Long Answer Type Questions – II

Using the properties of sets and their complements prove that

Q. 1. (A ∪ B) – C = (A - C) ∪ (B - C) [DDE-2017]
Sol. (A ∪ B) – C = (A - C) ∪ (B - C)
Let 𝑥 ∈ [(A ∪ B) - C]
𝑥 ∈ (A ∪ B) and 𝑥 ∉ C
(𝑥 ∈ A or 𝑥 ∈ B) and 𝑥 ∉ C)
(𝑥 ∈ A and 𝑥 ∉ C) or 𝑥 ∈ B and 𝑥 ∉ C)
𝑥 ∈ {(A - C) or 𝑥 ∈ (B - C)}
𝑥 ∈ {(A - C) ∪ (B - C)}
(A ∪ B) – C ⊆ (A - C) ∪ (B - C) …(i)
Again, let y ∈ [(A - C) ∪ (B - C)]
y ∈ (A - C) or y ∈ (B - C)
(y ∈ (A and y ∉ C) or (y ∈ (B and y ∉ C)
(y ∈ A or y ∉ B and y ∉ C
y ∈ {(A ∪ B) and y ∉ C
y ∈ {(A ∪ B) - C}
(A - C) ∪ (B - C) ⊆ (A ∪ B) – C …(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii),
(A ∪ B) - C = (A - C) ∪ (B - C) Hence proved
Q. 2. A – (B ∪ C) = (A - B) ∩ (A - C)
Sol. Let 𝑥 ∈ {𝐴 − (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)}
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∉ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶).
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝐵) and (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝑐
𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 − 𝐵)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 − 𝐶)
𝑥 ∈ {(𝐴 − 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 − 𝐶)}
𝐴 − (𝐴 − 𝐵) ⊆ (𝐴 − 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 − 𝐶) …(i)
Again, let
𝑌 ∈ (𝐴 − 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 − 𝐶)
𝑦 ∈ (𝐴 − 𝐵) and 𝑦 ∈ (𝐴 − 𝐶)
(𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∉ 𝐵) and (𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∉ 𝐶
𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑌 ∉ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
𝑦 ∈ {𝐴 − (𝐵 − 𝐶)}
(𝐴 − 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 − 𝐶) ⊆ 𝐴 − (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) …(ii)
From eqs. (i) & (ii)
A – (B ∪ C) = (A - B) ∩ (A - C) Hence proved
Q. 3. A ∩ (B − C) = (A ∩ B) - (A ∩ C)
Sol. Let 𝑥 ∈ {𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 − 𝑐)}
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑥 ∉ 𝐶
(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 ∉ 𝐶)
(𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 − 𝐴 ∩ 𝐶
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) ⊆ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) …(i)
Again, let
𝑦 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 − 𝐶)
𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and (𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 and 𝑌 ∉ 𝐶)
𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵 − 𝐶
𝑦 ∈ {𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 − 𝐶)}
(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) ⊆ 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 − 𝐶) …(i)
From equation (i) and (ii), we get
A ∩ (B − C) = (A ∩ B) - (A ∩ C) Hence proved
Q. 4. For any two sets A and B, prove that A ∪ B = A ∩ B = A = B ⟺ A = B
Sol. Let A = B, then A ∪ B = A and A ∩ B = A
A∪B=A∩B
Thus, A = B …(i)
Conversely, let A ∪ B = A ∩ B
Now, let 𝒙 ∈ 𝑨
𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) [∴ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵]
𝑥 ∈ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 )
𝑥 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑥 ∈ 𝐵)
𝑥∈ 𝐵

𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 …(ii) 11⁄2

Now, let 𝒚 ∈ 𝑨
𝑦∈ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵
𝑦∈ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 [∴ 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵]
𝑦 ∈ 𝐴 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝐵
𝑦∈ 𝐴

∴𝐵⊆𝐴 …(iii) 11⁄2

From equations (ii) and (iii), we get A = B

Q. 5. In a survey it was found that 21 persons liked product A, 26 liked product
B, and 29 liked product C. If 14 people liked products A and B, 12 people liked
products C and A, 14 people liked products B and C and 8 liked all the three
products. Find:
(a) the number of people who liked at least one product
(b) the number of people who liked product C only [KVS 2017, Agra]
Sol. Given
𝑛(𝐴) = 21, 𝑛(𝐵) = 26, 𝑛(𝐶) = 29
𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 14, 𝑛(𝐶 ∩ 𝐴) = 12
𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 14, 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) = 8
(a) 𝑛(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶) = 𝑛(𝐴) + 𝑛(𝐵) + 𝑛(𝐶) − 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑛(𝐶 ∩ 𝐴) + 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
= 21 + 26 + 29 – 14 – 12 – 14 + 8
(b) 𝑛(𝐶 only) = 𝑛(𝐶) − 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶) − 𝑛(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) + 𝑛(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
= 29 – 12 – 14 + 18
= 11
Q. 6. In a group of 500 persons, 300 take tea, 150 take coffee, 250 take cold
drink, 90 take tea and coffee, 110 take tea and cold drink, 80 take coffee and cold
drink and 50 take all the three drinks.
(i) Find the number of persons who take none of the three drinks.
(ii) Find the number of persons who take only tea.
(iii) Find the number of persons who take coffee and cold drink but not tea.
Sol. Given,
𝑛(𝑢) = 500, 𝑛(𝑇) = 300, 𝑛(𝐶𝑜) = 150, 𝑛(𝐶𝑑) = 250,
𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑜) = 90, 𝑛(𝑇 ∪ 𝐶𝑑) = 110,
𝑛(𝐶𝑜 ∩ 𝐶𝑑) = 80, 𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑑 ∩ 𝐶𝑜) = 50

(i) Number of persons who take none of three drinks

𝑛(𝑢)𝑛(𝑇 ∪ 𝐶𝑜 ∪ 𝐶𝑑)
{𝑛(𝑇) = like tea}
{𝑛(𝐶𝑜) = like Coffee}
{𝑛(𝐶𝑑) = like Cold drink}
𝑛(𝑇 ∪ 𝐶𝑜 ∪ 𝐶𝑑) = 𝑛(𝑇)) + 𝑛(𝐶𝑜) 𝑛 (𝐶𝑑) − 𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑜)
−𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑑) = 𝑛(𝐶 ∩ 𝐶𝑑) + 𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑑 ∩ 𝐶𝑜]
= 300 + 150 + 250-90-110-80 + 50
= 750 – 280
= 470
𝑛(𝑢) − 𝑛(𝑇 ∪ 𝐶𝒐 ∪ 𝐶𝑑) = 500 − 470 = 30
∴ Number of persons who take none of three drinks = 30.
(ii) Number of person who take only tea
𝑛(𝑇) − 𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑜) − 𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑑) + 𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑑 ∩ 𝐶𝑜)
= 300 - 90 - 110 + 50
= 350 - 200 = 150
∴ Number of person who take only tea = 150
(iii) Number of persons who take coffee and cold drink but not tea
𝑛(𝐶𝑜 ∩ 𝐶𝑑) − 𝑛(𝑇 ∩ 𝐶𝑜 ∩ 𝐶𝑑)
= 80 – 50 = 30
∴ Number of persons who take coffee and cold drink but not tea = 30.
Q. 7. In a class, 18 students took Physics, 23 students took Chemistry and 24
students took Mathematics of these 13 took both Chemistry and Mathematics,
12 took both Physics and Chemistry and 11 took both Physics and Mathematics.
If 6 students offered all the three subjects, find:
(i) The total number of students.
(ii) How many took Maths but not Chemistry.
(iii) How many took exactly one of the three subjects. [DDE – 2017]
Sol. Given, 𝑛(𝑝) = 18, 𝑛(𝐶) = 23, 𝑛(𝑀) = 24, 𝑛(𝐶 ∩ 𝑀) = 13, 𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝐶) = 12, 𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝑀) =
and 𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝑀) = 6
(i) Total no. of students in the class
= 𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝑀)
= 𝑛(𝑝) + 𝑛(𝐶) + 𝑛(𝑀) − 𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝐶)−, 𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝑀) − 𝑛(𝐶 ∩ 𝑀) + 𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝑀)
= 18 + 23 + 24 – 12 – 11 – 13 + 6
= 35
(ii) No. of students who took Mathematics but not chemistry
= 𝑛(𝑀 − 𝐶)
= 𝑛(𝑀) − 𝑛(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶)
= 24 – 13
= 11
(iii) No. of students who took exactly one of the three subjects
= 𝑛(𝑝) + 𝑛(𝐶) + 𝑛(𝑀) − 2𝑛(𝑀 ∩ 𝑃) − 2𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝐶) − 2𝑛(𝑀 ∩ 𝐶) + 3𝑛(𝑃 ∩ 𝐶 ∩ 𝑀)
= 18 + 23 + 24 – 2 x 11 – 2 x 12 – 2 x 13 + 3 x 6
= 65 – 22 – 24 – 26 + 18
= 83 – 72
= 11