ROM Stabilize or support femur with one hand and othe hand

to align the goniometer.

Hip flexion
Alternate position: Side-lying (leg being tested in the
upper).HIP Internal Rotation and External Rotation 0-45

Px supine

Normal values: 120 to 140

End feel: Firm (I-perform mo muna yung walang gonio

for EF assessment)
Fulcrum - lateral aspect of hip joint (greater trochanter
of femur)
Proximal - lateral midline of pelvis
Distal - lateral midline of femur (lateral epicondyle)
PT: Flex the hip by lifting the thigh off the table. Allow
the knee to flex passively during the motion to reduce
tension in the hamstring muscles. Stabilize ipsilateral
pelvis with one hand to prevent posterior tilting or
rotation. One hand to align the goniometer.
Hip extension
Patient: sitting with hips and knees flexed at 90 degrees
PT: Stabilize distal femur. Ask the px to ACTIVELY move
the foot outward (HIP IR) or inward (HIP ER) to get the
ACTIVE ROM, then proceed to passive ROM by moving
the distal tibia
Fulcrum: Anterior surface of patella
Stationary arm: perpendicular to the floor
Moving arm: Over the anterior midline of the lower leg
End feel: Firm due to joint capsule and ligamentous
tension
HIP Abduction 0-40

Patient: supine position, with knees extended and hips

Px prone in 0 degrees of flexion, extension, and rotation.
Normal values: 18 to 30
PT: Stabilize ILIAC CREST. Abduct the hip by moving the
End feel: Firm (I-perform mo muna yung walang gonio lower extremity laterally
for EF assessment)
Fulcrum: over the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of
Fulcrum - lateral aspect of hip joint (greater trochanter
the extremity being measured.
of femur)
Stationary arm: imaginary horizontal line extending
Proximal - lateral midline of pelvis from one ASIS to the other
Moving arm anterior midline of the femur
Distal - lateral midline of femur (lateral epicondyle) End feel: Firm due to joint capsule and ligamentous
tension
Extend the hip by raising the lower extremity from the
table. An assistant could help support the thigh at the
end of the motion, making it easier for the examiner to
align the goniometer and take the measurement.

HIP Adduction 0-20
Patient: supine position, with knees extended and hips
in 0 degrees of flexion, extension, and rotation.
PT: Stabilize ipsilateral pelvis. Adduct the hip by moving
the lower extremity medially
Fulcrum: over the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) of
the extremity being measured.
Stationary arm: imaginary horizontal line extending
from one ASIS to the other
Moving arm anterior midline of the femur
End feel: Firm due to joint capsule and ligamentous
tension
MMT
Elevation of the Pelvis (external oblique, internal
oblique and quadratus lumborum)
Patient : Supine or prone. (Gr 3-5)
PT: Stand on the side of the patient at foot level.
Instruct px to hike their hip. (gr3) Apply resistance by
pulling on the limb (maximum and moderate) (Gr4-5)
Patient: Prone. (Gr2)
PT: Stand at side of test limb at knee level. Push on the
limb towards head to hike the pelvis. One hand
supports the limb under the ankle. The other supports
the pelvis by holding on the distal femur. (Gr2)
PT: Stand on side of test limb. One hand supports the
limb under the ankle. The other hand palpates for the
quadratus lumborum (gr1-0)
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: Palpable contraction, no limb movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
Hip flexion (psoas major and iliacus)
Patient : Short sitting with thighs fully supperted on
table and legs hanging over the table. (Gr 3-5)
PT: Stand next to the limb to be tested. Instruct px to
flex their hip. (gr3) Patient flexes hip to end of range,
clearing the table and maintaining neutral rotation,
holding that position against the examiner's resistance,
which is given in a downward direction toward the
floor. Instructions to Patient: "Lift your leg off the table
and don't let me push it down." (Gr3-5)

Patient: Side-lying with limb to be tested uppermost.
Trunk in neutral aligment. Lower limb may be flexed for
stability. (Gr2)
PT: Stand behind the patient. Cradle test limb in one
arm with hand support under the knee. Opposite hand
maintains trunk alignment at hip. “Bring your knee up
toward your chest." (Gr2)
Patient: Supine. Test limb supported by examiner under
calf with hand behind knee
PT: Standing at side of limb to be tested. Test limb is
supported under calf with hand behind knee. Free hand
palpates the muscle just distal to the inguinal ligament
on the medial side of the sartorius. "Try to bring your
knee up to your nose." (gr1-0)
Note: Use of the sartorius will result in external rotation and abduction of
the hip. The sartorius, because it is superficial, will be seen and can be
palpated in most limbs. If the tensor fasciae latae substitutes for the hip
flexors, internal rotation and abduction of the hip will result. If, however,
the patient is tested in the supine position, gravity will cause the limb to
externally rotate. The tensor may be seen and palpated at its origin on the
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: Palpable contraction, no limb movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
Hip flexion, abduction, and external rotation with knee
flexion (sartorius)
Patient : Short sitting with thighs supported on table
and legs hanging over side. Arms may be used for
support. (Gr 3-5)
PT: Standing lateral to the leg to be tested. Place one
hand on the lateral side of knee; the other hand grasps
the medial-anterior surface of the distal leg. (gr3) Hand
at knee resists hip flexion and abduction (down and
inward direction) in the Grade 5 and 4 tests. Hand at the
ankle resists hip external rotation and knee flexion (up
and outward) (Gr4-5) Hand at knee resists hip flexion
and abduction (down and inward direction) in the Grade
5 and 4 tests. Hand at the ankle resists hip external
rotation and knee flexion (up and outward)
Patient: Supine. Heel of limb to be tested is placed on
contralateral shin (Gr2)
PT:Standing at side of limb to be tested. Support limb as
necessary to maintain alignment."Slide your heel up to
your knee." (Gr2)
PT: of Therapist: Standing on side to be tested. Cradle
test limb under calf with hand supporting limb behind
knee. Opposite hand palpates sartorius on medial side
of thigh where the muscle crosses the femur. "Try to
slide your heel up to your knee." (gr1-0)
Note: Substitution by the iliopsoas or the rectus femoris
results in pure hip flexion without abduction and
external rotation. Never grasp the belly of a muscle
(the calf in this instance) during Poor and Trace tests.
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: Palpable contraction, no limb movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
Hip Extension (gluteus maximus and hamstrings)
Aggregate of All Hip Extensor
Patient : Prone. Arms may be overhead or abducted to
hold sides of table.(Gr 3-5)
PT: Stand at side of test limb at pelvis level. One hand
on posterior leg above ankle nad the other stabilizes the
pelvis alignment of posterior superior spine of the ilium.
This is the most demanding test because the lever arm
is longest. "Lift your leg off the table as high as you can
without bending your knee." (Gr4-5)
Alternate Position: The hand that gives resistance is
placed on the posterior thigh just above the knee. This
is a less demanding test.
Patient: Side-lying with test limb uppermost. Knee
straight and supported by examiner. Lowermost limb is
flexed for stability. (Gr2)
PT: Stand behind px at thigh level. supports test limb
just below the knee, cradling the leg. Opposite hand is
placed over the pelvic crest to maintain pelvic and hip
alignment."Bring your leg back toward me. Keep your
knee straight." (Gr2)
Patient: Prone
PT: Stand on side at level of hips. Palpate hamstrings at
ischial tuberosity. Palpate the gluteus maximus with
deep finger pressure over the center of the buttocks
and also over the upper and lower fibers. "Try to lift
your leg from the table." OR "Squeeze your buttocks
together." (gr1-0)
Note: If there is a hip flexion contracture, immediately
go to the test described for hip extension modified for
hip flexion tightness
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: Palpable contraction, no limb movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
Hip Abduction (gluteus medius and gluteus minimus)
Patient : Side-lying with test leg uppermost. Start test
with the limb slightly extended beyond the midline and
the pelvis rotated slightly forward. Lowermost leg is
flexed for stability. (Gr 3-5)
PT: Standing behind patient. Hand used to give
resistance is contoured across the lateral surface of the
knee. The hand used to palpate the gluteus medius is
just proximal to the greater trochanter of the femur. To
distinguish a Grade 5 from a Grade 4 result, first apply
resistance at the ankle and then at the knee. "Lift your
leg up in the air. Hold it. Don't let me push it down."
(Gr4-5)
Patient: Supine. (Gr2)
PT: Standing on side of limb being tested. One hand
supports and lifts the limb by holding it under the ankle.
The other hand palpates the gluteus medius just
proximal to the greater trochanter of the femur. "Bring
your leg out to the side. Keep your kneecap pointing to
the ceiling." (Gr2)
PT: Stand on side of test limb at level of thigh. One hand
supports the limb under the ankle just above the
malleoli. The hand should provide neither resistance nor
assistance to movement. Palpate the gluteus medius on
the lateral aspect of the hip just above the greater
trochanter. "Try to bring your leg out to the side." (gr1-
0)
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: Palpable contraction, no limb movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
Hip Abduction from flexed position (tensor fasciae
latae)
Patient : Side-lying with test leg uppermost test limb
flexed to 45 degrees and lies across the lowermost limb
with foot resting on the table. (Gr 3)
PT: Standing behind patient at level of pelvis. Hand for
resistance is placed on lateral surface of the thigh just
above the knee. Hand providing stabilization is placed
on the crest of the ilium. "Lift your leg and hold it. Don't
let me push it down." (Gr4-5)
Patient: Patient is in long-sitting position, supporting
trunk with hands placed behind body on table. Trunk
may lean backward up to 45° from vertical. (Gr2)
PT: Standing on side of limb being tested. One hand
supports the limb under the ankle. The other hand
palpates the tensor fasciae latae on the proximal
anterolateral thigh where it inserts into the iliotibial
band. "Bring your leg out to the side." (Gr2)
PT: Stand on side of test limb at level of thigh. One hand
palpates the insertion of the tensor at the lateral aspect
of the knee. The other hand palpates the tensor on the
anterolateral thigh."Try to move your leg out to the
side." (gr1-0)
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: Palpable contraction, no limb movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
Hip Adduction (Adductors magnus, brevis, and longus;
Pectineus and Gracilis)
Patient : Side-lying with test limb (lowermost) resting
on the table. (Gr 3-5)
PT: Stand behind patient at knee level. Support
uppermost limb (non-test limb) in 25° of abduction with
forearm, the hand supporting the limb on the medial
surface of the knee. “Lift your bottom leg up to your
top one. Don't let it drop”(gr3) “Lift your bottom leg up
to your top one. Hold it. Don't let me push it
down”(Gr4-5)
Patient: Supine. The non-test limb is positioned in
some abduction (Gr2-0)
PT: Stand at side of test limb at knee level. One hand
supports the ankle and elevates it slightly from the
table surface to decrease friction as the limb moves
across the table. “Bring your leg in toward the other
one.” (Gr2)
PT: Stand on side of test limb. One hand supports the
limb under the ankle. The other hand palpates the
Adductor mass on the proximal medial thigh. “Try to
bring your leg in.”(gr1-0)
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: Palpable contraction, no limb movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
HIP External Rotation (Obturator internus and externus,
Gemelli superior and inferior, Piriformis, Quadratus
femoris, Gluteus maximus [posterior])
Patient: Short sitting with thighs fully supported on
table and legs hanging over the edge. (Gr5-2)
PT: Sit on a low stool or kneel beside limb to be tested.
Ask the patient to turn the leg in (Gr 2-3). Place the
hand providing resistance on the medial aspect of the
ankle just above the malleolus. The other hand, which
will offer counter-pressure, is contoured over the lateral
aspect of the distal thigh just above the knee. “Don't
let me turn your leg out.”(Gr 4-5).
Patient: Supine with test limb placed in internal
rotation. (Gr1-0)
PT: Stand at side of limb to be tested. “Try to roll your
leg out.” (Gr1-0)
Note: The external rotator muscles, except for the
gluteus maximus, are not palpable
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: discernable Palpable contraction, no limb
movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
HIP Internal rotation (Glutei minimus and medius;
Tensor fasciae latae)
Patient: Short sitting with thighs fully supported on
table and legs hanging over the edge (Grade 2-5)
PT: Sit or kneel in front of patient. Ask the patient to
move leg out, away from the other leg while
maintaining hip stabilization. (Grade 2-3). Place the
hand providing resistance on the lateral surface of the
ankle just above the malleolus. The other hand, which
offers counter-pressure, is contoured over the medial
surface of the distal thigh just above the knee. Ask the
Px to move the leg inwards.
Patient: Patient supine with test limb placed in external
rotation.(Gr1-0)
PT: Stand next to test leg. Patient attempts to internally
rotate hip. One hand is used to palpate the gluteus
medius. other hand is used to palpate the
tensor fasciae latae. “Try to roll your leg in.”(Gr1-0)
Grade 5: against maximal resistance.
Grade 4: strong to moderate resistance.
Grade 3: Completes full range without resistance
Grade 2: full range with gravity minimized
Grade 1: discernable Palpable contraction, no limb
movement.
Grade 0: No palpable contraction.
ST
Gapping/ Distraction test
Patient: Supine
PT: applies crossed-arm pressure to the ASIS. PT pushes
down and out
(+)Sacroiliac joint dysfunction or sprain = Pain
Approximation test
Patient: Side-lying (Painful side up), hips flexed 45,
knees flexed 90 (pillow in between)
PT: Both hands on lateral aspect of ilium and apply firm
compressive force.
(+)Sacroiliac joint dysfunction = Pain, reproduction of
pain symptoms
Thigh Thrust test
thigh thrust
Patient: Supine, hips flexed 45, knees flexed 90 (pillow
in between)
PT:Hand over sacrum. Apply steady increasing pressure
through the axis of the femur, creating a shearing force
at the SIJ joint
(+)Sacroiliac joint dysfunction = Pain, reproduction of
pain symptoms
Thigh Thrust test
Patient: Supine, hips flexed 45, knees flexed 90 (pillow
in between)
PT:Hand over sacrum. Apply steady increasing pressure
through the axis of the femur, creating a shearing force
at the SIJ joint
(+)Sacroiliac joint dysfunction = Pain, reproduction of
pain symptoms
Sacral Thrust test
Patient: Prone
PT:Hand over apex of sacrum. Apply steady increasing
pressure downward through the apex of sacrum,
creating a shearing force at the SIJ joint
(+)Sacroiliac joint dysfunction = Pain, reproduction of
pain symptoms
Gillet test
Patient: Standing
PT: R thumb on PSIS (dimples of venus). L thumb on
sacrum. Ask patient to stand in one leg while pulling the
opposite knee upwards and towards chest. To make the
bone rotate posteriorly. Perform both sides pero
opposite placement ng thumbs.
(+)Sacroiliac joint dysfunction = SIJ on side where knee
is flexed moves minimally or up, the joint is hypomobile
or blocked. NORMAL when PSIS moves down or
inferiorly
Flamingo test
Patient: Standing
PT:Hand over sacrum. Ask patient to stand on one leg.
On WB leg: sacrum shifts forward and distally w/
forward rotation. Ilium in opposite direction. On non-
WB leg: opposite but stress is greatest on the stance
side. To increase stress patient may hop on stance leg.
(+) Lesions in whichever structure is painful = pain in the
symphysis pubis or SIJ joint.
Gaenslen’s test
affected
✓
Patient: Side-lying
PT:Hand on pelvis and other on distal femur. Ask
patient to hold lower leg flexed against the chest.
Extend the hip of the uppermost leg.
Alternative position: Supine. Both legs up on to the
chest and slowly lower the test leg into extension
(+) Ipsilateral SI Joint Lesion, Hip pathology, L4 Nerve
root lesion = pain in the SIJ joint.
Piedallu’s Sign
Patient: Sitting
PT:Hand over level of PSIS. Ask patient to forward flex.
(+)Abnormal torsion movement = lower PSIS becomes
the higher one on forward flexion
Lasegue’s (SLR) Test
Patient: Supine
PT:Hand supporting distal femur and distal tibia. The
EXAMINER flexes the hip. Perform on both legs and
normal leg first. Slowly lower the leg and then dorsiflex
ankle to tighten back up again. You may also ask the
patient to flex the neck to tighten and compress the
structures even more.
(+)Disc herniation (more central) = pain on the back
(+)Pathology causing pressure on neurological tissues
(more lateral) = pain on the leg
(+) Nerve impingement or tightness = pain upon ankle
dorsiflexion
Active SLR Test
Patient: Supine
PT:Hand over patella. Extend the knee and perform SLR
to approximately 20 to 30 degrees. PERFORM ON BOTH
LEGS unaffected first.
(+)Intra-articular hip pain, fracture, pain stemming from
hip prosthesis and contractile lesion of the hip flexors =
hip pain usually in groin or anterior part of thigh
Prone-Active SLR Test
Patient: Prone
PT:Hand over patella. Instruct patient to extend knee
and hold for five to six seconds. PERFORM ON BOTH
LEGS unaffected first.
(+)Nerve impingement = pain
 Mennell’s Sign (Classic Extension Test)

F L 5

Basic Prone Knee Bending Test (Nachlas Test) 1

Patient: Prone
PT: Examiner passively lifts the straight leg into hip
extension while manually putting pressure on SIJ.
(+)Decreased motion of SIJ = pain in hip region

Three Phases Test

Patient: Prone
PT:Examiner flexes the knee passively as far as possible
so that the patient’s heel rests against the buttock for
45 to 60 seconds. PERFORM ON BOTH LEGS unaffected
first.
(+)Nerve root impingement (femoral, l2 to l4 nerve Patient: Prone
root) = pain PT: The examiner lifts the ipsilateral leg with an inward
rotation by reaching underneath the thigh from medial.
Prone Knee Bending Test (Nachlas Test) 2 Pressure applied on ischial tuberosity. Hip Joint

The examiner lifts the ipsilateral leg with an inward

Patient: Prone rotation by reaching underneath the thigh from medial.
PT: HIP IN EXTENSION ND ADDUCTION. If the examiner Pressure is applied directly to SIJ. SIJ
is unable to flex the patient's knee past 90° because of a
pathological condition in the knee, the test may be
performed by passive extension of the hip while the
knee is flexed as much as possible. -The flexed knee
position should be maintained for 45 to 60 seconds.
(+)Nerve root impingement (lateral femoral cutaneous
nerve) = pain The examiner lifts the ipsilateral leg with an inward
rotation by reaching underneath the thigh from medial.
Prone Knee Extension Test Fixation of the T12 vertebra in ventral-caudal position.
Lumbar Spine
(+)Decreased motion on (Hip joint, SIJ, or Lumbar Spine)
= familiar pain

Seated Flexion Test

Patient: Prone
PT: HIP IS EXTENDED, ABDUCTED, LATERALLY ROTATED.
As the knee is in extension while the patient is in prone
position, extend, abduct, and laterally rotate the hip.
Then, dorsiflex the ankle and evert the foot.
(+)Nerve root lesion (saphenous) = pain in lumbar area, Patient: Sitting
buttock, posterior thigh or sometimes anterior PT: Examiner hand on each PSIS. Ask patient to bend
forward while the PT compares movement of each PSIS.
(+)Decreased motion of SIJ = greater superior motion is
felt on one PSIS compared to the other
Standing Flexion Test
PT: Ask pt to stand on one leg. PT must watch the
movement of the pt’s pelvis.
(+)Weakness or instability of hip abductor mms,
primarily gluteus medius on stance side = pelvis of non-
stance limb falls.
Left gluteus medius weak = right pelvis or hip drops
(vice versa)

Ely’s Test
Patient: Standing with feet shoulder width apart
PT: Examiner hand on each PSIS. Ask patient to bend
forward while the PT compares movement of each PSIS.
(+) SIJ Dysfunction = greater superior motion is felt on
one PSIS compared to the other
Patient: Prone
Yeoman’s Test PT: Passively flex the knee to the buttocks.
(+)Tight rectus femoris = same side spontaneously
flexes Hip and Rhee

Kendall Test

Patient: Prone
PT: Standing beside painful limb and palpate SIJ.
Passively flex the knee to 90 deg and put pressure at SIJ
and extend hip. One hand cupping patella and other on Patient: Supine with knees bent over the edge of table
SIJ. PT: Instruct patient to move leg towards chest. Stay in
(+)SIJ ligament pathology = localized pain on SIJ place = negative
(+)Rectus femoris contracture = test knee extends
Sign of the Buttock Test

Method 1 (90-90 SLR)

Patient: Supine
PT: Passively perform unilateral SLR test. Once SLR is
limited, flex knee to see if there is hip flexion increase.
(+)Pathology in the buttock behind hip joint such as
bursitis, tumor or abscess = flexion does not increase
when knee is flexed.
Trendelenburg’s Test
Patient: Supine with knees and hips flexed to 90
degrees.
PT: Instruct patient to stabilize body by holding on to
the posterior part of the thigh. Ask patient to raise one
leg as far as they can.
(+)Tight hamstrings = does not come further 20 degrees
of full extension

Method 2 (Sit and Reach)

Patient: Standing
Patient: Long-sitting with one knee flexed towards the
chest and other extended.
PT: Instruct patient to reach for their toes as far as they
can.
(+)Tight hamstrings = cannot at least reach for toes
Method 3 (Tripod sign)
(+)hip flexor contracture = patient’s straight leg rises off
the table and a muscle stretch end feel will be felt, or
increased lordosis
(+)tight iliotibial band on the extended leg side ( “J”
sign or stroke) = If the leg does not lift off the table but
abducts as the other leg is flexed to the chest

Piriformis Test

Patient: seated with both knees flexed to 90° over the

edge of the examining table
PT: passively extends one knee
Note: If the hamstring muscles on that side are tight,
the patient extends the trunk to relieve the tension in
the hamstring muscles
(+)Hamstring Contracture = Extension of trunk
Bent knee stretch test for proximal hamstrings
Patient: side lying position with the test leg uppermost.
PT: flexes the test hip to 60° with the knee flexed.
Stabilizes the hip with one hand and applies a
downward pressure to the knee.
(+)tight piriformis = pain in the muscle
(+)sciatic nerve impingement = pain results in the
buttock and sciatica

Patient: Supine
PT: flexes the hip and knee of the test leg maximally.
then slowly extends the knee

(+) hamstring contracture = Pain in the hamstrings at

the ischial origin

Thomas Test Ober’s Test

Patient: Supine
PT: checks for excessive lordosis, which is usually
present with tight hip flexors. The examiner flexes one
of the patient’s hips, bringing the knee to the chest to Patient: side lying position with the lower leg flexed at
flatten out the lumbar spine and to stabilize the pelvis. the hip and knee for stability.
The patient holds the flexed hip against the chest.
PT: passively abducts and extends the patient’s upper
leg with the knee straight or flexed to 90°.
(+)ITB and TFL contracture = the leg remains abducted
and does not fall to the table when the upper limb is
lowered
Phelp’s Test
Patient: prone with the knees extended.
PT: passively abducts both of the patient’s legs as far as
possible. The knees are then flexed to 90°. The
examiner tries to abduct the hips further.
(+) gracilis mm contracture = if abduction increases
Weber- Barstow Maneuver (visual method)
Patient: supine with the hips and knees flexed
PT: stands at the patient’s feet and palpates the distal
aspect of the medial malleoli with the thumbs. Ask the
patient to lift the pelvis from the examining table and
returns to the starting position. Next, the examiner
passively extends the patient’s legs and compares the
positions of the malleoli using the borders of the
thumbs.
1. From the iliac crest to the greater trochanter of the
femur (for coxa vara or coxa valga):
If this angle is less than 120° in an adult, it is known as
coxa vara; if it is more than 135° in the adult, it is
known as coxa valga.
2. From the greater trochanter of the femur to the knee
joint line on the lateral aspect (for femoral shaft
shortening)
3. From the knee joint line on the medial side to the
medial malleolus (for tibial shaft shortening)
Anterior Labral Test or FADDIR Test
Patient: supine.
PT: takes the hip into full flexion, lateral rotation, and
full abduction as a starting position. The examiner then
extends the hip combined with medial rotation and
adduction
(+) anterior–superior impingement syndrome, anterior
labial tear, and iliopsoas tendinitis= pain, click, or
apprehension
McCarthy Hip Extension Sign
Patient: supine with both hips flexed
PT: takes the good hip and extends it from the flexed
position, first with the hip in lateral rotation, and then
repeats the test with the hip in medial rotation. The
nontest leg is kept in flexion. Then do it on the bad side.
(+) labral pathology = pain
Femoroacetabular Impingement
Ortolani’s test (infant)
Patient: supine
PT: flexes the hips and grasps the legs so that the
examiner’s thumbs are against the insides of the knees
and thighs, and the fingers are placed along the
outsides of the thighs to the buttocks. With gentle
traction, the thighs are abducted and pressure is
applied against the greater trochanters of the femur.
(+) developmental dysplasia of the hip= click, clunk, or
jerk when abducted
Barlow’s Test (infant) (each hip is evaluated individually)
Patient: supine with the legs facing the examiner
PT: Flexes hips at 90 degrees and knees are fully flexed.
Examiner’s middle finger is placed over the greater
trochanter; thumb is placed adjacent to the inner side
of the knee and thigh opposite to the lesser trochanter.
The hip is moved into abduction while the middle finger
applies forward pressure behind the greater trochanter
(+) developmental dysplasia of the hip= click, clunk, or
jerk when abducted
Galleazzi sign or allis test
Patient: lies in supine with knees flexed and hips flexed
at 90 degrees.
(+)Unilateral CDH = if one knee is higher than the other
Telescoping sign (Piston or Dupuytren’s Test)
Patient: Supine
PT: flexes the hip and knee at 90 degrees. The femur is
pushed down onto the examining table. The femur and
leg are then lifted up and away from the table
(+)Hip dislocation = excessive movement
Hip Scour Test (flexion adduction test)
Patient: Supine
PT: flexes and adducts the patient’s hip so that the hip
faces the patient’s opposite shoulder and resistance to
the movement is felt. The patient’s hip is taken into
abduction while maintaining flexion in an arc of
movement.
(+)Hip Pathology = any irregularity in the movement
(e.g., “bumps”), pain, or patient apprehension
Craig’s Test
Patient: prone with the knees flexed at 90 degrees
PT: standing beside the test side. Palpate the posterior
aspect of the greater trochanter of the femur. The hip is
then passively rotated medially and laterally until the
greater trochanter is parallel with the examining table
or reaches its most lateral position. Hold this position
and note the angle of the shaft of the tibia to a line
perpendicular to the table
The degree of anteversion is estimated based on the
angle of the lower leg with the vertical. (other’s use
goniometer)
(+) for craig’s test would be an angle outside the normal
range (8-15)
(+)Retroversion = less than 8 degrees
(+)increased Anteversion = greater than 15 degrees
Patrick’s test (FABER test or Figure 4 test)
Patient: Supine
PT: places the patient’s test leg so that the foot of the
test leg is on top of the knee of the opposite leg. Then
slowly lower the knee of the test leg toward the
examining table.
(+) hip joint, sacroiliac joint pathology, illipsoas spasm =
test leg’s knee remaining above the opposite straight
leg.
Heel Strike Test
Patient: Prone with knees and hip in neutral
PT: firmly strike the heel to stimulate walking

(+)Femoral neck stress =Pain in the groin area

Bowstring Test

Patient: supine
PT: The examiner carries out a straight leg raising test,
and pain results. While maintaining the thigh in the
same position, the examiner flexes the knee slightly
(20°), reducing the symptoms. Thumb or finger pressure
is then applied to the popliteal area to re-establish the
painful radicular symptoms.

(+)Sciatic neuropathy= Pain

Fulcrum Test

Patient: sits with the knees bent over the end of the
bed with feet dangling.
PT: Place an arm under the patient’s thigh to act as a
fulcrum. The fulcrum arm is moved from distal to
proximal along the thigh as gentle pressure is applied to
the dorsum of the knee with the examiner’s opposite
hand.

(+)Stress fracture = sharp pain and apprehension