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STUDENT DECLARATION
Plagiarism
Plagiarism is a particular form of cheating. Plagiarism must be avoided at all costs and students who break the rules, however
innocently, may be penalised. It is your responsibility to ensure that you understand correct referencing practices. As a university
level student, you are expected to use appropriate references throughout and keep carefully detailed notes of all your sources of
materials for material you have used in your work, including any material downloaded from the Internet. Please consult the
relevant unit lecturer or your course tutor if you need any further advice.
Student Declaration
Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand
that making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Also, I acknowledge that I have received the feedback about my work from the assessor.
FORMATIVE FEEDBACK
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Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria:
Learning Outcome Pass Merit Distinction
LO1 understand the P1 Explain the purpose of
current engineering passive restraint systems.
technologies as P2 Describe the basic
related to seat belt operation of passive seat M1 Compare
D1 Evaluate the state,
and belt systems. difference between
repair, and service
seat belt active and passive
P3 Describe the purpose and passive belt systems.
pretensioners. including restraint systems.
operation of seat belt
functions, components, pretensioners.
and method of
operation.
P4 Describe the function M2 Explain in detail the D2 Diagnose and service
and operation of air bags. sequence of events that an air bag system.
LO2 understand the occur during air bag
P5 Identify the major parts of
current engineering deployment.
a typical air bag system.
technologies as related
to air bags including P6 List and describe the
functions, components, operation of the different
types of air bag system
and method of
sensors.
operation.
P7 Describe the f unction of
the clock spring.
Scenario
Suppose you are a technician for a car service, and you are required to inspect the
seat belt and the airbag of a car. After that you are required to write a technical
report including the following tasks:
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Task No.01
Write a technical report for the following tests:
1. Explain the purpose of passive restraint systems.
2. Decide if the seat belt is active or passive system with explanation of the
difference between the two systems.
3. Check the pretensioner and classify its type (describe the purpose and
operation of each type).
4. Evaluate the condition of the seatbelt and suggest the required repair and
service.
5. Diagnose the air bag and identify the expected error for each part of the air
bag system for this car. List the types of the air bag sensors for this car.Check
the clock spring and describe the function of it.
6. Explain in detail the sequence of events that occur during air bag deployment.
Sources of information
• Class handouts.
• Daniel J. Inman, “Engineering Vibration”, Fourth Edition, 2014.
• J. Y. Wong, “Theory of Ground Vehicles”, Third Edition”, 2001.
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There are only two major passive restraint systems: air bags and
automatic belts, when used properly, both passive restraint systems are quite effective in reducing the risk of
death and serious injury.
Examples are: Automatic Seatbelt, airbag &ABS
The function of Seat belts The function of seat belts is to restrain the occupants of a vehicle in their seats when the
vehicle impacts against an obstacle. In this way, the occupants are already involved at an early stage in the deceleration
of the vehicle during an impact
The function airbag is to slow the passenger’s speed to zero with little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work
within are huge. The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of
a second to work with.
The active belt is manually fastened and should be worn with the passive belt. Most vehicles have two active belts. One
is a lap belt that goes across the occupant’s lap; the other is a shoulder belt that goes across the shoulder and chest. The
two belts join together at a single point where they are inserted into a buckle anchored to the vehicle’s floor.
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The purpose and operation of seat belt pretensioners
When unbuckled, seat belts are stowed away by the seat belt retractors. The retractors may also work as pretensioners
to take up the belt’s slack during an accident to limit the forward movement of the occupant’s body. Inertia lock
retractors prevent the belt from coming out of the retractor when there is a sudden pull on the belt. Some vehicles have
electric or pyrotechnic-type pretensioners. Both of these are designed to quickly tighten the belt at the start of a crash.
Operating pretensioners.
Types of pretensioners
Mechanical Tensioner: The mechanical tensioner is the least common of the Shoulder-belt pretensioner
three technologies. It is connected to the belt by a very powerful spring, which is compressed and latched in place. In the
case of an immediate acceleration/deceleration, the latch is unlocked and the spring is released, tightening the seat belt.
The disadvantage to this particular technology is that very common actions can activate the pretensioner, such as
putting on the seat belt quickly. It is also usually very difficult if not impossible to reset, meaning you would most likely
need to replace it after it is activated.
Electrical Tensioner: Before the introduction of the pyrotechnic version, the electrical tensioner was the preferred
option. Connected to the ECU, the pretensioner receives a signal from the accelerometer, sometimes the same sensor
used for the airbag deployment system. When this sensor detects a sudden deceleration, it sends a signal which triggers
a motor to quickly retract and tighten the belt. Because this technology is linked to a sensor somewhere else in the car,
it does not have the problem of accidental triggering that the mechanical version does. Also, this type is the popular
choice to use when the pretensioner is activated during an evasive maneuver due to its ability to be reused multiple
times.
Pyrotechnic Tensioner: Currently, the pyrotechnic pretensioner is the most common version found in modern cars. This
is because they are considered the most reliable of the three. The pyrotechnic tensioner is also connected to the ECU,
and uses an accelerometer found elsewhere in the vehicle. When it receives an electric pulse, an explosive charge is
used to set off a gas generator. The volume of gas applies pressure to a mechanical linkage with pulls on the seat belt.
The benefit of this technology is that it is currently the fastest option. However, the downside of this one is that it is a
one-time use, meaning it needs to be replaced after it is activated.
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Webbing Inspection
Collision forces center on these locations (the buckle, D-ring, and retractor) and
can weaken the belt. Signs of damage at these points require belt replacement.
Check for twisted webbing due to improper alignment when connecting the
buckle. Fully extend the webbing from the retractor. Inspect the webbing and
replace it with a new assembly if the following conditions are noted (following
figure): cut or damaged webbing, broken or pulled threads, cut loops at the belt
edge, color fading as a result of exposure to sun or chemical agents, or bowed
webbing. If the webbing cannot be pulled out of the retractor or will not retract
to the stowed position, check for the following conditions and clean or correct
as necessary: webbing soiled with gum, syrup, grease, or other material;
twisted webbing; or the retractor or loop on the B-pillar out of position.
Retractor Inspection
Retractors for lap belts should lock automatically once the belt is fully out. Either webbing-sensitive or vehicle-sensitive
seat belt retractors are used with passive seat belt systems. Webbing-sensitive retractors can be tested by grasping the
seat belt and jerking it. The retractor should lock up; if it does not, replace the seat belt retractor.
Vehicle-sensitive belt retractors will not lock up using the same procedure. To test these belts, a braking test is required.
Perform this test in a safe place. A helper is required to check the retractors on the passenger side and in the back if the
vehicle is equipped with rear lap/shoulder belts. Test each belt by driving the car at 5 to 8 mph and quickly applying the
brakes. If a belt does not lock up, replace the seat belt assembly. During this test, it is important for the driver and helper
to brace themselves in the event the retractor does not lock up.
Airbags
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The objective of an airbag is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with
little or no damage. The constraints that it has to work within are huge.
The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or
dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with.
The airbag system ignites a solid propellant, which burns extremely rapidly to create a
large volume of gas to inflate the bag. The whole process happens in just 1/25 of a
second. After a second, the gas in the bag begins to dissipate through tiny holes so that
the person can move.
The front airbags are only activated by frontal hits in determined area.
Spiral cable
In order to maintain the connections between the central control unit
and the inflation system is used a rotary contact. This rotary contact is
not more than 2 circular elements that rotates between them, housing a
cable in a ribbon shape. This permits that the steering wheel rotates the
maximum to the both sides without breaking the connection
• The bag – is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or
dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door;
• The sensor – the device that gives the order to the inflation;
• The inflation system – A reaction between sodium aside and potassium nitrate produces
nitrogen gas. This gas will inflate the airbag .
Airbags Sensors
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1- Passenger detection sensor: The picture at the right side represents a
sensor that detects the presence of a person on the seat. This can be used
to decide whether the passenger airbag actuates or not in case of
accident.
2-Frontal sensors: These sensors are located at the front of the vehicle, one on each side
of the radiator. Each sensor has a accelerometer that detects a quick variation of speed,
and that sends a signal to the ACU for the frontal airbags deployment. If the force of
deceleration is bigger than the one stored in the ACU, the deployment occurs.
3- Side sensors: These sensors are normally located at doors of the vehicle. In the case of an
side accident the sensor sends a signal that activates the airbags. This is an deformation type
of system.
In the case of sensors based on acceleration measures, the best location is at the seat cross
member, near to the sill.
4- Seat position sensor: This sensor is located under the seat; it uses the seat rail to calculate
and inform the ACU about the position of the seat (closer or further away from the steering
wheel). In this way, the ACU calculates the best inflation rate of the airbag.
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Front airbags deployment conditions
The ACU is constituted by an electrical and mechanic acceleration sensor, a supply module, and a
microprocessor.
In the most cases, the deployment exists when a signal from the front airbag sensor is sent to the
ACU and is confirmed by the two sensors (electrical and mechanic) of the own ACU Figure 27 –
Deployment conditions to the front seats
If, in any case, the front seat side airbag is deployed, the curtain airbag will also be deployed even if the door sensor
don’t send a signal to the ACU.
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Airbags activation time sequence
Moment (milliseconds) Occurrence
0 The collision occurs
30 The bag begins to fill, causing it to exit from under the
cover of the steering wheel, while the driver begins to
be thrown forward
40 The passenger airbag begins to fill
45 The driver has moved about 12 cm forward; however,
the belt slowed the movement of the body, absorbing
some of their energy
50 The driver’s airbag is completely full.
60 The passenger’s airbag is also completely full
90 The airbag receives the impact of the head and chest
of the driver
100 The airbag receives the impact of the head and chest
of the passenger
140 Both airbags are empty and the driver and passenger
returned to their initial positions (leaning on the seats
Flash Codes On vehicles that display codes with the warning light or on the digital instrument panel, make sure you
follow the procedure prescribed by the manufacturer to retrieve the codes. Normally a jumper wire is connected across
two terminals in the DLC with the ignition switch on. Make sure the wire is connected correctly and does not contact
other pins in the connector. Once the jumper is in place, observe the action of the SRS warning lamp. Count the blinks
and refer to the manufacturer’s code table to interpret the code. If there is more than one stored DTC, the second code
will flash shortly after the first code is displayed. In most cases, the codes will be erased when the ignition is turned off
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Scan Tool DTC Retrieval
To retrieve codes, connect the scan
tool (in the following Figure) to the DLC and turn the ignition on. Follow the instructions
for the scan tool to retrieve air bag information. Record all stored and active codes.
Diagnose the cause of the codes in order, from the lowest number to the highest.
Stored codes can be erased with the scan tool but active codes will only be erased
when the problem is corrected. Once the codes are retrieved, refer to the
manufacturer’s information to identify the steps for isolating and correcting the
problem.
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Higher Nationals -
Summative Assignment
Feedback Form
Student Name Student ID
Unit Title
Assignment Number(x of Assignment Title
y)
Assessor Summative Feedback: Feedback should be against the learning outcomes and assessment criteria to
help students understand how these inform the process of judging the overall grade. *should be constructive and useful
including:
- Feedback should give full guidance to the students on how they have met the learning outcomes and assessment criteria
a) Strengths of performance
b) Limitations of performance
* Please note that grade decisions are provisional. They are only confirmed once internal and external moderation has taken place
and grades decisions have been agreed at the assessment board.
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