MODULE

IN
PHYSICAL
EDUCATION
AND HEALTH
2
CRYSTALENE D. INTAWON, LPT
COMPILER

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 LESSON 1: SAFETY PRACTICES IN SPORTS AND
EXERCISES

Did you know that playing tennis with a badly strung racquet while wearing worn-out
shoes can increase your risk of injury almost as much as playing football without
shoulder pads? Using the wrong — or not properly fitted — equipment is a major cause
of injuries.

Helmets Are Key

The equipment you wear while participating in sports and other activities is key to
preventing injuries.

Start with helmets: They're important for sports such as football, hockey, baseball,
softball, biking, skateboarding, inline skating, skiing, and snowboarding — to name just
a few.
 Always wear a helmet made for the sport you're playing.

 When choosing a bike helmet, look for a sticker that says the helmet meets the safety
standard set by the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), a federal
regulatory agency that creates safety standards for bike helmets and other safety
equipment.
 If you use a multi-sport helmet for inline skating and skateboarding, it is not considered
safe for bicycle riding unless it has the CPSC sticker.
 Any helmet should fit snugly but comfortably on your head and shouldn't tilt backward
or forward.

Eye Protection

Eye protection also is a must for many sports:

 The most protective eye gear is made from a plastic called polycarbonate and has
been tested especially for sports use.

 Facemasks or polycarbonate guards or shields that attach to a helmet are worn in

sports such as football, ice hockey, and softball and baseball when batting.

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 Goggles are often worn for soccer, basketball, racquet sports, snowboarding, street
hockey, and baseball and softball when fielding.
 If you wear glasses, you'll probably need prescription polycarbonate goggles — don't
just wear your regular glasses when you're on the court or field.

 All eye protection should fit securely and have cushions above your eyebrows and
over your nose.

More Essential Equipment

Mouthguards can protect your mouth, teeth, and tongue:
 You should wear a mouthguard if you play a contact sport or other sport where head
injury is a risk, such as football, basketball, hockey, volleyball, martial arts, boxing,
or wrestling.
 Mouthguards can be fitted for your mouth by a dentist or purchased at sports stores.

 If you wear a retainer, always take it out before you start to exercise, practice, or play.

Wrist, knee, and elbow guards are important gear, too:

 If you inline skate, skateboard, or ride a scooter, you should wear guards.

 Elbow and wrist guards can prevent arm and wrist fractures, and knee guards can
shield your knees from cuts and breaks.

If you play certain sports, especially contact sports, pads are essential:
 All kinds of sports, from hockey to inline skating, use pads. There are shin, knee, elbow,
wrist, chest, shoulder, hip, and thigh pads.
 Check with your coach or doctor to find out what kinds of pads you might need for
your sport.

Some guys may also need to wear a protective cup (to protect the testicles):
 Guys who play hockey, football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and other contact
sports should use a cup.

 For noncontact sports that involve running, guys should wear an athletic supporter.

 If you're unsure, ask your coach, athletic trainer, or parent if you need a cup for your
sport.

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 And last but not least, the right footwear can keep you from tripping and falling:
 You know that sports like football, baseball, softball, and soccer require cleats. But you
may not realize that sports like skateboarding and biking need special types of shoes,
too. Ask your coach or doctor what shoes are best for your sport.
 Replace shoes and cleats that have worn out or are no longer supportive.

Not only is the right kind of equipment important, so is the right fit. If you don't know if
your equipment fits properly, check with a coach, gym teacher, athletic trainer, or
parent to make sure you have the right size and that you're wearing it correctly. Many
sporting goods stores can also help you find the right fit.

The bottom line: Wearing the right equipment with the right fit greatly lowers your risk
of getting hurt.

Warm Up to Keep Your Game Up

Don't rush into any sport or exercise without warming up first — muscles that haven't
been properly prepared tend to be injured more easily.

Start out with some light cardiovascular activities, such as easy jogging, jumping jacks,
or brisk walking, just to get your muscles going. Follow your brief warm-up with some
stretches. (Stretching works best after a warm-up because your tissues are more elastic
[flexible] due to the increase in heat and blood flow to the muscles.)

In addition to warm-ups and stretches, practice sessions are also excellent preparation
for most sports or activities. If you belong to a team, attend as many team practices
and games as possible. This will put you in top physical condition and help you and
your teammates work together — and knowing how your teammates play will help
prevent injuries.

Even if you don't belong to a team, you can use regular workouts and practices to
enhance your performance and lessen the chance of injuries. Remember, if a tool isn't
used, it gets rusty, so keep yourself in top shape with regular practice. For instance, try
doing tennis drills or practicing your serve before starting a set. Shoot some baskets or
play a quick game of one-on-one with a friend. Practice gets your brain and body to
work together while improving your performance.

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 Although you should practice regularly, don't overdo it. Sudden increases in training
frequency, duration, or intensity might produce better performance at first but can
lead to overuse injuries later. Your doctor or coach can help you develop a training
and conditioning program that's appropriate for your age and level of development.

Staying Off the Court When You're Hurt

If you've been injured and you try to come back too soon, you run the great risk of
reinjuring yourself — maybe even more seriously than before. Don't let anyone —
including yourself, your parents, your friends, or even your coach — pressure you into
playing before your body is fully healed. Your doctor, coach, or trainer will give you
specific advice on when you should return to your sport or activity.

Taking time to heal is particularly important if you've had a concussion. Lots of athletes
try to come back too quickly after getting a concussion — because they can't see an
injury, they think they're OK to play. But jumping back into the game too soon puts a
player at greater risk for another concussion — as well as other even more dangerous
brain injuries. So always get clearance from your doctor to play again if you've had a
concussion.

Many athletes use pain relievers to avoid pain. If you feel persistent pain, don't use
pain relievers to mask it, though. Taking large amounts of pain relievers — or, worse
yet, taking pain relievers for a long time in order to play — can be dangerous. Pain is
the body's way of signaling it's not happy with what you're doing. If you have a lot of
pain, get treatment so you can resolve what's causing it.

Be sure to get medical care whenever you have:

 moderate to severe pain

 pain that interferes with daily activity or sleep
 swelling of the injured area
 an inability to perform normal activities
 pain that prevents you from maintaining proper form
The same advice goes for a cold or flu virus — don't play if you're sick. You won't be
able to concentrate if your head is stuffed up and your nose is running faster than you
are, and your lack of concentration can put you at risk for injury. You can also spread
the cold or flu to the rest of your teammates. It's better to wait until you feel better, so
you can have a safe season.

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 The Rules of the Game

Rules and regulations usually exist for a good reason — to keep you and your
teammates in the game and to avoid injuries. Do yourself a favor and learn the rules
thoroughly — and then follow them.

Rules aren't restrictions. They're designed to promote safety so that everyone can
enjoy the game. For example, a late hit in football after the referee's whistle has blown
leads to a pretty big penalty. This rule is important because a player could be seriously
injured if he or she is not expecting a tackle after play has stopped.

Sometimes rules may not be directly related to a sport or activity but need to be
followed anyway. For instance, if you're inline skating, skateboarding, or riding a bike,
pay strict attention to all traffic laws, especially when riding on busy public streets.

Proper techniques also promote safety. This goes for any sport, from motor racing to
baseball. Baseball players know not to spike the opposing player who's covering the
bag, even when sliding hard into second base. And when two tennis players rush the
net, an expertly angled volley is the correct shot — not a hard smash socked directly
at an opponent's face!
Another example of a safe technique happens in weightlifting. Weightlifters should
take a breath between each repetition. Exhale on the pushing phase of a lift. So if
you're doing a bench press, let the bar come down to your chest, and if you're pushing
up, breathe out. Holding your breath can raise your blood pressure, and if you're
pressing a lot of weight this can lead to a blackout or fainting spell.

So when you're sticking to rules, regulations, and proper techniques, remember that
they aren't there to restrict you — they're there to keep you safe and injury-free

Water consumption and exercise safety

You can lose around one and a half litres of fluid for every hour of exercise. One
of the first symptoms of dehydration is fatigue, which causes a significant drop in
sporting performance. It may also cause you to experience cramps, heat stress
and heat stroke. Suggestions include:

 Avoid starting exercise dehydrated. Drink plenty of fluids for several hours prior to
exercise.
 If you are well hydrated you should be able to pass a good volume of clear urine
in the hour before exercise.

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 Drink at least 500 ml (2 cups) an hour before exercise.
 Drink at least 150 ml every 15 minutes during exercise.
 During exercise take advantage of all breaks in play to have a drink.
 After exercise, drink more to ensure you are fully rehydrated.

Exercise safety in hot weather

Exercising in hot weather puts additional strain on your body. Heat-related illnesses
such as heatstroke and sunstroke occur when your body can't keep itself cool.
Sweating isn't enough on its own to cool your body.

Symptoms of heat-related illness can include:

 irritability
 general discomfort
 weakness
 headache
 nausea
 cramps

Suggestions to avoid heat-related illnesses include:

 Drink plenty of water before, during and after exercise.

 Wear lightweight, light-coloured, loose-fitting clothes.
 Protect yourself from the sun with clothing such as long-sleeved tops, full-length
trousers, a hat and sunglasses or an umbrella.
 Exercise in the cooler parts of the day – preferably before dawn or after sunset.
 Reduce your exercise intensity. Take frequent breaks and drink water or other fluids
every 15 to 20 minutes, even if you don't feel thirsty. If you have clear, pale urine,
you are probably drinking enough fluids.
 Don’t drink alcohol, tea or coffee before or after exercising, as these beverages
promote fluid loss.
 If you have travelled to a hotter climate, remember that it may take about 10 days
of exercising before you fully acclimatise.

Exercise safety in cold weather

In cold weather, muscles are more susceptible to injuries. Safety suggestions

include:

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 Wear appropriate warm clothing. Multiple layers of clothing trap more body heat
than one bulky layer.
 Devote more time to warming up and stretching before exercising and make sure
you do a thorough cool-down.
 Keep up your fluid intake, since cold weather prompts fluid loss.
 Don’t forget sun protection – it is possible to be sunburnt even in cold weather,
especially at high altitudes or on clear days.

Exercise safety and your equipment

Most sports and exercises rely on some type of equipment, such as shoes, bicycles
or racquets. Protective equipment – such as mouthguards, shin pads and helmets
– can significantly reduce the risk of injury by absorbing the impact of falls or
collisions. Safety suggestions include:

 If your sporting equipment is handheld, make sure you are using the right grip – for
example, holding a tennis racquet the wrong way can increase your risk of tennis
elbow (tendonitis).
 Make sure your equipment is appropriate to your sport or activity and your size
and age.
 Wear appropriate shoes for your sport and replace them before they wear out.
 Wear protective equipment during training, not just for competition and games.
 Check equipment regularly and replace if worn out. If you are unsure how to
maintain or check your equipment, consult with your coach or sporting
association.
 Injuries can also be caused by incorrect form or technique. Consult your gym
instructor, coach, sporting association, exercise physiologist or physiotherapist for
instruction on how to improve your sporting technique.

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ACTIVITY
I. Answer the following questions.
1. Give 5 safety practices in sports and exercise?

II. Complete the following statements.

1. I will protect myself…

2. I will follow…

3. I will make sure before engaging in any physical activities/ sports…

4. I will be aware…

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LESSON 2: SPORTS INJURY MANAGEMENT

Sports injuries occur during exercise or while participating in a sport. Children are
particularly at risk for these types of injuries, but adults can get them, too.

You’re at risk for sports injuries if you:

 haven’t been regularly active

 don’t warm up properly before exercise

 play contact sports

Read on to learn more about sports injuries, your treatment options, and tips for
preventing them in the first place.

Types of sports injuries

Different sports injuries produce different symptoms and complications. The most
common types of sports injuries include:

 Sprains. Overstretching or tearing the ligaments results in a sprain.

Ligaments are pieces of tissue that connect two bones to one
another in a joint.

 Strains. Overstretching or tearing muscles or tendons results in

a sprain. Tendons are thick, fibrous cords of tissue that connect bone
to muscle. Strains are commonly mistaken for sprains. Here’s how tell
them apart.

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  Knee injuries. Any injury that interferes with how the knee joint moves
could be a sports injury. It could range from an overstretch to a tear
in the muscles or tissues in the knee.

 Swollen muscles. Swelling is a natural reaction to an injury. Swollen

muscles may also be painful and weak.

 Achilles tendon rupture. The Achilles tendon is a thin, powerful tendon

at the back of your ankle. During sports, this tendon can break or
rupture. When it does, you may experience sudden, severe pain and
difficulty walking.

 Fractures. Bone fractures are also known as broken bones.

 Dislocations. Sports injuries may dislocate a bone in your body. When

that happens, a bone is forced out of its socket. This can be painful
and lead to swelling and weakness.

 Rotator cuff injury. Four pieces of muscle work together to form the
rotator cuff. The rotator cuff keeps your shoulder moving in all
directions. A tear in any of these muscles can weaken the rotator
cuff.

Sports injuries treatment

The RICE method is a common treatment regimen for sports injuries. It stands for:

 rest

 ice

 compression

 elevation

This treatment method is helpful for mild sports injuries. For best results, follow the
RICE method within the first 24 to 36 hours after the injury. It can help reduce

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swelling and prevent additional pain and bruising in the early days after a sports
injury. Here’s how to follow RICE, plus a recovery timeline.

Both over-the-counter and prescription medications are available to treat sports

injuries. Most of them provide relief from pain and swelling.

If your sports injury looks or feels severe, make an appointment to see your doctor.
Seek emergency care if the injured joint shows signs of:

 severe swelling and pain

 visible lumps, bumps, or other deformities

 popping or crunching sounds when you use the joint

 weakness or inability to put weight on the joint

 instability

Also seek emergency attention if you experience any of the following after an
injury:

 difficulty breathing

 dizziness

 fever

Serious sports injuries can require surgery and physical therapy. If the injury doesn’t
heal within two weeks, contact your doctor for an appointment.

Sports injuries prevention

The best way to prevent a sports injury is to warm up properly and stretch. Cold
muscles are prone to overstretching and tears. Warm muscles are more flexible.
They can absorb quick movements, bends, and jerks, making injury less likely.

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Also take these steps to avoid sports injuries:

Use the proper technique

Learn the proper way to move during your sport or activity. Different types of
exercise require different stances and postures. For example, in some sports,
bending your knees at the right time can help avoid an injury to your spine or hips.

Have the proper equipment

Wear the right shoes. Make sure you have the proper athletic protection. Ill-fitting
shoes or gear can increase your risk for injury.

Don’t overdo it

If you do get hurt, make sure you’re healed before you start the activity again.
Don’t try to “work through” the pain.

When you return after letting your body recover, you may need to ease yourself
back into the exercise or sport rather than jumping back in at the same intensity.

Cool down

Remember to cool down after your activity. Usually, this involves doing the same
stretching and exercises involved in a warmup.

Resume activity slowly

Don’t be tempted to nurse your injury for too long. Excessive rest may delay
healing. After the initial 48-hour period of RICE, you can start using heat to help

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relax tight muscles. Take things slowly, and ease back in to exercise or your sport
of choice.

Sports injuries statistics

Sports injuries are common in younger adults and children. More than 3.5 million
children and teens are injured as part of an organized sports or physical activity
each year, estimates Stanford Children’s Health. One-third of all injuries in children
are related to sports, too.

The most common sports injuries in children are sprains and strains. Contact sports,
like football and basketball, account for more injuries than noncontact sports, like
swimming and running.

A 2016 studyTrusted Source found that 8.6 million people, ages 5 to 24, have
a sports injury every year in the United States. Researchers note males ages 5 to 24
make up more than half of all sports injury episodes.

The lower body is most likely to be injured (42 percent). The upper extremities make
up 30.3 percent of injuries. Head and neck injuries combine for 16.4 percent of
sports injuries.

Deaths from sports injuries are rare. When they do happen, they’re most likely the
result of head injury.

Risks

Anyone may find themselves coping with a sports injury, regardless of the last time
they suited up for the baseball diamond or squared off with a linebacker on the
gridiron. But some factors put you or a loved one at an increased risk for injury.

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Childhood

Because of their active nature, children are especially at risk for sports injuries.
Children often don’t know their physical limits. That means they may push
themselves to injury more easily than adults or teenagers.

Age

The older you grow, the more likely you are to experience an injury. Age also
increases the odds that you have sports injuries that linger. New injuries may
aggravate these previous injuries.

Lack of care

Sometimes, serious injuries start off as small ones. Many injuries that result from
overuse, such as tendonitis and stress fractures, can be recognized early by a
doctor. If they’re left untreated or ignored, they can develop into a serious injury.

Being overweight

Carrying around extra weight can put unnecessary stress on your joints, including
your hips, knees, and ankles. The pressure is magnified with exercise or sports. This
increases your risk for sports injury.

Children or adults who plan to begin participating in sports can benefit by having
a physical examination by a doctor first.

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Diagnosis

Many sports injuries cause immediate pain or discomfort. Others, like overuse
injuries, might be noticed only after long-term damage. These injuries are often
diagnosed during routine physical examinations or checkups.

If you think you have a sports injury, your doctor will likely use the following steps to
get a diagnosis. These include:

 Physical examination. Your doctor may attempt to move the injured

joint or body part. This helps them see how the area is moving, or how
it’s not moving if that’s the case.

 Medical history. This involves asking you questions about how you
were injured, what you were doing, what you’ve done since the
injury, and more. If this is your first time visiting this doctor, they may
also ask for a more thorough medical history.

 Imaging tests. X-rays, MRIs, CT scans, and ultrasounds can all help
your doctor and healthcare providers see inside your body. This helps
them confirm a sports injury diagnosis.

If your doctor suspects you have a sprain or strain, they may recommend you
follow the RICE method.

Follow these recommendations and keep an eye on your symptoms. If they get
worse, that can mean you have a more serious sports injury.

Call your doctor

Call your doctor if there are signs of swelling or if it hurts to place weight on the
affected area. If the problem is in the location of a previous injury, seek medical
attention right away.

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Contact a healthcare provider if you don’t see any improvement after 24 to 36
hours of RICE.

Because a child’s skeleton isn’t fully developed, the bones are weaker than an
adult’s. Take extra precautions with a child’s sports injuries. What looks like a tissue
injury may in fact be a more serious fracture.

Don’t ignore your symptoms. Remember, the earlier you get a diagnosis and
treatment, the sooner you’ll recover and get back in the game.

ACTIVITY
1. What is RICE principle?

2. Do you think you would be able to perform CPR in real life?

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LESSON 3: SPORTS
INDIVIDUAL, DUAL AND TEAM SPORTS

No matter where you look in the world, one common thread that ties us all
together is the loves of sports. That does not mean everyone loves the same
sport, but due to the huge variety of sports that are played and enjoyed,
everyone has their favorites. So, what exactly constitutes as a sport? Sports
are physical activities involving feats of strength, agility, dexterity, etc. that
seek to pit opponents against each other for the sake of competition.

The competition can sometimes involve two individuals or two teams or

several members and can range from the playful (Badminton) to the
dangerous (Professional Boxing). Sports have been an age-old tradition in
most societies and carry enormous prestige to the point that some of the
richest people in the world, even today, are professional athletes, earning
hundreds of millions of dollars in endorsements and advertising deals.

However, at its core, any sport is about demonstrating physical and mental
prowess over the opponent.

Kayaking

Kayaking is a sport involving rapidly traversing distance over bodies of

water in a kayak, which is a small boat resembling a canoe. It can be an
individual sport but is considered a popular team sport.

Bobsleighing

Bobsleighing or bobsledding is a winter sport in which teams of two or four

make their way down pathways that twist and turn. They do so in a bobsled
and are timed so as to determine which person accomplished it faster. In
the Winter Olympics, this is a popular Olympic Sport.

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Canoeing

As this is a popular Olympic Sport, canoeing is usually done in one of two

types of competitions; which are canoe sprint or canoe slalom. Both involve
going downstream and competing against other individuals doing the
same to see who traverses the waters first. This is also an individual sport and
doesn’t involve teams
Skiing

Skiing is a sport involving traversing icy or snowy mountainous terrain on skis

and performing stunts while doing it. A variation called ski jumping is very
popular as a popular Olympic Sport.

Surfing

Surfing is a surface water sport in which the wave rider has to anticipate the
wave and make his or her way through it. Waves suitable for the sport are
found in the ocean and can rise several meters high, endangering the
surfers. It is considered a popular individual sport in several coastal areas.

Snorkeling

Snorkeling basically refers to swimming through a body of water with a

diving mask. It is a popular activity near resorts and is usually accompanied
by proper wetsuits and aquatic gear.

Swimming

Considered as one of the most challenging sports and requiring years of

training to master, Olympic swimming has become one of the most popular
Olympic Sports. The ascension of Michael Phelps as one of the most
decorated athletes has contributed to that fact. It is an almost exclusively
individual sport.

Rowing

Considered as one of the most taxing sports, this involves using a rowboat
to travel from one point to another through the water. Rowing can be done
in large bodies of water like rivers or coastal beaches. Though, not

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exclusively an individual or team sport, it is considered a popular Olympic
Sport in the team category.

Aerobics

While not strictly a sport because of the lack of competition, Aerobics can
be considered a popular physical activity that involves team effort and is
mostly performed in groups. It involves various stretching exercises and
training.

Archery
Archery has been a popular individual sport for some time and is often
considered a measure of one’s skill and accuracy. It involves shooting an
arrow into a target. It has bred legendary tales like William Tell and Robin
Hood. This is a popular Olympic Sport.

Gymnastics

Gymnastics is considered a sport of skill and form rather than that displaying
brute force or speed. It is based on keeping certain physical forms or
twisting the body into different shapes rather than scoring a goal or a
boundary. It is a popular individual sport and an Olympic Sport with a lot of
popularity. The sport has several variations like trampolining, which involves
the use of trampolines, and tumbling, which involves both artistic
gymnastics and trampolining. The term Olympic gymnast carries several
positive connotations with it including physical beauty.

Boxing

Boxing is one of the most popular sports in the world, and also an exclusively
individual sport. It involves two athletes punching each other in the upper
body until the match is over, someone either taps out, gets knocked out
our lasts until the end of the rounds. Though not a particularly popular
Olympic Sport, several boxing legends like Mohammad Ali have gained
fame through winning Olympic Gold Medals. It is a particularly violent sport
that can cause brain damage and severe injuries to the face and body.

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The sport is divided into several weight classes such as featherweights,
welterweights, middleweights, and heavyweights.

It is a measure of the agility, dexterity, and strength of the athlete as well as

his or her intelligence.
Variations such as kickboxing and Mixed Martial Arts also exist.
Running

Running from one spot to the other, no matter the distance is a very old
sport. It measures speed first and foremost and can be a team or individual
sport. However, it is one of the most popular sports in the world and is most
commonly identified as an individual sport. Many variations of this sport
exist, such as sprints, which measure speed over short distances, marathons,
which measure endurance as well as speed, etc.

Cycling

Cycling involves making use of a bicycle, one specifically built for racing or
otherwise, to travel from one spot to the other in record time. The sport has
variations such as marathons and sprints, just like running, but the distance
is considerably larger than that covered during running. The sport can be
played with both individuals and teams, but is most well known as a popular
individual sport.

Discus Throw

Discus throws involve throwing a discus as far as possible. It is a measure of

strength as well as skill and is considered to be one of the oldest and most
popular Olympic sports in existence. Hercules is said to have taken part in
one the first-ever Discus tournament ever held, during the Olympics.

Equestrianism

Equestrianism is more colloquially known as horse racing. It is usually played

on local circuits and involves riding several laps of the racecourse. It is a
popular sport known for betting, so much so that the colloquialism “betting
on all the horses in the race” was born from it. It is a popular individual sport.

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Fencing

Fencing is a combat-related sport that is akin to sword fighting. It involves

trying to find an opening in the defense of the opponent and penetrating
it. The sword is named a saber and a foil helmet is worn during the sport.
Naturally, the sport is played individually and is a measure of skill and agility
rather than strength.

Figure Skating

Figure skating involves skating on a surface of ice or akin to that of ice. It

involves skating with figure skates and performing tricks and dancing to
demonstrate one’s skill of balance on the ice. It is an individual sport, but a
duo or trio can also perform together. This is a popular Olympic sport as well.

Martial Arts

Martial arts are codified systems of combat that are used to disarm, harm,
or even kill opponents. In the case of sports, they are used to disarm and
render opponents defenseless. Several exist including Judo, Kung Fu, Jujitsu,
and Taekwondo. They can involve fighting with your bare hands or with
different types of weapons as well. Various martial arts tournaments around
the world test the skill, strength, agility, and dexterity of various players.

Most recently, mixed martial arts tournaments have allowed the use of
several different types of martial arts in the ring at once.

Martial arts usually consist of a popular individual sport and very rarely
includes team sports. Among them, Judo and Taekwondo are popular
Olympic Sports.

Long Jump

Long jump or broad jump is an event involving jumping across as far a

distance as possible from the take-off point. This includes the triple jump and
the horizontal jump. It is a popular individual Olympic Sport.

Pole Vault

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Pole vault involves running and jumping with the help of a pole over
increasing heights. The sport is exclusively individual and is a favorite at the
Olympics.

Powerlifting

A powerlifting is a form of weight lifting that involves lifting the heaviest

weights possible in three maximum attempts. These include squats, bench
presses, and deadlifts. The sport includes various weight classes and is a
popular individual sport.

Wrestling

Wrestling is a global sport. It has several variations such as sumo wrestling in

Japan, professional wrestling in Europe and America, and Kabaddi in South
East Asia. The sport involves using physical strength and skill to pin down
opponents and overpower them.

The sport measures strength, skill, and agility. It has several weight classes
and is a popular individual sport as well as a popular team sport. It is also
among the most popular Olympic Sports.

Baseball

Known as America’s national pastime, it is one of the most popular sports in

the world and is a well-known team sport. The sport involves hitting the
baseball with a bat across the boundary and racing around the bases of a
diamond-shaped pitch.

The game involves two opposing teams and nine players on either side with
an Umpire to enforce the rules. The biggest tournament is called the World
Series. Its primary audience resides in the USA, Japan, China, and Latin
America. Baseball has penetrated in to pop culture and has had several
films made about it.

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Basketball

Basketball is a popular team sport in which two teams of five players each
compete against each other. The objective is to score as many points by
shooting the basketball through a hoop. It is played on indoor courts and is
part of the Olympic Games. The game has penetrated in to pop culture
and has produced legendary athletes like Michael Jordan and Kobe
Bryant.

Tennis
Tennis is a popular racket and ball game that involves maneuvering a ball
around a netted tennis court. The sport involves skill, accuracy, speed,
endurance, and strength. It is a popular individual sport as well as a popular
team sport, with two opposing players in the former and a duo of opposing
players in the latter.

Badminton

Badminton involves a racket that that is used to hit a shuttlecock around a

netted court. Unlike a tennis court, the net is raised above the ground here,
and the play is far less aggressive.

Bowling

Bowling involves knocking down pins with a ball in an alleyway. It is a

recreational activity that has reached massive popularity in the western
hemisphere. The sport measures skill more than anything else. The goal is to
knock down all the pins at once or in the least number of tries.

Cricket

Cricket is a bat and ball sport that involves hitting a ball bowled at high
speeds towards the edge of the circular field. Each team has eleven
players, and the game is played in several formats such as Test Cricket (5-
day cricket) One Day International (1-day cricket comprising of 50 overs),
and T20 international (a single game comprising of twenty overs). It is one
of the most popular sports in the world with over two and a half billion fans
around the world. Though not very popular in the western hemisphere,

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cricket has gained a huge following in England, the Caribbean, South Asia,
and South Africa.

Curling

Curling involves players sliding stones over a sheet of ice towards a target
area that is divided into four concentric circles. This is a popular Olympic
Sport and has an estimated 1.5 million players around the world. It is a team
sport involving 4 players per team, and 2 per team in mixed doubles.

Dodgeball
Dodgeball is a team sport in which players on two teams throw balls at
each other to try and hit a part of the body. This is done while avoiding
being hit themselves. Dodgeball can be a game involving minor to major
physical injuries and tests endurance, speed, and agility.

Football

It is undoubtedly the most popular sport in the world with over four billion
fans worldwide. The FIFA World Cup, the world championship event of the
sport is one of the most highly watched events of the year. The athletes in
football are among the richest and most influential in the world.

Golf

Golf involves hitting a ball with a golf club into a small hole. The game
traditionally involves playing on lavish courses and hitting balls into 18
different holes. It is considered a game of skill and focuses as well as
intelligence since it involves hitting balls over large distances and
anticipating the effect of wind speed, terrain, and ground elevation on the
shot.

Handball

Handball is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each,

throwing the ball in the air using their fists around a court. Each match
consists of two thirty-minute periods. The goal is to not allow the ball to fall

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on the ground on your side of the court. This is a popular Olympic sport as
well.

Hockey

Hockey is an extremely popular sport, with over two billion fans around the
world. It is the national sport of both Pakistan and India and is considered a
game of skill, endurance, and strength. It involves two teams of eleven
players each maneuvering a ball around a court with two goals and is a
popular Olympic Sport.
Ice Hockey

Ice Hockey is a very different sport from traditional hockey and involves
maneuvering a hockey puck around a court with two goals on a hard, ice-
like surface. It is known to be fast-paced and measures a player’s
endurance, speed, and strength. It is a popular sport in Canada, the Nordic
Countries, Russia, Europe, and the US. This is a popular Olympic sport in the
Winter Olympics.
Kickball

This is also known as soccer-baseball in most of Canada. It is a league game

that is similar to baseball and was invented in the US. It involves
maneuvering a ball in a softball diamond with three bases. It is a team
sport.
Lacrosse

Lacrosse is a team sport that can be played both indoors or outdoors. It

involves using a lacrosse stick to carry and pass or catch a ball and shoot it
into a goal. It is a team sport and is played between two teams. It is a
popular team sport in the United States.

Polo

Polo is a team sport that is played while mounting horses. It is one of the
oldest known team sports. It originated in Manipur, India, and is very
frequently played in South Asia. It is played between two teams of 3 or 4
and involves a field with two goals.

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Racquetball

Racquetball is a racquet sport that is played with a hollow rubber ball in an

indoor court. It involves hitting the ball against the walls of the court until
someone misses. It is a popular individual sport in the US and measures an
athlete’s endurance, speed, and strength.

Rounders

Rounders is a bat and ball game that is played between teams. It involves
hitting a small leather-cased ball with a round metal bat. The players can
score by running around four bases on the field. It is most similar to baseball

Rugby/American Football

Rugby refers to various team sports played in teams that are competing
against each other. They involve maneuvering a rugby ball around a court
with two goals; however, the maneuvering involves hands and feet. The
sport is considered to be violent and involves pushing and shoving players
to get control of the ball.

Its variation in the US is called American Football, but has different rules and
significantly more padded gear and helmets. The world championship of
rugby is called the World Rugby League, while the most important
American Football event is called the Super Bowl.

Squash

This is a sport played by two opponents or duos of opponents in a court with

four walls. The objective is to hit the ball with the racket against the walls in
the playable areas. The game is a very popular individual sport that involves
tests of strength, stamina, and speed.

Table Tennis

Table tennis, or ping pong, is a sport in which two opposing players, or duos
of opposing players, maneuver a small ball around with their rackets
around a small netted court. The sport tests skill and speed at its core and
is a popular Olympic Sport.

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Volleyball

Volleyball is a popular team sport that involves maneuvering a ball around

a netted court by using just the hands while not allowing the ball to touch
the ground. Players are not allowed to hold the ball at any moment, just to
throw it around the court with their hands and their fingers knotted with the
opposing hand.
Water Polo

Water polo is a team sport that is played between two opposing teams.
The objective is to score goals by throwing the ball into the opposing team’s
goal. The sport is played in the water.
Kitesurfing

Kitesurfing or Kiteboarding involves combining several sports like

wakeboarding, snowboarding, and windsurfing. It involves using a kite
suspended by the wind to maneuver yourself around a body of water while
onboard. It is an individual sport.
Paragliding

Paragliding is a recreational sporting activity. It involves using paragliders to

maneuver your way in the air and make your way from a significant
elevation down to the ground. The sport is individual and involves skill and
agility rather than endurance, strength or speed.
Parasailing

This is also known as parascending or parakiting and is a recreational kiting

activity where you are towed behind a boat or a similar vehicle while
attached to a kite or a sail. It is a popular activity around resorts and is an
individual sport.
Skateboarding
Skateboarding is a popular individual sport among the youth. It involves
different competitions of speed and skill while on a skateboard. The
individual competitions can involve doing tricks in the air, navigating
around a track, demonstrating speed, etc.

Skydiving
A Skydiver hurtling through the air.

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Skydiving is a recreational sport that involves jumping out of a plane from a
significant height with a parachute. The sport involves skill and stamina and
is considered extremely dangerous. Rigorous training occurs before
skydivers are first allowed to perform it and the sport is a test of skill and
endurance.
Snowboarding
A snowboarder performing a jump.

Snowboarding involves maneuvering around icy and mountainous terrain

on a single snowboard. It is different from skiing that it doesn’t have two skis
or ski poles. The sport is featured heavily in the Olympics and involves skill
and speed. It is considered dangerous due to the terrain it is mostly set in.

Windsurfing
A windsurfing enthusiast.

Windsurfing is a water sport that combines several elements of surfing and

sailing. It consists of a board that is usually 2 to 2 and a half meters in length.
It involves maneuvering or racing through a body of water using the sail
attached to the board.

Javelin
An athlete throwing javelin across the field.

It has been played in the Olympics since the Ancient Olympic Games. It
involves running with a javelin and throwing it as far away as possible. It
involves transferring your momentum into the javelin from the run. It is a
popular individual sport.

Sports are played around the world in the name of fitness, recreation,
rivalry, physical domination, etc. Some have even described them as
mankind’s solution to competing against each other without killing each
other. However, sports have also become some of the greatest catalysts to
bringing nations of the world together like the Olympics and the World
Federation Wrestling Games or the FIFA World Cup. They inspire patriotism,
love for one’s country, and sportsmanship that translates into friendship.

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ACTIVITY
Classify the following sports if it is individual, dual or team sports. Just put
check (/).

SPORT INDIVIDUAL DUAL TEAM

Badminton

Basketball

Bowling

Boxing

Lawn Tennis

Football

Track and Field

Table tennis

Skating

Swimming

Volleyball

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LESSON 4: ORGANIZATION AND
MANAGEMENT OF SPORTS EVENTS

CONCEPT OF SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Sports management is the application of management science to the

creation and development of sporting events. In recent years, sports
management has emerged as a field of education and vocation
concerning the business aspects of sports. It has become a degree
program that many consider to be the ultimate way to enjoy their career.
The success or failure of any sports program depends on how it is planned,
executed, evaluated, and corrected. No program can be assured of
success in all places at all times even when executed by the three such as
materials resources, manpower and method used. The intervening
variables and the internal as well as the external factors greatly influence
the result of the program. This chapter will be the discussion of the
organization and management of sports, which will include the planning of
school intramurals and actual implementation of the management of
sports.
WHAT IS SPORT MANAGEMENT?

Sport management is an integral part of our culture and is a significant part

of the leisure services sector. Sport management can be defined as “any
combination of skills related to planning, organizing, controlling, budgeting,
leading and evaluating within the context of an organization, whose
primary product is related to sport and/or physical activity”. Sport is
organized, promoted and managed by a broad spectrum of formal
organizations including not-for-profit community-based voluntary
associations, provincial and national organizations as well as the private
and commercial (for-profit) sectors. Volunteers are an essential part of the
sport delivery system and fulfil many roles (e.g.,board/committee positions,
coaching, officials).

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SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Sport management is simply defined as “any combination of skills related

to planning, organizing, controlling, budgeting, leading andevaluating
within the context of an organization, whose primary product isrelated to
sport and/or physical activity”.

OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS MANAGEMENT

• To imbibe in the hearts and minds of the students that sport is apotent
factor in making a person mentally alert, physically healthy and emotionally
stable. A sport is also a very important social asset.
• To create awareness among teachers, coaches, trainers, and sports
officials that impressive sports management brings about success that has
tremendous impact on the students. Athletes’ interest, involvement and
performance, as well as adult managers and officials.
• To further elevate the status of sports in the region and in the country and
to contribute to the realization of the national objective.

INTRAMURAL PROGRAM

This is a phase of the school physical education program which belong to

extra-class or recreational program. Everyone is encouraged playing to the
best of their abilities and making an effort to win within the spirit of the rules.
Win-at-all cost attitudes are inappropriate and strongly discouraged in
Intramural Sports. Participants are expected to behave in a courteous and
responsible manner on victory and defeat. The value of Intramural sports
comes from playing, not winning. Sports activities can teach a lot about
life, such as setting goals, teamwork and cooperation; but these positive
values can only be learned when the sport is enjoyable and played fairly.
The foundation of the intramural competition will be based on the fair play
principles of integrity, fairness and respect. Specifically, these principles are:

• Respect the rules;

• Respect the officials and their decisions;
• Respect your opponent;
• Maintain your self-control at all times.

PURPOSE OF INTRAMURAL
• To provide a safe, enjoyable environment for students of any skilllevel to
participate in a variety of recreational activities;
• To provide exercise, recreation, and fun to participants in a relaxed and
structured environment;
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Importance of management

1. Assist individual to realize their objective or goals.

2. Provides guidelines in the collaborative strength of people.

3. Defines the group’s development, efficiency and accomplishment of

goals.

4. Defines whether members within the group are contented, cooperating

and productive.

Importance of Management in Sports Events

1. Management gives a grasp and value to essential ideas of the field’s

discipline.

2. Understanding management helps an individual consider having a

career in certain field.

3. Majority of physical educators do certain management work; thus, skill in

management will provide better performance.

4. Management is vital to collaborative effort.

5. Management skills help foster good human relations.

The Functions of Management

While managers often view their work as task or supervisory in orientation,

this view is an illusion.

At the most fundamental level, management is a discipline that consists of

a set of five general functions: planning, organizing, staffing, leading and
controlling. These five functions are part of a body of practices and
theories on how to be a successful manager.

Understanding the functions will help managers focus efforts on activities

that gain results. Summarizing the five functions of great management:

1. Planning: When you think of planning in a management role, think

about it as the process of choosing appropriate goals and actions to

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 pursue and then determining what strategies to use, what actions to
take, and deciding what resources are needed to achieve the goals.
2. Organizing: This process of establishing worker relationships allows
workers to work together to achieve their organizational goals.
3. Leading: This function involves articulating a vision, energizing
employees, inspiring and motivating people using vision, influence,
persuasion, and effective communication skills.
4. Staffing: Recruiting and selecting employees for positions within the
company (within teams and departments).
5. Controlling: Evaluate how well you are achieving your goals, improving
performance, taking actions. Put processes in place to help you
establish standards, so you can measure, compare, and make
decisions.

ACTIVITY
1. What is the difference of intramurals from extramurals?

2. What are the things you need to consider in organizing an intramurals?

3. Why is it important to be part of the yearly school activities?

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REFERENCE
https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/sport-safety.html
https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/HealthyLiving/exercise-safety
https://www.healthline.com/health/sports-injuries

https://www.scribd.com/doc/116095825/SPORTS-MANAGEMENT
https://www.ashford.edu/online-degrees/business/5-principles-of-great-
management

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