INSTITUTO SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICO DE

TECNOLOGIAS E CIÊNCIAS
ELECTROTECHNICAL ENGINEER

THEME:
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS (THE MAIN EQUIPMENTS
FOR A COMPACT SYSTEM)

ELEMENTS OF THE GROUP

Gabriel Francisco Amaral Bento 20211415
Júlio Miguel Capenda 20211627
Orlando Luemba Mbiyavanga 20211589
Sílvio Tutala 20210698
Solange Ernesto Doente 20210988
Course Electrotechnical Engineer
Luanda, Talatona, 6 de Junho de 2022
 INDEX, SUMMARY
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 3
II. OBJECTIVES ................................................................................ 4
i. GENERAL OBJECTIVES .................................................. 4
ii. SPECIFICS OBJECTIVES ................................................. 4
III. PROTECTION DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGY ..................... 5
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE ............................................... 9

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 I. INTRODUCTION

Protective devices are devices intended to prevent or limit the dangerous

effects of electrical energy to which persons and property may be subject.
Electric installations and equipments are subjected to internal and external
faults that can cause serious damages in people and other equipments, to
avoid and to minimize the consequences of those faults protection devices
associated to equipments that are able to break electric current are required.
For a better understanding of protections devices, at each Section that covers
protection systems of equipments and installations most common faults on
those equipments and installations.
It is also important to refer that all units of mechanical and electrical
parameters and their multiples and submultiples that are involved in the
protection systems are in accordance with SI (International Units System).
In order to minimize the time of a fault switchgears and equipments are
provided with protective devices to detect them and to isolate the faulty part
of installation.
Knowing that the protective devices are important for the security of our
systems, the commom mistake, is the missed of knowledge about it, people
think that as long they secure the systems they can´t also be protected, so
which ways or what things can we do to prevent the protective devices?

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II. OBJECTIVES

i. General Objectives
o Show how to protect the protective equipments.

ii. Specifics Objectives

o Show the real function of the protective equipments.
o Identify the main equipments that are in every systems.

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III. PROTECTION DEVICES AND TECHNOLOGY

Protection devices
Protection devices can be classified according to their working principle.
 Overcurrent protection device
 Voltage protection device
 Protection device against voltage failure or sag

An overcurrent is a current intensity greater than the nominal value of the

pipeline.

Over-intensity can be:

Short circuit and overloads

Short circuit occurs when 2 or more supply conductors are directly

connected (2 or more phases to each other).
An overload occurs when a malfunction or when a large number of
unforeseen receivers are supplied, a receiver or a pipeline absorbs an
intensity of value at the nominal value.

It is required firstly, the early detection and localization of faults, and

secondly, the prompt removal from service of faulty equipment, in order to:
• To safeguard the entire system to ensure continuity of supply.
• To minimize damage and repair costs.
• To ensure safety of personnel.

Each power system protection scheme is made up from the following

components:
• Fault detecting or measuring relays
• Tripping and other auxiliary relays
• Circuit breakers
• Instrument transformers – current (CT) and voltage (VT)

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MOST COMMUNS PROTECTION DEVICES

 Fuses
 Circuit breaker

FUSES

In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse is an electrical safety device

that operates to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit.
However, complexity of networks and requirements for more reliable power
transmission and distribution call for use of more accurate protection
devices.
It´s essential component is a meta wire or strip that melts when too much
current flows through it, thereby stopping or interrupting the current.

In the past, fuses were commonly used as a protection against overcurrents

and overloads, and are still very popular in North America, and in some
countries they are still used in LV installations and in MV cables and
transformers with rated power up to 630-1250 kVA.
However, complexity of networks and requirements for more reliable power
transmission and distribution call for use of more accurate protection
devices.

TYPES OF FUSES
 Role
 Cartridge
 GARDY

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 CIRCUIT BREAKER

Circuit breaker is a device to cut, protect and control an electrical installation,

whose action against over-current, arising from over-loads or short circuits
automatically trips according to pre-established conditions.
Is a protection device made up of:
 Relay
 Triggering organ
 Electric arc extinguishing chamber
Relays are more reliable and accurate and with the ability to detect other type
of faults than overloads and overcurrents that can occur in networks and
equipments.
They are set to operate, and initiate tripping, when a fault condition is
detected.
First models of protection relays were electromechanical relays that are still
in use in some countries and in old electrical wiring installations that were
not subjected to renoval works.
They were attracted armature types, where the instrument transformers
secondary output is passed through a coil, thus attracting the armature against
spring tension. The movement of the armature causes the relay tripping
contact to close. There are 3 types more used, for the function that they´ll
gonna realized:
o Electrodynamic relay- is based on the interaction between the
currents of two coils.
o Thermal relay – is a protection device that is responsible for
protecting electric motors from possible anomalies. The most
commom is electric motor overheating. Is an overload protection
system based on the dilation of bimetallic sheets.
o Electromagnetic relay – is used in a variety of applications, including
alarms and sensors, and in the detection and control of faults in
electrical distribution lines.

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The better way to make sure that our protective equipments are in greate
status, in order to they keep doing or realizing their function we have to
prevent of electrical failures – provision of adequate insulation, insulation
coordination, use of lightning arrestors, maintenance or operating
instructions.

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IV. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE
 Student book from subject electromecanic technology, 11 grade, year
2018