THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON RESEARCH

IN LEGAL PROFESSION

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO DR. B.R. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY,

JAIPUR IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT PRESCRIBED
FOR THE LL.M. I SEMESTER EXAMINATION 2022-23

(BRANCH: CORPORATE AND COMMERCIAL LAW)

BY:

PALAK CHHACHHIA

ROLL NO: 32

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF:

MRS. MAMTA SONI

GUEST FACULTY, ALU

DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR LAW UNIVERSITY, JAIPUR

2022-23
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Palak Chhachhia has worked under my supervision and

guidance. The work contained in this project titled “The Impact of Artificial

Intelligence on Research in the Legal Profession” is original and has never been

submitted in part or in full for any other degree, either in this University or in any

other university by the candidate. I am satisfied that this research work is worthy of

consideration for the reward of Master of Laws for post graduate stream of Law

and has been complied with the Anti-plagiarism guidelines issued by the

competent authorities from time to time.

Place: Jaipur, Rajasthan ________________

Date: 15/01/2023 Mrs. Mamta Soni

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Upon completion of my project, I would like to concede my thanks to the people

who lent sincere contributions in this project. I would like to thank my teacher for

the subject of Research Methodology Mrs. Mamta Soni, whose wise inputs and

remarkable teaching made me grasp the concepts and helped me work harder

towards the project.

I would also like to thank the librarian for providing access to books and materials

for the project, and the IT Department for making available the vast resources of

the internet at our disposal.

Place: Jaipur ________________

Date: 15/01/23 Palak Chhachhia

Student, LL.M.

Roll no. – 32

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Law University, Jaipur

3
 DECLARATION

I, Palak Chhachhia, hereby declare that this project titled “The Impact of Artificial

Intelligence on Research in the Legal Profession” is based on the original research

work carried out by me under the guidance and supervision of Mrs. Mamta Soni

for the fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of LL.M. Master of Laws in

post graduate stream of Law and has been complied with the Anti-Plagiarism

Guidelines issued by the competent authorities from time to time including but not

limited to this University as well.

The interpretations put forth are based on my reading and understanding of the

original texts and they are not published anywhere in the form of books,

monographs or articles. The books, articles and websites etc. which have been

relied upon by me have been duly acknowledged at the respective places in the

text.

For the present project which I am submitting to the University, no Degree or

Diploma has been conferred on me before, either in this or in any other University

and the report of the Anti-Plagiarism Software is inserted at the last in this research

work following all the norms of the authorities concerned.

Place: Jaipur, Rajasthan ______________

Date: 15/01/2023 Palak Chhachhia
LL.M., Student
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Law University, Jaipur

4
 HYPOTHESIS

Artificial Intelligence is going to positively transform the way legal research is

done.

Artificial Intelligence has been a subject of doubts, speculation and sheer mistrust
in many regards. A very prominent argument against AI in legal (or any other)
profession is that it cannot adequately replace human. There are some fields where
human judgment and empathy cannot be replaced without compromising the
general well-being. In this paper the author makes a case for the various ways in
which AI can help lawyers, judges and students in legal profession and not work
against them.

5
 RESEARCH PROBLEMS

What is the Artificial Intelligence?

What are the problems faced in the current legal research scenario?

What role will Artificial Intelligence play in legal research?

What are the opportunities and threats of Artificial Intelligence’s growing role in
legal research?

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The research methodology followed for the paper is doctrinal research from both
primary and secondary sources. Majority of the research work has been done
through related laws, articles, commentaries and reports available in online
databases.

6
 LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Akash Manwani & Riddhi Pawar (2020) – The age-old obstacle of

overload of cases in Indian judicial offices is tackled in the light of emerging
role of Artificial Intelligence across all sectors in the world. The authors
make a case for the potential role of Artificial Intelligence in every stage of
litigation.
2. Ghazal Bhootra & Ishan Puranik (2022) – The authors cover the idea of
Artificial Intelligence taking on the role of arbitrators. Themes such as moral
nature of the AI arbitrator, necessity of human arbiter and adequacy of
regulatory frameworks to control Artificial Intelligence have also been
explored.
3. Dr. Inderpreet Kaur & Mr. Chander Gopal Puri (2021) – The benefits,
legal issues and future role of Artificial Intelligence in professional spheres,
especially in the legal profession has been covered in this paper.
4. Ray Kurzweil (1999)- Ray Kurzweil is the inventor of the most innovative
and compelling technology of our era, an international authority on artificial
intelligence, and one of our greatest living visionaries. In his book “The age
of Spiritual Machines”, he offers a framework for envisioning the twenty-
first century--an age in which the marriage of human sensitivity and artificial
intelligence fundamentally alters and improves the way we live.

7
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................10

CHAPTER 1 - NATURE OF RESEARCH IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION.............................12

Types of Legal Research...........................................................................................................12

Theoretica1 & Doctrina1 1ega1 Research.............................................................................12

Empirica1 & Non- Doctrina1 Research.................................................................................13

Issues Faced During Research In The Legal Profession...........................................................13

How Will AI Reshape The Judicial System Throughout The World?......................................14

Studying and examining the documents................................................................................14

Performing different administrative functions.......................................................................15

Granting of bail/parole/probation..........................................................................................15

CHAPTER 2 – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR A REFORMED LEGAL SYSTEM........17

Artificial Intelligence – The future assistance for lawyers........................................................17

Legal research........................................................................................................................17

Predicting outcomes...............................................................................................................18

Generate automatic pleadings................................................................................................19

Document review and contract analysis................................................................................19

Classification and Grouping of documents............................................................................19

CHAPTER 3 – AI SYSTEMS PRESENT IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM........................................21

ROSS Intelligence.....................................................................................................................21

KIRA Systems...........................................................................................................................21

eBrevia.......................................................................................................................................21

LawGeex....................................................................................................................................22

8
CHAPTER 4 – PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LEGAL
FIELD............................................................................................................................................23

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS........................................................................................26

BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................................................................................................27

9
 INTRODUCTION

For the longest time Artificial Intelligence (AI) was considered a theory and far
from reality. However, in the age of information and rapid technological
advancements, AI has not only become a reality but is also expected, in the future,
to be as accessible to public at large as internet and smartphone in the current
times. AI has been defined as computer systems that have developed enough to
perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include
visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, translation etc. The idea
was far-fetched until a few decades ago because although machines typically are
programmed to do tasks more efficiently than humans, they usually need humans
to operate them. There was, hitherto, a limit to what machines can do and a clear
distinction between tasks only humans can do as compared to tasks that can be
performed by machines.
There are also different levels of AI. For example, some AI systems align more
closely with human behavior. The closer a system relates to actual human
behavior, the stronger the AI1.
By now, AI has already made progress by leaps and bounds to permeate a large
part of human life aided by a contemporary dependence on technology. Within the
last few years we have seen OpenAI release GPT 3 – the largest language model
that helps computers communicate with humans – and DALL-E for creation of
digital art. AI is also being used increasingly to augment enforcement of cyber-
security, healthcare, transportation and marketing. Various other sectors still
remain minimally affected by AI such as the medical field and legal field.
Substitution of personnel in professions that demand specialization, precision and
an ability to deal with highly dynamic problems is still something AI can’t do.
1
Kurzweil, Ray 1999. The age of spiritual machines. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-88217-8.

10
While the people in such professions can’t yet be replaced by AI, it can still reduce
the workload in such fields via assistance. Many legal professionals and students
are often overworked because of the extensive research their job requires on a daily
basis. Despite their best efforts they may sometimes fail to find the right kind of
information, apply the right analysis to a problem and come up with the best
solution. This is where the potential of AI in the legal field shines. In this paper, we
will analyze the presence of AI in research in the legal profession.

11
 CHAPTER 1 - NATURE OF RESEARCH IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION

One of the most important aspects of the legal profession is legal research. The
society keeps changing and as does the law with it. Every day there are thousands
of cases before courts that require to be judged. A well-presented argument before
the judge is a result of hours of research on the intricate nuance of the case at hand.
Every aspect of human life is also governed by law in one way or another,
involving research on various levels. It is almost impossible to move forward in the
legal profession without spending hours every day on legal research.
The purpose of research is either to know about or to contribute something new to
the existing state of know1edge. The former can be described as the “disinterested
search for know1edge and understanding for its own sake” 2, whi1e the 1atter is an
app1ication based approach to the prob1ems in the rea1 wor1d. A very pertinent
definition of legal research defines it as the process of identifying and retrieving
information necessary to support 1ega1 decision making 3. Legal decision making
in itself is a very broad term. Legal research is involved every step in the process
of law-making, law-enforcement and everything in between.

TYPES OF LEGAL RESEARCH

THEORETICA1 & DOCTRINA1 1EGA1 RESEARCH

In this type of research, the centra1 question of enquiry is ‘what is the 1aw?’ on a
particu1ar issue. It is concerned with finding the 1aw, rigorous1y ana1yzing it and
coming up with a 1ogica1 reasoning behind it. For the purpose of 1ega1 research
papers, b1ogs or any artic1e which does not need any fie1d research, doctrina1

2
David Wilkinson (ed.) The Researcher’s Toolkit, Routledge, (2000) at pg. 2
3
Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara; Whisner, Mary. Fundamentals of Legal Research (10 ed.). Foundation Press.
p. 1. ISBN 1609300564

12
method is adopted to get the more concise and accurate theoretica1 so1ution. The
basic materia1 of the theoretica1 researches can be found in the statutory materia1
i.e. primary sources as we11 in the secondary materia1. However, the research has
its own 1imitations, it is subjective, that is 1imited to the perception of the
researcher, away from the actua1 working of the 1aw, devoid of factors that 1ie
outside the periphery of 1aw, and fai1s to focus on the actua1 practice of the
courts.

EMPIRICA1 & NON- DOCTRINA1 RESEARCH

A1so known as socio-1ega1 research and fie1d research, it 1ooks into how the 1aw
and 1ega1 institutions mou1ds and affect the society. It emp1oys methods taken
from other discip1ines in order to generate an empirica1 data to answer the
questions. It can either be answering a prob1em, 1ike to find the gap between
idea1ism and socia1 rea1ity, cou1d be tracing the resu1ts 1ega1 decisions, a1so
can assess impact of non-1ega1 factors upon 1ega1 processes or decisions, or may
be a reform based approach.

ISSUES FACED DURING RESEARCH IN THE LEGAL PROFESSION

The biggest problem faced by technologically handicapped judicial systems of

developing countries is the alarming rise in legal disputes. The total number
of pending cases in India as of 31 January 2021, is 37,251,615. This has resulted in
an enormous pendency and backlog of cases and consequently, people are losing
their trust and faith in the judicial system. To solve this problem, the governments
of different countries have introduced various Alternative Dispute
Resolution mechanisms. Though these mechanisms have reduced the number of
pending cases, the results are not satisfactory. The only way to solve this problem

13
is through the application of AI and technology in the courts so that it can assist the
judges in various legal procedures and reduce the backlog4.

HOW WILL AI RESHAPE THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM THROUGHOUT THE WORLD?

With the immense rise in the pendency of cases and delayed justice, artificial
intelligence can be the most effective solution to this problem. Recently at a
conference, former Chief Justice of India S.A. Bobde said, “We have the
possibility of developing Artificial Intelligence for the court system, only for the
purpose of ensuring that undue delay is prevented in the delivery of justice.” AI
can help the justice delivery system to become “efficient, time-bound, litigant
centric, affordable, accessible, cost-effective, transparent and accountable.” Legal
research needs to be done by the judges as well. Before a final verdict is delivered,
there are a large number of complicated procedures as well that not only consume
time but also prove to be tedious. AI-powered services have the potential to
perform these monotonous tasks such that the overall decision-making process
becomes faster and efficient. We have also seen AI being appointed as arbitrators
in U.S.5

STUDYING AND EXAMINING THE DOCUMENTS

Judges have to read and analyze many documents before deciding on the case.
These documents may include the first information report (FIR) details, charge
sheet, facts of the case, pleadings, and arguments of the parties, evidence, and
various other legal documents. In complicated cases, the pleadings submitted
before the court can be huge in amount and the evidence produced can be
perplexing. Analyzing these documents takes a lot of time and thus, there is a delay
in giving justice. AI-powered machines can help judges in reading and analyzing
4
Akash Manwani & Riddhi Pawar, Application of AI in Legal Practice: “locus stadi & AI”, Artificial Intelligence,
Law and Policy Implications, I Ed., (2020)
5
Ghazal Bhootra & Ishan Puranik, Arbi(traitors?): A case against AI Arbitrators, IALR 2022

14
the contents of a document. Microsoft has already designed a machine that can
read and examine a document more accurately than a human and can answer the
questions related to the document6. Besides saving a large amount of time of the
court, these AI-backed tools can also make the judge confident about his verdict.

PERFORMING DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS

Besides acting as the guardian of the Constitution, the judiciary is also entrusted
with a number of administrative functions. Some of those administrative functions
are the appointment of officers and staff, maintaining the records, administration of
staff, making the citizens aware of their legal rights, etc. The administrative
functions include a number of repetitive tasks that are uninteresting yet necessary.
AI-powered machines can help the judges to perform such wearisome tasks and
therefore, giving more time to concentrate on judicial matters. 

GRANTING OF BAIL/PAROLE/PROBATION
While dealing with a criminal case, a judge has to take various important interim
decisions such as granting bail to the accused instead of sending him to jail,
releasing a prisoner on parole, or granting probation to an offender. These
decisions are generally based on the rights of the convicts as well as the benefits of
society. To make such complicated decisions, the court has to examine all the
aspects of the case and then apply its own conscientiousness. 
AI-powered machines can help the judges to take these decisions easily and
quickly by making it certain that the decisions taken are fair without any personal
biases or partiality made by the judges7. Public Safety Assessment (PSA) is one
such artificial intelligence machine that is being used in the courts of the U.S. 8,
6
Alison Linn (2018) at https://blogs.microsoft.com/ai/microsoft-creates-ai-can-read-document-answer-questions-
well-person/
7
Gunashekher Raj, Use of AI for legal services in India,CAM pioneers, 2017
8
Katz Daniel Martin, A general approach for predicting the behavior of the Supreme Court of
the United States, 2017
15
assisting the judges in deciding whether to release an accused on bail or not. It is
designed to calculate the chances of an accused to commit a crime again or his
chance of escape from the far-reaching power of law. 

16
 CHAPTER 2 – ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR A REFORMED

LEGAL SYSTEM

Machines with artificial intelligence will reform the ways in which a civil or
criminal proceeding will take place9. It will also assist lawyers as well as judges by
reducing the time taken to perform various tasks at different stages of a trial. It can
assist the legal professionals in early detection of potential risks, producing
superior quality work, improving relationships with the clients, identification of
errors, legal analysis, etc.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – THE FUTURE ASSISTANCE FOR LAWYERS

Artificial intelligence will be useful to lawyers in making well-planned, prudent

decisions and also improving the standard of their advocacy. Besides e-discovery
and document analysis, it can assist lawyers by performing faster and detailed legal
research, predicting legal outcomes with more accuracy, generating automatic
pleadings, and more such time-consuming tasks. Following are some of the ways
in which AI will lessen the pressure of the lawyers:

LEGAL RESEARCH
Lawyers can be saved from doing different mundane tasks in the future with the
assistance of AI. One such field of work is legal research. Legal research is the first
and foremost thing that a lawyer must learn and it plays a significant role in
presenting a case in court. Unlike other types of research, legal research requires
special skills and legal analysis. It is on legal research that the arguments are based
and thus, it plays a major role in winning or losing in the courtroom. Legal
research mainly includes finding relevant cases or judgments that are related to the
9
Rob Toews (2019), Forbes, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/robtoews/2019/12/19/ai-will-transform-the-field-of-
law/?sh=662b5e8d7f01

17
case at hand. Before the advent of online legal research tools, lawyers used to go
through hard copies of books and judgments to find out relevant information,
which was a huge and laborious task and it took hours and days to find any useful
information. 

PREDICTING OUTCOMES
One of the most important skills a lawyer must possess is to predict the legal
outcomes and liability of a case. Most of the time, lawyers are asked by the clients
what are the chances of winning the case or whether the outcome will be beneficial
if they file the case. Predicting such legal outcomes depends on a large number of
factors such as the evidence, witnesses, facts of the case, judge, opinions, previous
court orders, and so on. Lawyers try to predict the outcomes of a case by using
their experience, reasoning, knowledge, professional judgment, and other cognitive
skills. Predicting legal outcomes plays a very significant role in advising clients
about future courses of action. However, in many cases, lawyers are unable to
predict it correctly, as they have to consider a large amount of data before making
the prediction. AI can provide more accurate predictions as it can store and review
enormous amounts of data10. 
Various foreign companies have already made such legal outcome predicting tools
using artificial intelligence. Some of those companies are Lex Machina 11,
Premonition Analytics12, Ravel Law, etc. According to the reports, these AI-
powered tools can predict court decisions much better than humans as the
predictions are based on two centuries of court data analytics.

10
Susan L. Shin, How AI can Help You be a Better Litigator, New York Law Journal (2019).
11
https://lexmachina.com/media/press/lex-machina-wins-2019-artificial-intelligence-breakthrough-award/
12
https://premonition.ai/legal_analytics/

18
GENERATE AUTOMATIC PLEADINGS
AI can also help lawyers in creating automatic pleadings. It can be used in
producing discovery responses, responsive pleadings, and other documents. The
only thing the lawyers have to do is to upload the complaint or the discovery
request along with the jurisdictional requirements. Legal Mation is one such
company that has already made such a system13. It uses different AI technologies to
produce several types of automated legal documents using the lawyer’s own style
of formatting and response strategy. These high-quality drafts are completely
customizable as per the lawyer’s needs. 

DOCUMENT REVIEW AND CONTRACT ANALYSIS

Law firms and companies have to go through hundreds and thousands of legal
documents and contracts for which they hire lawyers. This can be a very time-
consuming and error-prone process for humans. Moreover, finding relevant and
useful information from a complicated legal document is a very difficult task.
Using machine learning and Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology, AI-
backed tools can be used to analyze a given document and extract the problematic
clauses or the required portions within seconds. 
Various contract review tools are already being used in other technologically
advanced countries. Some of those tools are Kira Systems, LawGeex, eBrevia,
etc14. These are used to identify, extract and analyze clauses from a contract,
redline the texts, and edit contracts.

CLASSIFICATION AND GROUPING OF DOCUMENTS 

Lawyers have to deal with a large number of documents in their day-to-day life
such as contracts, briefs, discovery documents, legal opinions, etc. and these

13
https://www.appengine.ai/company/legalmation
14
Parth Jain, Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable and Effective Justice Delivery in India, 11 OIDA International
Journal Of Sustainable Development, 63, 66-68 (2018).

19
documents must be organized in a proper systematic manner. AI with the help of
machine learning algorithms can do this task so that lawyers can concentrate on
more important tasks. Machine learning algorithms can be trained to perform this
classification task. They have to be trained to spot the differences between the
different types of documents. By using a machine learning approach called
“clustering”15, AI can also be used to automatically group items that possess some
common characteristics by detecting the hidden or unknown similarities between
them.

15
Dr. Inderpreet Kaur1 & Mr. Chander Gopal Puri, Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Legal Industry, ISSN 2581-
5369, (2021)

20
 CHAPTER 3 – AI SYSTEMS PRESENT IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM

ROSS INTELLIGENCE

Developed in 2014 at the University of Toronto, ROSS Intelligence is an AI-

powered legal research tool that uses the most advanced technology of Natural
Language Understanding (NLU)16. It is built to answer all your queries and the
NLU allows you to ask your legal issues or describe the facts and procedures to the
system in natural language instead of using Boolean terms or keywords. 
Once you submit your query, ROSS’s AI starts searching for the most relevant
cases that are related to your question and will provide an accurately ranked list of
leading cases within a few seconds, with the most useful cases on the top.

KIRA SYSTEMS

Founded in 2011, KIRA is an efficient, award-winning Artificial Intelligence

system that is specially designed for recognizing, extracting, and examining
clauses from contracts and various other legal documents. Using the process of due
diligence and machine learning, It is designed to review contracts in different
languages such as Spanish, French, German, etc., and can learn new languages. It
can combine a contract with other contracts to find out the risks and analyze
them17.

EBREVIA

Developed in 2012 by two Harvard Law School Graduates, eBrevia is like an e-

discovery tool, used to find out relevant texts from various long and complicated

16
. ROSS Success Story, at https://www.utoronto.ca/news/ai-success-story-u-t-s-ross-intelligence-returns-toronto-
open-new-research-headquarters
17
https://kirasystems.com/how-kira-works/

21
legal documents and contracts within a very short period 18. This uses AI and
advanced machine learning to identify and extract content from a contract and
makes a summary report of that extracted part. Saving around 50-60% of the time,
eBrevia can extract important information from a contract, customize that extracted
data and present it in Word, Excel, or other databases. 

LAWGEEX

Developed in 2014 by Noory Bechor and Ilan Admon, LawGeex is a contract

review automation solution that has been designed to manage, review, and approve
daily contracts and business agreements through AI19. This has resulted in the
reduction of human errors as the AI-backed system automatically detects and
highlights the questionable clauses within seconds. This helps the company’s legal
team to concentrate and work on more important legal matters. LawGeex allows
the users to store their contract review guidelines in digital playbooks and can store
multiple playbooks at a time. Then the contracts are reviewed as per the guidelines
given by you.

18
https://www.dfinsolutions.com/products/ebrevia/contract-management
19
https://www.lawgeex.com/platform/managed-ai/

22
 CHAPTER 4 – PROS AND CONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN

THE LEGAL FIELD

Whether Artificial Intelligence is a blessing or a curse to the future of human

existence is an ongoing debate. The sole idea to create Artificial Intelligence was
to make the lives of humans simpler and uncomplicated. However, people are
skeptical and concerned regarding the impact of Artificial Intelligence on
employment and human resources.  It is plausible that AI in the near future will
replace jobs involving tedious repetitive basic problem-solving tasks. Nevertheless,
it will enable growth productivity by increasing efficiency and precision.
Furthermore, there is a wrong presumption that AI is a threat to the legal system
and will replace lawyers and judges but from past evidence and usages of AI, it is
obvious that it will enable lawyers and law firms to be more accurate, precise,
output focused. With integrated AI algorithms, drafting, e-discovery, legal
research, document mining, predicting case outcomes will become easier and
inexpensive. 
Every system has its pros and cons. Although the advantages of artificial
intelligence outweigh the disadvantages. Here are some of the advantages of AI in
the legal field:
 The first and foremost significance of artificial intelligence in the field of
law is that it saves a huge amount of time. AI can solve difficult and
complicated legal problems without any error within a very short span of
time, which is not possible in the case of humans.
 Machines work selflessly without any breaks. They are programmed to work
for long hours efficiently overcoming the drawback faced by humans who
need time to take a break and sleep to work in a well-organized, systematic

23
 manner. Thus, AI helps in increasing productivity as well as producing
higher-standard work.
 Lastly, human decisions are generally based on emotions. Emotions not only
affect the nature of the decision but also a greater time is taken to convey the
decision. On the other hand, machines resolve the matter rationally,
logically, and not emotionally. The non-existence of emotions and feelings
allows machines to make the right decisions in a short period.

But every system has its disadvantages. The under-mentioned points are some of
the cons that the system has:
 One of the chief disadvantages faced by machines is that it lacks originality,
creativity, and innovative skills. If machines are used instead of judges to
decide a case, they will give the judgments based on pre-determined cases,
which may not be applicable in all circumstances because each case differs
from the other in some way or the other20. 
 In the developing countries, technologies and machines are still outdated as
compared to the developed countries of the world and thus, they are still not
reliable.
 The most important reason for lawyers not to use AI is the risk of
unemployment.  Now that AI is getting more prevalent, there is a high
chance of large-scale unemployment.
 Another major disadvantage is that these complex machines incur huge
installation costs as well as maintenance and repair costs, which only a few
organizations can afford. Moreover, with the changes in the environment,
there is a continuous need for upgrading the software programs that also
require a huge fund.

20
Harry Surden, Machine Learning and Law, 89 Wash L. Rev, 87, 102-107 (2014).

24
 The legal personality of artificial intelligence is still not clear, as it is not
properly defined in any of the laws. The current legal framework does not
define whether the common laws apply to AI and machines.
 Whenever it comes to machines, the first thing that strikes our mind is data
security. The AI-powered machines must be designed in such a way that
client data remains secured and protected so that they are not misused.
However, in reality, there are various instances, where the personal
information of the clients has been exploited. 

25
 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

To sum up, Artificial Intelligence is no more a futuristic idea but a reality. The
world is on the point of transition to alter dramatically many sectors through
artificial intelligence and machine learning. There are already remarkable
deployments in education, healthcare, finance, transportation, security and
surveillance, and it is making impressive modifications in decision-making, risk
reduction, business patterns, and system performance. Besides all these, artificial
intelligence is also assisting lawyers and judges by reducing the time taken to
perform various tasks at numerous stages of the trial and decision-making process.
It becomes undeniable that by saving time in the trial and decision-making process
the number of pending cases in the courts of law would lessen. 
With the imminent rise of efficiency, productivity and sustainability, there comes a
myriad of socioeconomic, political, institutional challenges that must be
communicated to the inhabitants of the country so that they can utilize all the
benefits of AI for economic prosperity and growth. This shall ensure efficacious
justice to the masses. AI will enhance the way we think or perceive things and
change the outlook by exploring new horizons from space to oceans. It will bring a
revolution in mankind and can become the most powerful and dominant human
innovation in history. 
However, AI cannot be left unregulated and with the emergence of a large number
of AI there will also be requirements of governance for the same and more and
more legal grey areas. There are already dilemmas like copyrights for AI-generated
work, liability for actions taken based on AI-generated information etc. Even with
all these unpredictable challenges, the best way to deal with the unknown is to
embrace it.

26
27
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Other Authorities

. ROSS Success Story, at https://www.utoronto.ca/news/ai-success-story-u-t-s-ross-intelligence-

returns-toronto-open-new-research-headquarters......................................................................23
Alison Linn (2018) at https://blogs.microsoft.com/ai/microsoft-creates-ai-can-read-document-
answer-questions-well-person/..................................................................................................16
https://kirasystems.com/how-kira-works/......................................................................................24
https://lexmachina.com/media/press/lex-machina-wins-2019-artificial-intelligence-breakthrough-
award/........................................................................................................................................20
https://premonition.ai/legal_analytics/...........................................................................................20
https://www.appengine.ai/company/legalmation..........................................................................21
https://www.dfinsolutions.com/products/ebrevia/contract-management......................................24
https://www.lawgeex.com/platform/managed-ai/..........................................................................25

Books

Barkan, Steven M.; Bintliff, Barbara; Whisner, Mary. Fundamentals of Legal Research (10 ed.).
Foundation Press. p. 1. ISBN 1609300564................................................................................12
David Wilkinson (ed.) The Researcher’s Toolkit, Routledge, (2000) at pg. 2..............................12
Kurzweil, Ray 1999. The age of spiritual machines. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-88217-8.......11

Articles

Akash Manwani & Riddhi Pawar, Application of AI in Legal Practice: “locus stadi & AI”,
Artificial Intelligence, Law and Policy Implications, I Ed., (2020).........................................14
Ghazal Bhootra & Ishan Puranik, Arbi(traitors?): A case against AI Arbitrators, IALR 2022....15
Gunashekher Raj, Use of AI for legal services in India,CAM pioneers, 2017..............................17
Harry Surden, Machine Learning and Law, 89 Wash L. Rev, 87, 102-107 (2014)......................28
Katz Daniel Martin, A general approach for predicting the behavior of the Supreme Court of the
United States, 2017....................................................................................................................17

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Parth Jain, Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable and Effective Justice Delivery in India, 11
OIDA International Journal Of Sustainable Development, 63, 66-68 (2018)...........................21
Rob Toews (2019), Forbes, at https://www.forbes.com/sites/robtoews/2019/12/19/ai-will-
transform-the-field-of-law/?sh=662b5e8d7f01.........................................................................18
Susan L. Shin, How AI can Help You be a Better Litigator, New York Law Journal (2019)......20

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