FLUID MECHANICS

CE4050 & ID4031

DR . DAN IE L SUBRA MANIA M,
FA C U LT Y O F E N G I N E E R I N G ,

UNIVERSITY OF JAFFNA

DANIEL.SU BRAMANIAM@GMAIL.COM
 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

MATTER - SHEAR

Solid under shear force,

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 2

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

MATTER - SHEAR

Fluid under shear force,

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 3

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

MATTER - SHEAR

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 4

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS

Critical volume,

For a gas at STP, Vc is 30 nm length is sufficient.

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 5
 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS

Liquids vary because of molecular

structure.

Vc will be far smaller than any volume

of engineering interest and can be
regarded as defining what we mean by
a point in a fluid.

Continuum hypothesis is adopted.

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 6

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

Fluid confined between two parallel plates, one

fixed, one moving.

Rate of deformation is the velocity gradient

within the fluid.

In most flows, spatial variation of velocity is more

complicated than the linear variation shown.

Fluid velocity is usually a function of more than

one spatial variable.

Partial derivative is used.

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 7

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

No-Slip condition??

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 8

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

Newton’s law of viscosity,

Experiment using Couette flow,

𝑭𝒗
𝝉=
𝑨

𝒗(𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆)
𝒗 𝒚 = 𝒚
𝑫

𝒅𝒗 𝒗(𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆)
Where 𝒅𝒚 = 𝑫

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 9

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

If the tangential (shear) force Fv is increased,

𝑭𝒗
the shear stress of the fluid that is in contact with the moving plate, 𝝉 = will also increase.
𝑨

Thus, the constant velocity of the plate, v(plate) will also increase.

𝑭𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝝉= ∝
𝑨 𝒅𝒚

The fluid is continuously deforming at a rate of dv/dy.

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 10

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

The constant proportionality is defined as the absolute or dynamic viscosity, μof the fluid.

Newton’s law of viscosity,

𝒅𝒗
𝝉=𝝁
𝒅𝒚

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 11

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOMETER

𝒅𝒖 𝛀𝑹
=
𝒅𝒚 𝜹

𝒅𝒖 𝝁𝛀𝑹
𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝝉 = 𝝁 =
𝒅𝒚 𝜹

𝟐𝝅𝑹𝟑 𝑯𝛀𝝁
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝑻 = 𝝉𝑨𝑹 =
𝜹

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 12

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

Two factors produce viscosity,

1. Molecular cohesion

2. Rate of transfer of molecular momentum

Although temperature and pressure affect these, temperature is dominant in impacting viscosity

For liquids, cohesive forces predominate over the inertial forces caused by changes in
momentum.

For gases the reverse is true.

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 13

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

Viscosity in gases are due to the collision

between the particles

The collisions increase with temperature

 Viscosity in liquids are due to attractive

forces

The vibrations of particles become higher

with temperature

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 14

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY
Viscosity of gases in varying temperature,

𝑲𝑻𝟑/𝟐
Sutherland’s formula, 𝝁= 𝑻 𝑪

𝟑
𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑭 + 𝑪 𝑻 𝟐
𝝁= 𝝁𝑹𝑬𝑭
𝑻+𝑪 𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑭

𝟐
From kinetic theory of gases, 𝝁= 𝝅𝜸
𝝆𝒄𝑨 A – molecular mean free path

𝑻𝑹𝑬𝑭
Viscosity of liquids in varying temperature, 𝝁 = 𝒆𝒙𝒑 𝑪 𝑻
−𝟏 𝝁𝑹𝑬𝑭

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 15

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 16

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY
Kinematic Viscosity

𝝁
𝝂=
𝝆

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 17

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY
 Newtonian fluids: water, oil, gasoline, alcohol

 All other cases are non-Newtonian fluids.

Shear thinning: polymer solutions (latex paint)

and colloidal suspensions

 Shear thickening: water-corn starch mixture

 Bingham plastic: initial shear required to

change the solid to liquid – toothpaste, oil paint

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 18

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

Non-Newtonian liquids

Many empirical models have been proposed.

They may be adequately represented for many engineering applications by the power model,

which for one dimensional flow,

𝒏
𝒅𝒖
𝝉=𝒌
𝒅𝒚

N – flow behaviour index k – consistency index

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 19

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

VISCOSITY

𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝑘 =𝜂
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑎𝑚 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐

𝑑𝑢
𝜏=𝜏 +𝜇 ,
𝑑𝑦

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 20

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

TYPES OF FLOWS

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 21

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

TYPES OF FLOWS

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 22

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

TYPES OF FLOWS

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 23

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

TYPES OF FLOWS

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 24

 FLUID MECHANICS – CE4050 & ID4030

INTRODUCTION
Question 01
A thin a cm × a cm flat plate is pulled at u m/s
horizontally through a y mm thick oil layer sandwiched
between two plates, one stationary and the other
moving at a constant velocity of v m/s, as shown in
figure 1. The plate pulled ay u m/s is located in the
middle of the oil layer. The dynamic viscosity of oil is μ
Pa.s. Assuming the velocity in each oil layer to vary
linearly,
(a) Plot the velocity profile.
(b) Find the location where the oil velocity is zero.
(c) Determine the force that needs to be applied on
the plate to maintain this motion.

6 October 2020 DR. DANIEL SUBRAMANIAM 25