Technical Report Writing 1

Lecture 2

Dr. Dina Gaber Zanaty

PhD in Applied Linguistics
1
 Questions
1 - Communication methods mainly have two parts, a sender and a
…………….. .
a. goal
b. proposal
c. article
d. recipient

2
 Questions
1 - Communication methods mainly have two parts, a sender and a
…………….. .
a. goal
b. proposal
c. article
d. recipient

3
 Questions
2. Technical report or a scientific report is a ……………… that describes
the process, progress or results of a scientific research.
a. prescription
b. translation
c. document
d. reference

4
 Questions
2. Technical report or a scientific report is a ……………… that describes
the process, progress or results of a scientific research.
a. prescription
b. translation
c. document
d. reference

5
 Questions
3- “Jargon” is the use of specific phrases and words in a particular
profession, these phrases are used to convey ………………. .

a. clear meanings
b. practical meanings
c. inaccurate meanings
d. hidden meanings

6
 Questions
3- “Jargon” is the use of specific phrases and words in a particular
profession, these phrases are used to convey ………………. .

a. clear meanings
b. practical meanings
c. inaccurate meanings
d. hidden meanings

7
 Questions
4. the fifth component of a scientific report is ………………… .

a. abstract
b. discussion
c. results
d. conclusion

8
 Questions
4. The fifth component of a scientific report is ………………… .

a. abstract
b. discussion
c. results
d. conclusion

9
 Questions
5- “Abstract” always comes first and contains ………………… of the study
or the research.

a. general ideas and key information

b. references
c. literature review
d. citations

10
 Questions
5- “Abstract” always comes first and contains ………………… of the study
or the research.

a. general ideas and key information

b. references
c. literature review
d. citations

11
 Questions
6. The main function of the “introduction” is to ……………… of the
research.

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. explain how date was gathered and analyzed
d. visually and textually represent research findings

12
 Questions
6. The main function of the “introduction” is to ……………… of the
research.

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. explain how date was gathered and analyzed
d. visually and textually represent research findings

13
 Questions
7. The main function of the “Literature Review” is to ………………. .

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. explain how date was gathered and analyzed
d. visually and textually represent research findings

14
 Questions
7. The main function of the “Literature Review” is to ………………. .

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. explain how date was gathered and analyzed
d. visually and textually represent research findings

15
 Questions

8- …………………. explains how data was gathered, generated and

analyzed.

a. Literature Review
b. Conclusion
c. Methodology
d. Abstract

16
 Questions

8- …………………. explains how data was gathered, generated and

analyzed.

a. Literature Review
b. Conclusion
c. Methodology
d. Abstract

17
 Questions
9. The main function of “Results & Findings” in a scientific research is to
……………….. .

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. explain how date was gathered and analyzed
d. visually and textually represent research findings

18
 Questions
9. The main function of “Results & Findings” in a scientific research is to
……………….. .

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. explain how date was gathered and analyzed
d. visually and textually represent research findings

19
 Questions
10. The main function of a “Discussion” in a scientific research is to
……………… .

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. assess and comment on the research results
d. visually and textually represent research findings

20
 Questions
10. The main function of a “Discussion” in a scientific research is to
……………… .

a. explain in details the problem or the reason of a research

b. give an overview of the theoretical background.
c. assess and comment on the research results
d. visually and textually represent research findings

21
 Questions
11. The point which in not discussed in the conclusion & summary is
……………….. .

a. key information of the research

b. possible applications
c. weaknesses and shortcomings of the study
d. recommendations

22
 Questions
11. The point which in not discussed in the conclusion & summary is
……………….. .

a. key information of the research

b. possible applications
c. weaknesses and shortcomings of the study
d. recommendations

23
 Questions
12. The main benefit of “references & citation” in a scientific research is
to avoid ………………… .

a. publishing
b. research
c. plagiarism
d. quoting

24
 Questions
12. The main benefit of “references & citation” in a scientific research is
to avoid ………………… .

a. publishing
b. research
c. plagiarism
d. quoting

25
 Questions
13. “References and citing” are important because ……………….. .

a. shows your results in the experiment

b. demonstrates your methodology as a researcher
c. shows your credibility as a researcher
d. shows your assessment for the experiment

26
 Questions
13. “References and citing” are important because ……………….. .

a. shows your results in the experiment

b. demonstrates your methodology as a researcher
c. shows your credibility as a researcher
d. shows your assessment for the experiment

27
 Questions
14. Plagiarism is an act of fraud, it is the practice of ……………….. of
copyrights.

a. academic writing
b. infringement
c. research
d. borrowing

28
 Questions
14. Plagiarism is an act of fraud, it is the practice of ……………….. of
copyrights.

a. academic writing
b. infringement
c. research
d. borrowing

29
 Questions
15. The main function of headings and subheadings is a research is to
……………….. .

a. mislead the readers’ attention

b. distract the readers’ attention
c. convert readers’ attention
d. guide readers’ attention

30
 Questions
15. The main function of headings and subheadings is a research is to
……………….. .

a. mislead the readers’ attention

b. distract the readers’ attention
c. convert readers’ attention
d. guide readers’ attention

31
 What is a “technical report”
or a “scientific report”?
• A technical report (also a scientific report) is a
document that describes the process, progress,
or results of technical or scientific research or
the state of a technical or scientific research
problem. It also includes recommendations and
conclusions of the research.

32
Report Format & Components

33
Cover/Title Page

34
 Logo
Name of Organization

Title of Report

Author(s) Name(s)

Requested by..
Submitted to..

Date of Submission
35
 Faculty of Oral & Dental Medicine
Delta University

Dental Anatomy and its Relevance to Dentistry

By
Dental Anatomy Team

Requested by & Submitted to

Dental Anatomy Department

December 21st, 2019

36
 Report Format and Organization
Reports generally include these sections in this order:

1. –Abstract (general ideas)

2. –Introduction
3. –Literature Review
4. –Methodology
5. –Results & findings
6. –Discussion
7. –Conclusion & Summary
8. –References & Citation

37
 1. Abstract

–Always comes first and contains general ideas of the study or the research.
–contains key info from each section
A- Contains essential information only, so it should be brief.
B- Gives the research problems/ questions.
C- Provides main objective (goals & aims) of the research.
D- Indicates the methodology used.
E- Presents the main findings and conclusions.

38
 1. Abstract
A- essential information and background
This study (study, research),
examines the role of...
explores why...
investigates the effects of...
assesses the impact of...on...

39
 1. Abstract
B- research problems (questions) and hypotheses
• This study (research)...is motivated by two questions:
(1) [Insert research question one]?
(2) [Insert research question two]?

40
 1. Abstract
C- main objectives/ aims/ goals

• This study (research)...has three goals: (1), (2), and (3).

41
 1. Abstract
D- methodology

• A laboratory experiment and a field study was used to to test our

hypotheses.
• Using data from laboratory research….

42
 1. Abstract
E- findings and conclusions
The findings from the research...
• illustrate how...
• show that the impact of …
• predicted, the...

43
 Question
Determine which part of a report is the following
paragraph and analyze its components?
This study examines the process of chewing in human beings. Humans spend more
than third of their lives eating and chewing. The research is motivated by two
questions. The first is: How to understand the basics of dental anatomy? And the
second is: What are the effects dental problems can have on the overall health and
welfare? The main goal of this paper is to give an overview of dental anatomy,
discuss the most common problems occur with the teeth and provide a guide to
identify the problems that may need dental attention. Using data from previous
and recent laboratory researches, the results have been selected and gathered. The
findings from the research illustrate how mastication process differs from one to
44
another.
 Question
Determine which part of a report is the following
paragraph and analyze its components?
Essential information and background

This study examines the process of mastication in human beings. Humans spend more
than third of their lives eating and mastication.

The research is motivated by two questions. The first is: How to understand Research
problem and
the basics of dental anatomy? And the second is: What are the effects dental questions

problems can have on the overall health and welfare?

Aims
The main goal of this paper is to give an overview of dental anatomy, discuss and
goals
the most common problems occur with the teeth and provide a guide to
identify the problems that may need dental attention.

45
methodology

Using data from previous and recent laboratory researches, the results
have been selected and gathered. The findings from the research
illustrate how mastication process differs from one to another.
Findings and conclusions

46
 Answer
This part belongs to an abstract from a scientific report.
It has 5 components as follows:
• 1. essential information and background
Starts from (This study examines the process .....) to (their lives eating and
chewing.)
• 2. Research problem and hypotheses/ questions
Starts from (The research is motivated by two questions….) to (on the overall
health and welfare?)
• 3. aims and goals
Starts from (The main goal of this paper is to give an overview….) to (a guide to
identify the problems that may need dental attention.)
• 4. Methodology
Starts from (Using data from previous ….) to (selected and gathered).
• 5. findings and conclusion
47
Starts from (The findings from….)
 2. Introduction
–Explains in details the problem/ question of a (research, study,
patient case, etc..) and its context.

A- Explains the importance of the problem/ question (Why does it

matter? Why is more information needed?)

B- Explains reason and goals for the research or the study.

48
 2. Introduction
A- Importance of the problem
• X is the main / common / leading / primary / major cause of…

49
 2. Introduction
B- Reasons and Goals of the paper

• This paper examines / investigates / focuses / discusses / evaluates / analyzes

/ outlines ….

50
Importance of the problem
Example
Dental caries is the most common chronic childhood disease and an
infectious disease that leads to demineralization and destruction of the
tooth structure.

The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of S. mutans and
S. sobrinus in saliva of children with different caries activity and ability
to form biofilm and acid susceptibility of these microorganisms. Reasons
and goals

51
 3. Literature Review
(Historical/ Theoretical Background)
• A literature review is giving an overview of the information found in
the literature (theoretical background) related to your selected area
of study.
• Literature review should describe, summarize, and clarify this theory.
1. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the
author) determine the nature of your research.
2. It describes how the literature/theory has contributed to your area
of research.
3. It summarizes the strengths and weaknesses of previous studies.
4. It clarifies how the literature is related to your own research and
understanding of the research problem.
52
 3. Literature Review
(Historical Background)
• Previous research (previous studies, or prior studies)... <Ref = (Hong,
2009)>
Indicated that...
offered a descriptive account of...
shown that...
demonstrated…
proved…
Investigated…
• Literature on [……] has focused almost exclusively on... <Ref>
• In his analysis, X has questioned the importance of … <Ref>
53
 Theoretical base
Example
Previous researches on Mutans streptococci prove they are of special interest in carcinogenesis. They are
a group of bacterial species characterized by their ability to produce extracellular glucans from sucrose
and by their acid production in animal and human studies, (Hong, 2009).

Hong (2009) found that frequency of S. mutans is positively related to the presence of dental caries and determination of
salivary level of S. mutans can be used for prediction of childhood caries.

Previous
contribution
As shown in several studies, the frequency of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in saliva of caries-active children is
more than caries-free children which is considered a point of weakness. However the cure is revealed which is
considered a point of strength.
Points of strengths and weakness of previous
researches

The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of S. mutans and S. sobrinus in saliva of children
with different caries activity and to assess the acid susceptibility and the ability to form biofilm of the
aforementioned microorganisms in preschool children in Babol, Iran.

Clarification of how theory is

54
related to your research
 4. Methodology
–Explains how data was gathered/generated/ analyzed

–It should be in the past tense and passive voice

ex: The research has been carried out to clarify….

55
 4. Methodology
• The (study – analysis – experiment) was performed / held to
identify..
understand..
investigate..
study..
analyze..
verify..
determine..
• The samples were collected…

56
 Example

This analytical case-control study was performed on 83 preschool

children, 4-6 years old. Children were divided into two groups
including 41 caries-active and 42 caries-free children. Non-stimulated
saliva samples were collected and culture and polymerase chain
reaction techniques were used. Statistical analysis was performed
using t-test, Chi-square, ANOVA, and Kappa tests.

57
Assignment

58
 Questions
1- Analyze the components of the following sample abstract and mention
any missing components needed.
The differences in communication styles between men and women has been
a topic of interest in the research world for many years. These differences
may lead to miscommunication, conflict, and even dissatisfaction between
couples. This study analyzes the communication styles among genders, more
specifically among married couples. It questions how differences in
communication styles between married couples married five years or less
affect marital satisfaction. The study will be conducted through the use of an
interaction analysis. Its goal is to increase the amount of knowledge
regarding effective communication and how it relates to marital satisfaction
in order to ultimately aid in the rise of marital satisfaction and the decrease
of the divorce rate in the United States.
59