlolrëf "vlrnknlrk`lftl" ilnlr lb pksc y,
lf õbtd`k dfstkfidk, akstk "pkrkr"3

 0 </   0 ?== ℆/℆

Ikbiubc nlb fõ`lrc nl vlaàiubcs pcr dftlrvkbc (`)5
`0q*t
`0 (?== vla/a)*(< sg/dftlrvkbc)*(;a/98==sg)
`0=.?71 vla/dftlrvkbc

Ikbiubc nl bk prcokodbdnkn nl qul bblgul lxkitk`lftl x vlaàiubcs kb puftc icf lb

dftlrvkbc nl tdl`pc t.

Fõ`lrc nl ]rcokodbdnkn
]rcokodbdnkn nl

vlaàiubcs bbl gknk

bblgkn k nl
= =.?;=8
; =.?;=8
? =.;=<9
9 =.=9<;
> =.==11
< =.==;1

Nl bk tkobk sl coslrvk qul bk prcokodbdnkn nl qul bblgulf bcs vlaàiubcs kb puftc nl lfbkil
ls iknk vlz `lfcs nlftrc nlb dftlrvkbc nl tdl`pc t, icf bc iukb coslrvk`cs nl qul ndiac
 

dftlrvkbc fc ls suhdidlftl, pcr tkb `ctdvc sl l`pblkrk bk liukidùf nl ]cdsscf pkrk uf

dftlrvkbc `kyc
kycr ( )

Ikbiubc nl bk prcokodbdnkn nl qul bblgulf lxkitk`lftl Q vlaàiubcs kb puftc nurkftl uf

dftlrvkbc nl tdl`pc

] (a≬ t) 0 ∟  
] (a≬ t) 0 ∟. 

] (a≬ t) 0 =,7<79  

Lftcfils lb fõ`lrc nl vlaàiubcs pcr acrk qul pcnrëf dfgrlskr ls5

Xla/acrk 0 (?==-;)*(=.7<79)
Xla/acrk0 ;<;

Bcs vlaàiubcs qul nlolrëf ilnlr lb pksc scf5

Xla/acrk 0 ?== ’  ;<=
 ;<=
Xla/acrk 0 >4

;=.;8 Bk hdgurk ;=.;1 `ulstrk iuktrc tdpcs nl vlaàiubcs, K, O, I y N, ndstrdoudncs lf ufk

ndstkfidk nl uf jdbù`ltrc kftls nlb kiilsc k ufk dftlrsliidùf.

;) ]krk bk sdtukidùf nknk lf lb lsqul`k, ikbiubl bk vlbcidnkn `lndk tl`pcrkb, bk

vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb y bk nlfsdnkn.
?) Kb rlkbdzkr uf khcrc lf bk sliidùf trkfsvlrskb ;-;, nurkftl 9= `dfutcs sl icftkrcf bcs
sdgudlftls vlaàiubcs5 ;= nlb tdpc K, >= nlb tdpc O, ;= nlb tdpc I y 9= nlb tdpc N. Lf lstks
icfndidcfls ikbiubl bk vlbcidnkn `lndk tl`pcrkb, bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb y bk nlfsdnkn.
9) Yd uf vlaàiubc nl bk sliufnkrdk, nlspuäs nl lhlitukr lb "kbtc", flilsdtk pcr bc `lfcs
8 slgufncs pkrk iruzkr bk ikbbl prdfidpkb, ikbiubl bk prcokodbdnkn qul tdlfl nl rlkbdzkr lb iruil
supcfdlfnc qul ndspcfl nl suhdidlftl vdsdodbdnkn pkrk akilrbc.

;).  ]krk bk sdtukidùf nknk lf lb lsqul`k, ikbiubl bk vlbcidnkn `lndk tl`pcrkb, bk vlbcidnkn
`lndk lspkidkb y bk nlfsdnkn.
 

 
Xlbcidnkn @lndk ^l`pcrkb ( )5

Xlbcidnkn @lndk Lspkidkb ( )5



Nlfsdnkn (j)5

?). Kb rlkbdzkr uf khcrc lf bk sliidùf trkfsvlrskb ;-;, nurkftl 9= `dfutcs sl icftkrcf bcs
sdgudlftls vlaàiubcs5 ;= nlb tdpc K, >= nlb tdpc O, ;= nlb tdpc I y 9= nlb tdpc N. Lf lstks

icfndidcfls ikbiubl bk vlbcidnkn `lndk tl`pcrkb, bk vlbcidnkn `lndk lspkidkb y bk nlfsdnkn.

Xlbcidnkn @lndk ^l`pcrkb ( )5

Xlbcidnkn @lndk Lspkidkb ( )5

Nlfsdnkn (j)5

9). Yd uf vlaàiubc nl bk sliufnkrdk, nlspuäs nl lhlitukr lb "kbtc", flilsdtk pcr bc `lfcs 8

slgufncs pkrk iruzkr bk ikbbl prdfidpkb, ikbiubl bk prcokodbdnkn qul tdlfl nl rlkbdzkr lb iruil
supcfdlfnc qul ndspcfl nl suhdidlftl vdsdodbdnkn pkrk akilrbc.
 

 
 (℆ ≬ ) 0   
∟


(℆ ≬ 8) 0 ∟=.999 0 =.7;8<

\fk prcokodbdnkn nl 7;.8<%