Biophysics & Medical

Technology
Al Rassoul Al Aazam
Faculty of Health Sciences
 Chap.3

Cardiovascular System
Objective

The objective of this lecture is to provide:

 Components of Cardiovascular System

 Cardiac Cycle

 Cardiac Conduction System

 Cardiac cycle Phases (pressure/volume loop)

 Critical Stenosis

 Cardiac catheterization 3
Components of Cardiovascular System
Structures:

 Heart

 Blood Vessels

 Blood

Functions:

 Transfer needed materials, such as oxygen, and

nutrients to the cells of the body.

 Remove waste products, such as carbon dioxide,

from the cells.

 Fighting diseases by transporting white blood cells

throughout the body
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 Maintenance of body temperature 4

 Blood
Blood performs the function of transportation of nutrients and oxygen
from the heart to cells and vice-versa.

Blood comprises of four components.

 Red blood cells : Transportation
of oxygen in the body.
 White blood cells : Provide
immunity by fighting infections
 Platelets : Help Blood clot
 Plasma : It is the fluid minus
blood cells or simply the
component that gives fluidity to
blood. 5
 Blood Vessels

Blood Vessels : A closed network of tubes, these includes:

• Arteries

• Capillaries

• Veins
Blood Vessels

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How blood regulate our body temperature?

A High Temperature:
Blood vessels tend to enlarge. This process is known as vasodilation.
This enables the body to release heat to the temperature and prevents
overheating.

A cold environment:
Blood vessels near the surface of the skin contracts. This is called
vasoconstriction and takes the blood away from the skin to prevent the
loss of heat.

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Heart

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Heart

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 Heart
The heart is one of the most important organs in the human being because it is the
organ which pumps blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.

1st Blood is pumping to the lungs & return to the heart

2nd Blood is pumping to respiring organs &back to heart again

1.Deoxygenated blood 2. The blood receives

is pumped from the oxygen and is pumped
heart to the lungs back to the heart

4.the oxygen leaves 3. The oxygenated blood is

the blood to be used then pumped to the rest
for respiration in the body
body and the blood
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goes back to the heart
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Cardiac Cycle

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Cardiac Cycle

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Cardiac Conduction System

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Cardiac Conduction System

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Cardiac cycle Phases (pressure/volume loop)
A plot of a system's pressure versus volume used to measure the work
done by the heart and its efficiency .
Left Ventricular (LV) volume is graphed on the horizontal axis, with
pressure on the vertical axis.

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 Cardiac cycle Phases (pressure/volume loop)

A = Normal C = Aortic stenosis

B = Mitral stenosis D = mitral regurgitation (chronic)

E = aortic regurgitation (chronic)

Mitral/aortic regurgitation is leakage of blood backward through the mitral/aortic valve

each time the left ventricle contracts/relaxes.
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 Blood pressure / Heart rate

Blood pressure :
The contraction of the heart pushes the blood towards the blood
vessels and creates pressure. Blood pressure consists of two values
Systolic: Constriction of heart (maximum pressure)
Diastolic: Relaxation of the heart (minimum pressure)

Heart rate :
It is the number of times our heart beat in a minute, or you can say
the number of times the ventricles pumps out blood. The average rate
of heartbeat is 70 per minute.

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 Stroke Volume/ Ejection Fraction

Stroke Volume :
It is the amount of blood our heart pumps out of the ventricles every
time it contracts. Stroke volume is 70 ml when you are resting.

Ejection fraction (EF):

EF calculates the percentage of blood pulsed by the heart relative to
the amount of blood it contains. Most often, the ejection fraction of
the left ventricle of the heart is measured.

𝑺𝑺
𝑬𝑬 % = × 𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝑬𝑬𝑬

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 Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO) is a measurement of the volume of blood being

pumped by the heart, in particular by the left or right ventricle, per
unit time.
𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 = 𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇𝐇 𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫 × 𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒𝐒 𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯𝐯
The mean CO is 5.25 L/min, with a range of 4.0–8.0 L/min.

Factors influencing CO

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Stenosis

Stenosis can refer to an abnormal narrowing of an artery. Stenosis

can also refer to a reduced cross-sectional area of a heart valve
when it opens.

Narrowing of an artery that results in a significant reduction in blood

flow.

Clinically, a critical stenosis typically is thought of in terms of a 60-

75% reduction in the diameter of the large distributing artery.

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Angiography

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Angioplasty

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Angioplasty :Stent

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Aneurysms

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Aneurysm : Endovascular Repair

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Aneurysm : Endovascular Repair

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PTCA

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