Arwa 4 Dyed 1 inne ‘Some notes on hydrothermal alteration forthe P CERT class of 2012 INTRODUCTION "These notes cover see he pis nde in ect ir thc oth The 0 as shoul evi tr rete these etre. ‘he laoton o this wee’s ess i to provide neil let ht vay ass in dining the Fnvcogy ef scive ant etnet geen! sys, nt thse tthe spealed eptemtal ype ‘Seid wih gold dept ‘The geothermal experience Int que centr agent lft and oor hos been pt esping fr sthrna ext: thr has iolved the vl cf tow tecngs Seer eed aspects of iad pecs, ool, serokr odin mn logy. Decp wel hve bs. ile in ny ate eaten er {tenon he wor so popes get have examined snes a eating rooted fm them. In many ees, subafice tener, esas ond perme condos ae kn ad he hg a ans ve bec rl. i nmr cmp nag {tdci pects tc en ema wh et ma lon sae mow an egal pa of gehen venees, an nrpons bse onthe ered ‘nietony play an imprint eld maemo dss. ‘Active eta syste cw in wide vat of stocks nd ys ave chasis wie ioihenes "Thee ge a wie ange ifetee th i sect ns ot fren present a al), a petty, In sz, nine sp an td “This wide rae, pracy pcp, alowed pele drsanding of the rns of feel alteration han woul ve Ken ava al gether ‘yates weedeat “The emge of cracls of ative gta fields i na resoably well nen a wll nl be desi ee () gat sten ae dynamic and lane cons xen ‘Cotte derbi ct oe iS en eases pac peu cao are Tate, even wha singe bethemal ls, omens oh ig, ll, od cam condetstion ssa with te ft shiing bath sally a tempera Importance of te hydrological setting ‘Eyl of getheoa ystesIn Sapn tnd, Phillies and eevee nse 1 eopiton of the imps Unt the yea eng fon eter yan (ae hence ctr etn) We wil, omever, ens nl vo seings nth i ine wee aaa orice Geatermal stems in nes pete rae (So fg 61 hao, These ye of get ll arson, fr spi etiam ‘Seal The the ee ep peal res omy expel in anteater acre ar ica sine, Ts etal way Seved te a i tw ta sry we say ses sr ow tr morale sr a 2 Of ae ian negra vation all he onan ‘ean anes wee oxen a HS pedrs ack conten. rere CO pte fom he eset a condenses inthe ubsurice to pote perched CO, sch Mud hat cree csng, Geothermal sens in reso hee (Se freon 0 slide ano) "hse gps of pethemal eld ae very onion noes the ond apa eee los ‘a "Tis has 2 pf efecto he je associ gta jst in pret deep al chic ete rarely aces otra ond eve te perhaps ely aya tt fr ip Hens sed, ee Aevelop a tvo-pase zone thy be Several sees ick and Ts ees I solace In ion, ascended ant condensed fe Fovming peel eqs. Acco ‘ Sine ofthe CO, uy stv he pte wenPon owe 2 Ute (ara) war. Sone 1S my cisplatin ‘atone. ‘ese ont cr 2 tans in soe its a ae Hh ly ray fee wm msn tetecn i Nas ene rl i te nt hyo ‘ean and eae sone lee ee the ed Mas scr ls, lo ep oft st ve Foe, In'is ese el come hese of alerton tnt ocr poles Wath ta ese Ices GENERAL POINTS Introduetion [rae ters commonly slows to ‘Etniyng tr mine yes coe etigs. sone stances, ‘somos Tho actualy ease wil eva changes have oie Many of he hysteria ey ae also see eae eae {ates ‘Cutousepieton a the print th he eset yt he pst alls the pote ‘erent anata nett oe pe he eyoloy ent is ‘Why does hydrothermal alteration Stem eo amen Se ear ra scenic ee serena meneame Sec erpeereenen a not een ames fcr ct Ritoons nicerthanc marcas Tem!) ‘The minerals ‘tt cout abou 260 mine we ese ko Pet oly 10 nowt eer inactive {esta et. ens oy fe ‘Relentless been eso naive thal es; soe ae stch 2 lest ar aml es nee pela tee ph Cale amon siderite “amit, nite, seni tre Pye peat, marae sli, sem, stale eau, mage eae, agpne | ‘rate at rece sites” “Temata ite, pyropytie, Sae, ton roi, monte, peu, jeri nontmeonte “Arn fe, qua csttale, morn, tna nate [Noe ie important ht yon Bow thet mineral anes re snp sort hand wy of refering 0.0 ‘aay censing een conpon. Pe minal nome ate wore than nso you hw Be ttn chet eepositon wen ow horn te. Tha nn ye st memion of daria3 ex stout hak pus far. Bypect? ules on thi ty cone flaw the ngage ofan inca Intensity and yank of alteration We diingush betneentese wo gramets, The jens of altertion a 6 a measure of ow rupley rachis eat tp er ehh) For nap un wane ‘ook ths nthe fected y teers ines arto a0, ‘nein whch lth pinay phe have tee else tas alton fst of 107 (1a = 1.0 Inert fate en bested by pat rng wh» micas on squat X ay Dilation tig.” Note ht iment ts nthng to do wih ea fe we als Forney tn tal sendin ‘Merton rok on he ther bn, pens on the doy of he ew eas ais se yp hr Sigicance in ems sutsac coal, tea epi and more sjetve pret Yn Insnsiy and dies from macoopc a’ wiewscope evaimmcn assed by X-Ray acon, DiferenitThenal Atiyis or sos ae trnetl cigs, Aan, xample, es ih nk ‘wen sondring romney, and ep x high rank cay tenprtre cl spose hoe, to getodts wich have mise spate high rank bow est Gn terme Ym) anders flow ak highs cry Whee cole, perme oto eval, ‘TYPES OF HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION Diveot deposition ‘Tis type of alteato is very common, and aos Hydra mst fou i gether fe ea eps ey fo scuon To be able td 0 ree, of eos, tn the reservar rocks coin Pores long which the epost ds an more, These Cul ince fete ch an, al, dri rac, wcenormiie, vgs, pee a ise. ‘Ghar cote nl ane realty Yom vis and i os, but cle, ear, ite, pie, emai, waa, Mie monte, marie pee a epte veal ben eerved to sce Pes wee they could en eve depend dey Tron a Tid Depesdon it piesa scare ‘ene nbo ois cle, rgie a sls commen fons hs wats, pes, fg. Kral ‘nd Bren hon ering mines ean fo sees} Replacement Most ck cnn sone rina mers tae unable na goth vires hse have 8 tendency toe ced by miners sal, oa ene et, onder then onions ‘hevate a whe hs eplaeent ocs Ihighly vara an depen up pmb for example, a8 sv voleno in they of Pet, Whit ss ishrged weit ash ht wes comply alle Gn Tox) wit one sere its dept one st tough th act of highly canes vlc pase. By cons, prts a pee, de gir orn tin th reads Ona eld ave ‘cen at tpn of tour 250° To prhape D00 yeas witht ingle oan nent of me tan Where replacement is no compete (easy 1 es an 1.0), Le. nner iio is at achieved, eco ae a fle preset fone. Thy canbe see in coves a aon Inet fess than 1.60, linea tained. a seve ks ht ate ols i uly fy ey to singh cen te pinay ne seen Gyan ut i toe fic whee sediments or lo gr ctor foeks ecu (eg. The Geysts, Lndrll, Rid, Imperial Vay, Cero Pit, Nava). The aso or hss tha any th tay neal fat thee rors contin fe qu, iliac, pele, Ke, eps ee) st stable Ht sshemal evionest wher his watts cc ft, ae th ts tha contra the mposton ofthe wes, alight sais. Leaehing ‘This pres takes ple at nie ofl cus the mags of eaten elds, for season ot general sec in vesoveed cosa eins Ieee, fo eval, whe sen nse, ied by cxiaon of Hs, asks orks, dslvng pinay mine ot epg, he Yds ‘hs pes,jects ‘Quare, wlkie oad thr nes ae sometincs ad rm fase ponte by aoe Sten ths ist pee essons da, cae xe tha a ova place fae {ovk sures gested Prag hese cts or the trulenc ong zoe (ee Talo, tse si yn aoa pa vig inert [sca ss : seats eg. monde mone), stot, ‘qs cle clays 9, notnoont) seein 7 vite easaen, anit, pytote,emate iene apneic loi, gut pyrite, ani ryonenrgitfatvne! ~ i goose * ‘ata ni, wait, qua, ayaite ‘ot te ky, mntneone, pte Jnnincaenidinch + aaa APPLICATION OF ALYERATION PETROLOGY TO GEOTHERMAL INVESTIGATIONS General ecause hema inal fo, thr ety can Be ed Jo comes upon present ee pst ‘ions nena serve For example, rites of subsice rnp sed on secondary ‘neg cn bem nesnsly ir coo etn samples ae recover as inermain eat Telp in ling delve without he lone wsting esod ned fo a well 10 sale eal. More tga pips, erg deduced npr provide format on he era sb fk? Compan th tie emperor” witht ste Wel experatue desis “There ae lose mies tht a eu o susutae penebity and an eatin af wel yeencaity con afte stata Kom the yeloprpie examen f cores and eating. This Farm sold be dt dei sag dept, a camper rnin who opts where, vel drag is sce, ‘he close retoship between il eonpasion and minelogy tas been recognise for any ye inet none etfs welt eons abou he nate of ern pi igh nse Dy, 8 Is wh Tei igh Mande? What wil happen if we rene ‘peat dino he eer eth dill in ain ora two se 2? Whereas eng eee ite well oss in oars edchage ane? Sooeines fo ofthese questi maybe ans Methods of study sy the mos inpatntoo oe fr pete plogy is ptopapic mise. Not ony con i's wed to ey anys to he ly dria roves nfrnaon om dese Ses! npr ei eats, Iz at poe a hsp ati ome aon eae ieecand to mie hin estos ven, ny’ mite ap bed fom eto eases tring esha wats nd sto ete nes iis, "The ma sarang ofthe med nt patois made se a meroscpe fete. ‘Aw Xay Diino (SRD) exten tle stent or niyng vinta am ean eds ote sone ceusaes,o provide quae lfoeten. Is esyevily pod or ening ‘hy an clients bl expert aad sae ote Ditterentel Thea Amps (DTA) hs oon wat phen work a New Zand for many yeePow s eee) {iene amt Gado, 1980}; Hf capable of detesing. sable ferences ia the thermal ‘tactics ad every serie wie presence of lds un eros. Several ub ‘lotrel ttle) seats wine (e lds) te wea thermal fet 0 tha Kile ‘Se eprint tha erihing seed Ini specie has oben ed iNew Zl ne ery etl for denn ay, zoe a {char miners ean be dele sane ola os espe ape 10) 1 the post fw years Mud intsion getheromry hs some ak ipa al power ta in isothermal pelo A sand being sage an be ited 19 mos nese ants moe {Emgertire of incon i many miner ny sere on aspera. Aen Sage {nt fe ane oem th sity of asap i hseLcasins ba hi fe sgh more ‘tc proce expsily when ees nteretng ee, (tse nsrcns that fave Been, sed in gets ptloey inl a elacion acre and 2 ‘estan election mitocie. Th inprace wi ines ao date heya ben any wed 9 Teonuch ol Another group o sree hie expt wll be ed oe eles fn ee ose provide nonatenaout okchesy:i paiaaX-ay Nuesenc al 1CPMSS. (CHANGES T0 THE HOST ROCK PRODUCED BY HYDROTHERMAL, ALTERATION Introduetion yeatentalallenton produces hens othe ropes of the hs es, suai allows Replacement, eng an depo fom ston genely case chemical changes whose exer and etre vary esl tu which arabes ation tthe mney In some places, hyterma alrion ose slut scheme! katona ea scale, ut generally ‘ten ely are ed ander! om a ese. “The table blow describes the tpl haviour of the tn quoted maj contents ding the Ieee tention of volcan seal vcks etd wihea-newl pH aka clove watt, A Snir oul he made ota eens Tale Typical caviar clement odes dng acral daton prea ihn the dacharge soon spots were mal Orie Type teeviow———-Hyttional eal conan _ IMsaxidececontive SiO alled resoval quart, esto, seis THO, veloped Hi, eacocene ‘gO; — sled removed ysis Fey03+ iad remove Aloe rit pate ro siderite, pte, hematite ede nO onenget? MgO removed ‘rite dolomite Chel S remore eae, waate pdt, prehne, smd, tnt, ait, foie Ngo adod removed ale Kydd ar, ie, tite Co, led ‘alle siderite S,S05 ed nti, lute, pte pote be 10 ale a cays ede, pial 2s Mos ucenged site A ugh, removed - - coereen201) “ ow Piaysical changes to reser vohr rocks resting, fram hy deother Dens Depostion «Indl inca dct fram slain ito racer rock creases te vent ey courant alg ees Siento fa ery porns, teastace pune bese ul alteration (60% porosity), for exaspe, eat insese ts dens fon about even es thn, 13 yp 102.65 (1 ye. An ocese in snity of reserve voks Utopia pore rocks sdf hay escese Fr meks wih tig por’ of fxs thn 3, Where Henna teats by telacrment eins in os wh poy, ower, veal ety tages eth sev os ‘Since it opt a nese rok ent wl epend upon te weave ders and aun oF the voice a elacg mites, For example, ovlunee replacement of pinay aesine C9 10 kg by wait (2.26 1° bpm?) cnnes 8 decease ent of 39x 104 gh, bt he replacing berlin pte (240 10 kn) hen tae wil te a dest nese of 0:73. 18 ‘yn! as hte seton process co ot cess ner the dey af es oes, nd His fict might exp yl methods ve not een ry sucesso hn detecting. he ms Inorogeies tt ate types of geste reece. eather! systems nthe np Vay of Calon are tate exci. Porosity and Merely cep where esting ovis, the effet f yea aeraon fs 0 rede pray it et on recrioisperneatiliy i more compat bese of sly regular, cinco mame dst ta riod chonge nthe planing of system. Ina ste Teo cose permeability wl vay ‘ttn dette prdninomc of tl depoaen over leaching, A coins dean pow and inceasen des ore craton nk was fot Broan (Hecsiand Hn, 1970). Magnetic Prope rh vole rock ly onan sil amc of mage aor tanomagoeite tha ipo hem areal inaction. ny, bat a al getanl els (Tale 2) both yases ely ae, ‘Shalyto less-magntic neal och heal, pyrt, levers ox Hine eae he Seve rocks otecone"demaprtie shown fo Oak by Hols Han, 7, esul which ooh Teal ont exes tht mapnetonrnvys would be 4 oo method fr loi ad ein th toutes of pctheea! poset vokonie rks, However he aplcan of sb etd s more Complicated in els wie agit finely Habe (Olt) er whee maghei yee Forms titer a replcoment sal ce del from soon (eg. Naa, Oba, Wall, This wally ‘San where pemeniy and PIS se woe whee rami er een (en Sane Senay vost, Ressiy The conltiviy of waks in pohennal sens Is peal fea, not only by the cle entation of he ol wate whieh thy enti, bt lo by the relive abondsce conducive clay Sutera preset ime ok ti. Fo fhe feo i wort comeing the oie an maton fsck miner he somaon hy nner ite aie eine tallest, meals ‘ict, Crore (ene) ie (Keen, hte and varios interac combats of the lst tees chiys ave Ios els, thie frmaicn i temperate depen a erations end expeinet si compotion, cil lls ls a npertan coma a sr ees Mineralogical eens ‘ese ae esi in dein th pages ht Fol, Replacement, eating nt deposon ss eases ‘hemi cangen Wing exen an eae var ety bt which af obo uncon te Fetal, sme spc cen poe ochre, es orl sds bv any ie show nt someon ae nel led removed di tea, even ting ino sect he iets of lemen an” by sity anes,Factors that affeet the fo fiekds tation of hydrothermal minerals in active geoth “The mach desis ere neni oe and is aed pon expercce gives from the pte “Huy of oe esting rsorered om diols, mapped by ves of Hyena exis, ‘ect eodyanic creas a seats mde on si gedhemal es, such a ese ‘cocina wi fytaterma ore os Decuae we wie at esenlly acta! peach sone ‘horas al Cent at eta bso: eons are sl ein soe exp may ‘ncn The fs that cn ft he omaton hye nr ae: (temperate; pesos -msnly ems i cont he epi which iting oct (2) pret ek ‘pp escort (Mai eosin; (dation of wi OF these, the mst wef! infomation which «petclogt can siply are mine diced estima of ‘tse tapers, hd compotion, prea ndsoe comnts ony enporachanges tha toy he ocened waa the coe (eg. Browne 197, Fes, 197). The probit some a he Fao Hse lve eo insert Gt ih elt to separate oe am ster However wate $0 SUBSURFACE HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION Hydrothermal Alteration and Temperature Introduction Wt fo esetons he inert provid formation hci frmation experts ae Ce that nisin inher set (OH) A190: tse sone chs eles, pete al apis. Tain id incon eotenonaty ls vis norton mineral formation peas bt thm deserted ep. tay minerals “Thee canbe wl desi th fie of entyng some pil. Kalin gs Where de waters iter odepose alin here may be lange from aot and false, which ceca blow bout 120°, wo cite; tsi ie replaced by pyrite at fenyentues above aot Zearc. Hemever tissue only tet bse terme vr ew realy i wih et Cala son {vite mira ar very common al widespend in sete gethena ls Tale hey Have a peat fang in eampositon, however, whi ot aialy ree otempertre al erin tne New Zealand gern ie, However, Kesh (197) ae shown that secieg Fon Reyahne’, Teeland ave pesnt oe slept where vempratnes ae below. 20°C; they bezome hy inertncre wth ore wre tempers ne Between 20°C sd 20°C, but atone 270°C rowseling ete the ny lay miner est ' Monon an ntint lite-smoaneiote Thexe cay, pt close, are the corn clay tral found inte New Zcland geothermal ii Minoo sable Yo abt 14°C an te above 220°C: inthe ira beter, eyed ‘ementnorlonitesommoaly occu. te propatons oe end enters changing with temperate (atte ton) These chong ae shown whereby, whereas temper, theca Show: {Amines io thi tinge (3) A cee Or crystal, a oe by he saps of thir (01) bs elects i) A dsc nies esings CTae} Gr) Comey whe fe ihe Diet Thema Analyse (DTA) seatlrs whey the higher (900600°C) enka pea Increase slate 10 the Tomer (120-17) oe, (eth ie saematie change nthe Hyaion ‘metres fies clys with epee his at gprs in Xt een meta hat [DTA was wo atnly Crown od Carder, 182) 19 enpisealeaton s thea okt Ngavba, ‘Toisnoc snotty chy nr though ti asbet ines cmon pinay onto in ty pth its at sven a thal nine, Hower i dos cee pe ve yas ron coe Hot Nghia Tengen (a eumeaes wht the peas are ave 20°C inPon © The fer (© 325°) pte the Cro it and Dias reserva (Browne wn Garr, 1982; Reps a ‘ole, 8; lee, 98) ies goa Pest of OOD Refleston 3) io 10 ins 120-290 20-20 98-103 —_— S20 a i. aa ates an elated minerals he fovmsin of zeolites is tingly temperate dependent and Bease ofthis the Key wf inde to Gtr epson empentne, The ngs of ales to cco ew wpe (<110°) tse inthe or emptied ills (ited and Tonass, 178). Ans mine tt cca higher eperae, ete cent be he st ela and canter eget =, Tat sparing e250 nay ek, espe of he thology of he os ck. Same variation exis rept prec 220% in Nev Zealan cased with > 300°C at Ceo Pet). prolly Ye [ierenc inthe pt an callus contents ofthe celta Td, bu iste shld as be we tempest nino when ped samples rom bes owed in asin ed ‘A ect example ofthe aplication of aesiete miner for ues he ternal seine of ‘etic yrs ta 6 Cro ret. drs tl (1 wed hese mines to delineate ie eton ot Ahireecir here msi eating has ecard Vivi rflectanee geatherometry ‘Avy iestng sty ofthe fst prope of nae stil a te sine samples over from fe Cro it dllboles ha en mae bY CE Hake aad W.A, Hers (1979) Oeste ae Ett sues on mses the Ha Fal Foon enor at Wainkel and Oba roa renin stay mse by Sty (98, or example. on ogc mater eine eens oF The Ha Falls Foaton, NZ, ented ts pie Mite pricks of orn eal are very conten and widest a sediernry orks, hog 2 Incest fe to sc then le pts mei tl eetnce ihe in fled ih Barer an lets stom te ss ny theres eres a mean een rm 125 at 240 0 ey 0411700 my; dal emperors eased over his neal ese fam C247, ‘Te carlton bene eflectnge vals andthe mee oval emperates svery cs a te Tet tn be metho how ela mean hoo! ete he dowel rps ev be ‘fender ftps are ocoverl Alsou hs ete! snc apse ope ‘Sat ect why in soln el semen roeks do cee inmost Ze one Pipe ‘Sao and stig as pea at ba ples. nd inten Geothermonety See sparse ere Alteration and Boling Hydrotherms Presare Compared it tanorpic eves, resus in gecthena as, dn 1 tb eps is ‘te and elo ented 20 I eel diet els hey are sal lve nosy avs, ion Igdesaie pssue bray loely hve esreded iin reste to ger some of he Ideal rotons Ha ove occured In siny pean leh fone, nit ydathern ‘ose or foyer of pes ce rowan Lest 2) ta vapour inated ls, os id pss alae below fine cvespoding Haste pesPeet 5 Browse The sft of pesaie a yeeral eran ie anata coos the ph which bwin osc, ‘The bling woes. Composition contra an th depth and tenpratare of olga section on is to come ailing ow a tana eet onthe compton of 2 li Sth cele lathe deposi of [utd inca th respite owns ny hans king lace. Loe of evens sl rm ‘ston alo reves, gh prporion of sated pes expesaly 1S and CO Las of can ‘oxide exci invtan since it numa opp he ening gid 0 exdae meee ‘Matinee teen Nee hs int an equiv ean 9s ac0¢ 9 C04, +6051 140 moet ih “This can reese by ge (sibuted separaey tha shows the elanship been Hain, K rc (nasorte a ofa (Klan. Hong fT sented by compton ya A (ost aspen) a 260 wl ines the pl fhe ening gl (wl deca) and ca ah craig {Asa tet fvd composition wil change in he recon ied Wy te aro; ts pens feldspar (adi wl prepa as he syste espns by emoving Krom ction. int Acted upon he Klint ory ty comt ype! Mail preset by pint hfe nll tin he mei dd Ins eae bling causes ts ioral 0 pec (es i) asthe fi Becomes ore alli, In prstice i ely he pf th ling ud at ates ‘whieh pts tint wl dpe in wspose toe procs. For sila reasons ease pee cul exposed opel when one ones He gO Alg03 IOC te {hides nt seem 1 ype, possibly forse Kinetic eas oiing felting proces, a leat lolly, oth Renae ofthe edn cooing ad etueton in Pemesbliy. oto wine depen Reconiing baiting comer case ofthese proses, biting 20s, a east where he dep Mids of he ws pear neta al lod, yb eased (a) vie of dra, ford tthe iid coming more laine) cle yal dpsed de 19 (0, los (ot ening) thoes! ala es ded wepnogy CTlloch, 1582, at ant, deposited o easing) aati fom eidaton (vapour we pase Pid incase pest te sxe syle oweve, ich casos ca foe Ia eae ze 80th, mmo imons may nee to te eranibed to rxog.e ting roe ig ht eiteon, The Ma Inckon edene or oll needs teva ey on ame yas tl Hydrothermal Alteration and reservoir rock type “The pent sock ites haem aeion minty how i one of prea by texte, “The nial miverogy of he oa oka sesso hve title on he san asebges suring ‘Eocene For exuaple a pis pall ssa at 20°C i lsc, gut, conte ele, ‘alee & pyc, afin, © ie inepecve of wheter the rks ee andesite (Pipes and Indole alee syoies (Now Zain, alin ass (Kens) or eines (Cero Pet) On the bss of the tv stan els oy saa Know coin pele Kino tly ‘Aina ta 98 be wll corn at es on fon (Geil yates (eon, 98). Ale tnprtes te mtr of he pret ei ely iaacces he ication pda. igen ‘eos ike mde, ae comon i oli els Yellonstoe and New Zenon Wheres onsen ease cuttin nth sls olan al anes Kaha Fer, he guaty of aca tha orn aye he are of the pret tock 3 eter {alee wise in Kaldre(Tke) and Neon NZ) where eserves ine aestoe, ‘One git ako expt tht the composion of hydotrmal aimral whose since allows fer sioaie amomt o lament soba, tae nay rele conption ofthe mine a ferlasr Lifovton i aaliaeon his poi ie dee a, oer appear tbe he se Foresmpl,ciloiesopscing laisse spon ase sates om Heb (peti Vale.Peano » owe Califo) tave vey sir cna On oer Hite cay it epee NZ el oval tte eyed hen ite replaces plage he sane se However, anater way of approaching this sae! 10 eeoguse hat he ck uct ine recharge Ds ofthe Fels eonol Td sompsiion Gung pT rts fo the Now Zan es, {nsating Nena whee the dsp "been preaches al aris hang Wwe the ls nave have vinaty ney thts gure, fells alte, Kehoe yt, hrf pi thas (0 the dep waters of New Zeta stems ase of very sina compsiton wi sipstiam evo in ‘Saye nie boro ol sino! finely sleet lads (he above ins, some ors, are also Che a repli i th scare nn fe sme feu (0 conse te say ofthe i isl come y the aa feo coma, i knw yen wp the uni of coi th ids move Toe eos tough whieh they ae! {nosso et al 158). -Fat, tur nels lo ore in the dsctarpe none, nas waa: pbs foo cles sd oro biti posse ha ees ar cae (iggenbc,181). Hydrothermal Alteration and Fd Composition Inrotucion “The else retirnip eine id compton a daemon ws leary egal aseaty ts 193 whee Fangs i ie account of ewes of aiing et Yellowstone Nato Pk, ecient work scold and realy setened Ws eos, tn gem the gctenmal tog oiores a dein the yet! minal at eer in enves ‘nl cating sl then pet, or cents up, composion of ese ids. weve, ‘orth remembering te factor sch opener so oor ab hiss erly We of be ‘estou Geer sco). The ela tltionslp baneen Maid compotion and yet ing i xen ia speical siecion ois deceit nthese note. Anse a oer sts commonl ot whe sae ean deel n many Pipi sl Se senate 519) ‘Where anos concentntons ar highs in he res ot Kets, New Zeal, seni Ines pot Li cei) hn ren beer la slow lives at Yellowstone whee [resent recpltes om mrs ith gh uae C20 pp) aan exon a aoa Lo (12) rer aly 1972). Ccer ean elite pst at Ola ad ata at Lae whee Mie ae ih in orine a tron espetvey Thess of etn sie ad yg ule ‘soled nh sev fave very Set eon wheter re 0 ha exe, ama ed Sid incre ett in te escraiocks ‘One inportut concn sb the fst of id composi cn yoke ation 5th te ‘hole concnaion of diaslved conta ac es Imperato te aes ts {orion Tis is dette yt tt he hse rns of Te Salen Se 2750000 9H) ‘ont mith ti evi rocks fo prodce an ssemBlage coasting of unr clit, eid, Kelp ste Knot hr; his sao te eg mie ace in hot (2°) prs of several steal ls whee teen vid are ery te (300 pon TS). Acti Diagram The K0-AlgO SiO, -May0 50 sue “Ths are wef ols for summicizng the eon bevecn Ryton ner and is. ypicly They lt fn sty tos on th sega at stl temperate a he peseoce o xcs Sie terete sti a ane dete 6 ove enero na acon Om ach gin ‘Shows he elaonaip xen soo at pos er at 2C In the esa of pty 2p {fog (afc eas a pt of 1g (OKs) om he the. The tows ve dawn where to ce more psc ocit a emit; he pons ee deed ty expriaeby eenkion ‘by abeeton ce of inra tions gee elor erp te Keldspr Ke dary cab exes hy the gut ae eit ee) SKAISIjg +21" = KALSI0(010, + 6510, +2" ‘whose equim const depen upon he ao of aK; i vale bos determi fora sat {empratneange ina lng sees experts by Henley an Jones (198, Sly, tomaton of “Tis ations. ° KA SiO 0H, #310341 5i,001D, +2" ‘ver, erst ofthe reton ttwcen abe and Knee em be wed to cleat the slope Cat ‘th pn) of th tds Hse aes nl is plod Figure to he ae a cis) ‘sagt line atte 13. Ts NAASIOg +421 = KAR SO} (01 + 68103 + IN focwbich he eivio constant Kast “The let of pemite co the psn of Te ane sol pet forthe fw sires exceed in others stems bat Henley an Jones's expinents ee conte at 1 Atay, However, a sigh fnjsment ofthe ae of og (OK Fr Kea, Klar elit popoions 0.15 se Pr 1000 bri llowed fora tse figues, uch se gta he fet tperstre a any ‘Sho byte loationo the sie nner egitim baie at 230°C ‘The aw fact agra, such es hs, sth nee as lt Te cmposton ote Mi on the same agra od tht ened kao the concen KN and in he deep wate te th appropri sli coteals ths oy, depending epi on the barges. the ion ad thee seh he te i, but canine eae sn the Debye ke ne oy ‘offen ne Elisa aon 12-13 wl shape ary acount, 1965p 16). Deep waters ef Heals cision (ne seth aot 4m an king atv cfc fr Nat and K" of 70) pot a sown by the black eile on the aetity aya sued Spary ‘Ts at 260°C this wae eu wis Kemi ite or see bt very sew Ns" ha ves wher ite an Kesar (alias coe ‘nw fig pst a ot) we cn, For expe sso allow wt tapers inte vcs when sem is ten tim essen, el fea nate pnd igh cooling (ve eee cnet et cvporain). Ashi oc he sides Klis repo excess Kons fromthe soliton fd the competion of th id motes ny fom, fhe Kea aby el ton the ae ssp miers eben tou. Snir diagrams canbe conned fo ahr luni mines wing diferent combinations of fates (td aly (O81) end these ae of ety tha depends onthe quail of te aopite Theron dae Helps, et al 197). In many of the ade vay dara, eas ta Sunn orn can ser eg, epi, ci, er) are wena as ag schuomeie ent Incr! els (1980, 198) tint cco! he ecto sold scl. Ofm sa ie ‘grees, however, knowledee of the ceay of the Ay wine aly eid DY sig at ‘etn micopte nayerd lays ew eked oa sigle se {The CaO - Al SiO, By) 1130-200 40m ‘This sa vey moron pte cutee ntl aso commen in atv gota ls. An tev apm tt th clonshp betwen see of he eal pase; me compere gas, For bier C421" vale! fife empresa tl 1584 ‘hn npn conponent nhs syste is aon ode ht els inh oration cf HCD} and Oy? ions Fora partic value ef mC aa ycthermal son, x vic fine awa on am atv ign wag (CA2*42H an ig adept) rps the ae at whi ete reins Ae ths in cn sks ls ve mae to pect (whi hy nd Cl fice em) ad cate oss insta, Fr tiple eonceatons of 0 tbe ate ids lowered fo lower Bg C371) vas Fr expe, or CO = 015, se (reid) emia a an far fd = 1 yr ie of he wit eli pen. This explains observed diferece a alleaton a‘Wate nd Broan ee i cto ae ariel wheres epl l waie aete. ype ston apis Wat reheat, ny» Tar oe wal elispr cosine pint, This comp shown as W a Fige wx and is peel ela ths ‘le soil Fie th asus g(a? 47") =. foe! CD concentration. Sih sepuraon of Scan andthe consent lis won ving th trot he edo (i) K{dspar sail ie, {hd appeal steam son woul be eel el the corapstin pa acd te eas ie, ‘routs, never, bas @ deste campion pt lose othe Keven, Kel, a waa onl al the cle ie. Wi ston seat, aie weed he peed and ao {he composon pt would saben lly tng fe aie, Kells bomen, oly hat ‘vac wold lees row hay les} while eae ws min. Fara given temperate thie a pata concenraion of tn side a he degoun! wate bore (cee wit pete a the ci nce ae th tem seer, aed ow we ‘ior sent me forms te tense stable with seam sation." AU 260 thls carbon oxide ‘teen sao the Holand sie (D1) Clio late puss arly depts ilps, ‘evens ealccan dos ligt eng of ileles pci Brod bat tat Waal. Reasoning sg tenes may re ie ose espe, ta ety ge, pote ells wich olde {eubl hcl apie psipition ese y Ssh The CO concentration ofthe dep eri {ey ator ed ian ety mater fo ston copie whet ee oclelum sete pass Pretest in cos actin ron sie and ie pases site an ple ne the conten ton mits hat ocr ete pater fs agh very ‘reason es of arate un lop ae al peso. Ths slits of pyriteand pts can fe reed be pra pes of al Hane leper ie Hs and Mon f. 108-105, Ppttite may form here stele ft ha erated om he gi pase (which cooseaneny fsa her pgp. Thea ptoiogt shot se to emanent on he ele concen $n the ssace wats (nhs en ary even wit aig ek, Sipe te amon of 1S tin kd wl care dry prdcien i «very sna (ud expense consideration, a ely {five oaion about th ly onset Hy any he en ws examin of he en ox fn slides presen some ise (eg the I I Sadr, Ov, Kenya and BI Tao Chile 09 ices sacha ete ae omen soph ty ay lel coexist wh ye bt selon pete. “Tis tps tat the is here coin iy to one at ss yop sie tan iso the ew Zen yes ‘sing cng to prt he effec of ixetion ul relation ana seri. To come Hydrothermal Alteration nnd Permesbilty Inirotcton Seveal ses of ternal senon inersogy (eg. Star, 197; Browne, 197; de ty ie; Rees td ole, I) ve dso oh cone hex pera sen te doin ryder mia hee paper ss so Hoa kaos eth melo eons olen ‘rcovera om lol con Be ed fier, nae aes, stsace permeby. Miner estos ae sla shen neste iron! yao neds eta pore wae tovposed In my cst a Tost aon oie hd sul specie us be wd (0 rks Cor sotto In els of ow eri, git teen las a he seer Misa ave Pray ninenls or gos cn pest fo Mh tempentiss. Ox the cer Mand the nerked zoning of Fecal sas abr Td ees ia Sees Japanese pots elds shows ee sated col alemton end demons to the Inensiy and tp ers elles prea Sa Tae), Pees acu lanl ot Wai, eens, Vaitpn, Kaelin New Zl, a Toman Pillppins) ws caacterae! by vl fri, seul xc loge wih qa ad ‘ste. Ssamgl: Cootermal ens ofthe Tope Valen Za, W2Minerale shang “ ert obeve hyethema llain sd (6) ep derinete relative permeate substi fomatons det ep ad age cs (©) re quan stints of bore tts foe na scare hi te tks pave months ser ailing (6 toe production zones. The ema impr mizrals ating pemesiliy w akerion we the Fess Wi nein peel the elspa italy tages a fas: may onesie ‘ite ‘Mite nt adr Aversion Fel Hodolony The hyena lehevonr of te common fonatons tnd Hologic nits shows he in eden am fom zones where fling mtra yale tating comin, ae the Wale Dice bec nd eoare precast ne Raut ea. Cae hee i ae ft Ps fhe conmnanly cot nd, wich by east, seein be Fes peel cs Anions Well Opa “The fst 12 bores et Broalands ha outs that rele the det othe ely in hie pralction zones tres winch acre sn 1500 ro sean we: hark by alia ‘ees aie ps ela were tbe common Felisprs inves with sent xp beeen 40 a 10 Tice Ir; peor to poces ee F2) tal 7) hve cores Unt conta te war ae, ‘Sharing st Bondo, Kaw and chew has cones hs empl lan Altecion nd Psion Desh Ftowng fom these pots wesc Dat the prising rons of the god Does contin al By cots rocks conaiing pinay avs or nie salle never seve apron bao. ‘Somelmes boner apres corlaton been par miarlogy athe ean of rca 20s isnt alas poste, ay det the acy recog, nepedeay, where mip ed ones “alte Sutuutace fomaton ods, te ype lean ad wud yoga un Forman Taine frame Go) preset inbigh rep oe utpat bres iter) oka Fats Lacie tines, 30.350 No are tse fora Rhye Panize ad 0450 Oceans a ‘henlieylite tar sions Paneer essa 0250 Yew aver icant Dace ene tras 3m No Banter navi tren Viriccnaltibic —NaDSO0 Yen Daler Ia od cea ongiiki neal deny weed 30-100 No aie Iie vitiocrysat ignite lon eed pyrlaion Aa bth widespread nd stunt in cores recovered from Br 25 an one would ext the wel | faves god outs Misi ety ors see chores steam ate 100 tonsa wlio esse of 1 bg. The serv rock ip peat and sts so tha fe pees ees are at howl he pf the die pk 0) ap fr S040 10 whew ara oes Mito "se Te wo asl to 6 mbt he ston of aan peaking abe a ht SD my,Peewa0nt ue — Foca ht tlt of ti old nh ve by ernie cs ore Ge ‘lsd Mahon. 9,17 Chemise ‘Asay be xpi fom th mie changes ef ht cores fom pod posuton rons ave gh ‘uum elon sad ems it CUNO ese Bgl. Oe “on Bae’ Pretonzors wher at lt edi cer he K,00 rato amon varies fom 05 14 ut inno: pocng acne i aly lee th 1. "Thi clasp is shawn ley in the pe Avnet soa for 25 whet K contents pre th aes of daa ad NiO tt alte However, in ows whos cre oan abuse or need te maxim he Esaon of 10sec so cely mach th of aa. Age So Ln cls soa the {gestalt ever tala ad cia contents lds and permet in New Zl fet Pyne of por prea? Cores rom same ot ta ingens zones Broads contin pete (sly about FegSy ba ‘oriah) IIs mos abun in aks wee organic mater pes cating os edn condos, huts Fema my’ lk th tpg seated tea he peal ks. ye on Ut ‘he and pte om esi water en which ste fs eee isan Moe, 170, sales Stems in de Palins Reyes al Tent (1951) sumnmised and deste ow tony stein pete exon inte Mpc.” Among ee iets, hse allele is sed pet wll permet ior camglron tet a fo sce ating depts, pelt tha lth 9 5 ch Tn an, {esol these sons ae to deine he poien oa wel in elaton oo eons of the Fed eyes an Yolen, I; Yk, 1982. | comparison ofthe conn ta iss inthe potion 2s, 2 engined by ration ites ding iliag and wel compton et shows hat tad adi ocr in he eal oes four ssn cups of oes rks whores sna ae lee ese ee. The Sleniteace and cause) aye detionIn aclve eoerel is te poly undetod, eevee wheter lite we shia pests In pea zones mail depen cn Md pH ais osm coms ‘Tables. Common hytotconal mines pemeable 50 Pipi penhea ystems (Reyes and “olen, sect gether atdony ot Alen mina sony _peimeble ones {ex in perv a. [rome teste Andesite as (tery, ate, tolenatie lye, imi cle {cute Ner este vole ar ani, ‘ties te sate unc bsktn Bengt Votan om ‘ute, ai te, Slee Seca ‘alcte sont Nes Lincsione untae nen Atty Andesite tars nd oz adi, one sells ___ pie ae)Peaw201t 1s it 6 Ua oa png local ai cn roe TT] lon calfeced sated oo fected inet mary Zils Neawta —Otlarin—hitpines fst Mint aw Sndones foteaveglas asont 1 ' Image) lismonaeneie) 2 1 5 a meat) prexene > lsmtitol) 3 sheen 2 a a vies) so 452 shoot tc? fcaplapicae 45 aiepesent 3 4 4 acre Jie) ate 3 4 sot ae facie} tentFane. owen veg 1014 SURVACE AND NEAR-SURFACE ALTERATION run auausr2n2 Arordnetion ‘The hyo alleston tn css atthe suse of civ poten lds as Bn wl 2 ‘portage wo interpreting te hye, expel the ls epson ave Te dcp fenunc.he ets a! nly of the ation haste se! 1 dln he sie ef sme ls, a 10 sae ir taste Matsa apa by. Su “The sac slleatonsssnbages ele the comasion ofthe preva Hd ype. Ala elo ‘rings comoaly depot norton alc int, and atete sigs wally dep calle or mgt a they lene 003, ‘The lice mney pode by al conser and veo ass Jaume wore compe bat commonly acids vv fst (especialy aot, msi nd ‘ypu, hola, pt, ion ends, sur, meray, ase bdsm sie esi. These pose ‘destin eter dtl ate pages ling, Sica sinter and sien residue Ferminoboes wed desc sit where th ces selon les pla er fl alee from sea tesde. Problems ave arisen in he as acre thee mei ave fen slid a a bly oh ed ert ee il ‘Sica vest igor, ‘Sica siner Ms wy ot son stone sts to reine Gara ula the ane ily enon the cre emily dere ox are wll ten wea te Sol ona hao ‘n DTA pte when the mate of he low ener etter nk dsc with increas age shes), Depasion asst wl low, depending pon th deg se vesuan ofthe daa the Teel fw chats re fem pr ear, however, hve xn ree npr of Oke eat, ‘sic aces even at a dale rom aun bv els acho Wai Sica sir is easly HRB I con te almost sy econ; EONS, NS, Mak (ike ‘iis, py m Ths pecs clus a sty Rovere we ly ‘pert along sone ok Ihe lioer alo Sti sty han dese bt spongy porous snes eccrine. epee ups the ew reine Thelin etre ny see Bao Stic sine i omwoony aa Wh i yes, liner sale ta wt, fen tacabe ver Alances of seve meter ore ‘Govette Sie snr nt en frm a apron of silyl, ale eye {ieee oldie Mec sged vos, sete oat ge nse tom mw soveral conte, and hee are ses, hc ns oper) whores eae as {wn tp ogreTevnting of ln se seater ehrcterisie of ws dep, ts eases rang tll fo ‘Son eller sever tes. Invi! eet eon cosines Gane) or ar ea ‘Enos (etter or cs asa) ath ros as ir tere ae ane) pe ‘om i sles thse tenors ple to det he flow ecto te pie Water (Comove surfs poi In snee etion, The eta Reoce igs eres dees othe Stace pn hacer opt ines is Ss, sso ies oper saps ios tes 1 sci hat were ot wae ft eal ssn pe-sap! daposton texas ea on, Tose both nero 1m hight ems he a ose plea eects tes shorp cence ly, bt oy, eget Yo ae ow sac ey pt a ape ‘Src which an ines le he win ton ntti Many sine spss cota cst of pa miner oes! wig eats oon een amd ple resent in many spies act snr. sy te pesrce of ht wee, pollen seem save ta fren ae sees exes wera ri asap ins ber peste a lS. Regan lit Inte, ining pen, would ep vier th ho nse sca Sar foe 2 ae ‘Ootang andes ‘Sic ster fre arn ht pots comnorty oss he po Islet by ee fees {ecaiet waver cos tat os edge ein seo peste gh a. Tsemieon ‘tas simer fe shows hate owing rae opis mf scent elongate bles of > Ata vet cor ie pra tae wy as eso os prays i a pases Bt ‘vert ee ck nt he po ben foena, “This meso simer tht oss vss famed when ony bibles tapped lw awit as of ‘Sonar Si deporon reserves ten oer sir epost Wa fs eerie, Somer Ee “This texte forms in cinmels whe tema was haa elongate cases of ania gon ‘aesng tbe cul Meo or sides, Thee my Decor sito i ete oct insiner ‘Sons sate se alice costo ty sung ont ober neil an. Mas soc =| nol nit pr aed ses ce td ne elytra to ews Toten Sey Dien, hae ese tcroton of the plesaeogy mst be made ey ‘Sef toe are a et ots: (That te secompanying ines des depos wit he ste, THs ie de ese, for exe, ‘Mey nese aig als che water es psi bl, shale ales pet (0) Tht the ccompanying ners deste afer the hd cea fon he he ata aa ‘Sve ater was ead by sewn and oxton of stesrtng Hs deed a eons Rveale tothe frmeion of aaa oan, 1 mayb iia tings Heveon sample pode ie tne vo et loons ia ae yates inthe ila et the ate, easy ie mare onc ve wean et en ‘elds pice roms str son Rest Sis res fs above ie fret of al erie voter a am mane, chars of gst Seo finely aceon Wy sal porn of C0 ed 8 a es cally exis, sl “4Pewu2011 Prone 15 feat the afae, Wo 1,90) poohcng a eng cd timely sucks the moaning eke. ‘Volcanic ks eg. price aps, ar ely dastved ina sletine ation, pring th sl ct ining senha comps slit (nani, bene, jst, Kain and pte. Hawere ‘al the oa ok ae, oF replaced and Sov sis Irn sues fo sia eid ‘kept, This con fen eile recognise carci are pera nepal toeeo er, focal boning: tis is apparent, for example, whee bedke! deposits such as teen me attacked aa their leering series eso fom. Somatic sar fons omc, pee ike extresb hive notacn tse extend ley fore tana es centers, Sen ese i eval Tal Bu 3 ‘onmmonly ons esate bt ita olay aps to quis Sea reve deposits ae los ‘nvr aecompniedy one ore of the ies tel stove, cl spt i ata Sion reside ca fore tow grow sce, uke ser, tt i ealy eroded Haweer, een peri ica este seldom onal any pa teri sping of surface hydrothermal aeration vig ye field Ups you wil ve ica thes c ychtbermaly altered rock suc ay ‘aca fenestration an coer sea that rage frm ne wera) t9 many rt (ratte and Walaap. ‘Supt ydothemasteaon swell worth tying a mapping Bese ads nwa he ‘te os pot te. npc len poration tows ‘The tre of the Aering Pi Ste leon conte wel ok etn sh he nt he que cmon of ide ‘scared fom sings or oma. Fr example, cpslne ph nue smi sls paps Doses mya ens rs ‘ere eds re gates, sha at White Id or Rte Whee tess id oe aid Supt ype, fr example tm ma pools thn sane miners commonly oe.” These re yells ‘aye, etal us rf; element slurs aly ese aad Satin rape ‘nies ny ot o Haley, ocean dete) sho cca examples of Kea ean te pik dr tote presence inet sented hema All cide wate sles ft, eipe sors sintral Se fi etal an be wider, Orel Koa, Weiospu, Steuer Sigs (Nevada), and Yellston If wal hag, dase aad white bt ‘xcstly in dsnage chon at Watl wd lly Orel Ke) bt ye, pora o ‘Sion snr for 8 SiO peptaing frm coaling wer seated ih sled SiOy A pelo can cua emai fs ee For example a he Hoes Poo (Oaks Koa), sien Swo olserved to dept tara of 25 or yen (oy p39). Alo ey se snes peysete {tet ces oly atom geysers ad spouts. Alou sie sae the man sae allen pt omedem colina erie waters, oxastrlly ether mater aso dpe Pa ines ‘i meals pecs tha ally conn oe rae eoncentaons of pol an aver Co. Osa {Goryeo "Thee ae ny ene of segs whe peso igh ence of mex, ‘sei, manne le, vim, alan and oer lees hese semen ea fer srl pra ‘Sich acinar, sbte,asenpyie, we, erpimen, tf or Howat ead ait), bt some weit be witha ey fm, CCarteratich ek ori comeony Wit br onic i chim ere ttn i sce Ss en hy ec he sfc: allele pelts Bt whte deposition tes bre eenly pi sagt my erm. Tao exepls of cbse deporte in hi ey oe a [inldere ads) ond Manas Sings Yellowsto), Phe Daation and Age of Thera At. ‘Gael tsar ot stl ands sessed eae, th reson oan care Fees cn ‘oes hea ern tljing ne tha se pase ee, Supa alleton proves eat 5Pea eg flanges In susoe att it ee Ba my yes, For example isin the tin ee tdncre Tetra asd bythe ste alton auld be peel) unt 1 hs ea Yellow, Mi. Mishel, Net (Meranda tomtom Sings Nerd sap elge in ‘Sampo tans th each te sae shold sob eet ie tio alan fers evens! by mineral chemi pin, Mayle sner dpe shoe bang alg Taney hve erly es sed by eer ca Ding of smn rion i sti ii nah seer snd geo goog! th a ‘weap Ith nr cl fen plot ei ep aa he lation eas et by a CC! mata, er peta pacar. See nny geuiou eds esrb aes of eve wokanisn, ‘ephoshouloy ont atl a rte lives owen even Surface Atertion provide Brome Mapping Tree. “The asa of ated pul is ously mac ler tha he sizeof he scaring en fester bere main teed po hs ofen yore lh ini he si el an pens of ‘may geologically orton a fess, Spoil eon oe sows wp wel cn sea plugs whose see ay Ufo sao reste indivi cig ees, nhs sting stot or ngi ytterna ered rks om er sled earn epca ane teen develope ur er exqeran Sle ey ft in otha odo neg holy, Kno, prep meamoront dapon pom) athe ‘Eve store peed in acivs ena sen, then the chaque hae vats pao together ‘xporaon( i wx Aaky, Bonone Geog 197, p13) Resisanc of Hrthexmally toes Racks fo Weathering Dire totems irs wen, chemialy ant ply, ately vine ets ess relied th can cause olin In Inspection, pclaty whe fhe aeation tls a ence Iscoge fetes. Many anertic eyost ee hight ste ad wll sapear dang the Gist win Shower weet sen sir gly fsa to Doth ia ane pgs eos bowph Ts my ange tog slow esti). “A very gommoxinae gem ner of isetsing fea. wating Sue sale; ain cae ani, pele, rape; en inte. Ths alten anit ite sls ele sins I typely preserve fr shor pods ‘tan it Fred fo al crs tren he er se ser stint excl dered ie gio star wher he roc fc ain eve ch coat wk belt fee. Mapping Procedure “Thee ate ow examples of rally deed mapping of cael yee aleation in ate trots although the a my of eel minal ropes The her find tht Cas oping of sprit si nti pnp, te however, fe Japanee pelo wore ha ds in ng superticalbythermalaeon a {isto rating nee ten of peter els ir net nh export hq fellows he soso St Meat (es?) ad the mapa of alate fe lite Go ‘So Ks Kio, Takai, 8 Cxslogye of Late Poser to aocene yet Aeron ilo ad Ha Sing Depts aan, Geko Srey ofan on he accompanying se ‘12000000; Tate ston of oar es ppt). Janene wa th jet hs een of [et heel bette he poor ters ahve wl ey wth td pop elnigns, ‘Many nna a ie engin othe with ume epi, bt ar pes iy neo tobe bene by yeep nics ce XayDitacton wth AMoOgh Ht wuMN! OST Be tent bane Ione esl ne ping ae hi sn sys peti nd most ree the lt ply estes ht xe since a opie ig aad es. Inara who te sae sla cons of soft atti wage fen of get ep ad or ety Asie wor, sie ae ign be raed pe san coro ie alow lec eocng mv ested.” Obviowaly le goog fas kao exe Tosains dag mang post ‘ee tae amps ae ese ese terion a erm ene em be Tose hy plane be Srv ra en asin eons ua 6Pewa0ts ooo 17 iin to ting te aerton miner te relive abundant, elation to one acter ‘dhe ouce ft lering i sha ao Be me Ware vy ot sete i yet 5 be se ice he eat mig hve een Bred reed; elsewhere eft suchas sine eos ca est Fer than yore, Many sinter dots ao have sre pena tha ea be use to deere he lvton tha the heal Ts loved fe Ota Keak, etn), alioagh ipl pts vy it'lan dey fonnedUntrcing bv-shaged pater wthconvex marin a the don fond Fr yin tes ples he we bl oT the same fhe heal is a shaw Ua he Hd tno fara 20 Note on shallow eid-produeed alteration fom into the deeper ane its pene Many geothermal es in repos of igh see Have tick ever ed meter) zane Whee team a lem conden i wth deseating sper wae Atsomeo these se he eae pt al fhlede wate doesn ocr atthe sifce, eg tad enly by deeper dite. The Hote ‘hcton proc! by sto diferent ide ot wi ch se, epsily we i dT, fe uch er a ep than fey ara the sae The hy araton priced by dep Mie active peters els ts bea deserted by Dr Apes Rees, then of PNOC Calip) mot {GNS (Nz), Try Lec whone work fe motly pis, nd in several pons by Ign For exami, contr the Baan Manito geothermal ld i anthers Lon Hee dilttes enue tot oly the etal pl sb laid lds (elo 29 fr ud el Mo. These 2d fis, hawerer economy igh nt ride nl pine sons nd re poy tere ie ‘te rie" peti at ih I ad Mls ct ng fa 250-80 ey est fromas deep as 500 m 1m geothermal Gels Where bath nar newt pla he ald tds ecur the yal iain tigers proeodmateh tee Ovo contain fli types The aa lle pode ial "venblge te prset In ry Tildsith the usa cles eaee,ete aan ‘aloe ste up ar soto peat sie nanan) al alae de rote seb ‘At Racon Manto, aiproduod minerals typclly cmpise the following rmes;taine Go 120), ‘Site pa aie (120 180) eke ls pyopyeu 210-207) an prope us (230 {0 280. Neat the wae oe, esistbate, jt (lun) acer in 8 Mg silent re root ‘hich almost leer const ae ben dssoved il fide a be halite 2m nite cst opal und Kt have fone rom thi wilh pt yles Hewes 25 and 30. Other $e ried ils sabe daspne ana, op, ne, ale eae ‘A feaureof he aid pce miata assiags a hey ec nao Zanes hat have Yr sharp Bounces with he etal peed essere, The favored nel proce tem i he Pipes neve al condos descouing dow a, ting ete fom he cera oes with which they reat hs prod de aherved asmbges AS thee spent in hho mea fechas the edly Beas aed 3) ‘tat away fen the camel ee the pogaessiveotion Prophyte + alie ttn ect "her ve ny obvious initio ewes hs ype fete eld ad eternal nr depos of Wh sph alias." Howerer the same eed ping asenbies em alo fe ferme fom ‘scaling agi dived is Tete se, essed SO is, ls pss HCL and IE, race be ‘eid mils Te suing epitbeal mineral dept blogs wo the high spr or hgh spin ‘pet soca ea about inthe erative thse eps, came, Gils (Nev), Mi Ka (Uj tegat spes).rome srdrothernal ernption deposits Antonin thks eto reso ocak ig ool of eben yer (Stsed sure apg In aviv arse rete eso reais. Asal Teas (cm) ‘ptr ovine non 198 ne tua ed perenne fa he Crater te Mow ave ia he sre yet nn 589 a 1380, One ected Nata in 2005. Hyde ron tye een cna se Wang Yery yon! ste ed aed yu wil ee pst: ‘See fa ths cr you ike ideally onc lf i eplatin etee lit Tower ewer nd se Inte ore equator eps Nt however ts tie etna of eso coring na prc ea dpe, son let tr, pn the tee Seng of yen roks ow ond it spt yet eno ee aes Ne Ue Sh Forks are tiny penne oa Id io eseape. ec of chang a oa ytly eave by Inne! deposi snc a presi yn be een io ht yon we a este etn pally Cerys osc eck a tw ay peal res, yds! epost of com, ie any npr oF apna or them oak lace; fg Invetve then tie sree sboald Le ala pve or pleeloegnatc Thee Wty 2 coe ‘ston betwee yee ern, htc facing, a eng, We ve te xp km sis baie ocd in muy New Zefa lis in estre and pis aes {Crp besa cei il cove) nrg secs te ben pulses of athena erptions An Yellonstos (aids Bal, DL, While ad hi, Tradl Hyeenieanl Fxposon Cras Ik Yetiwson Ned (1971), Gali Sosy 8 Any, vol Ep 72310) and avd Navini Some Golo Bon Gate Aes in Tes (985): alta Volealoqe, vod 231, 9518330 ste he ter eptosn s pope epee bare cle vente. The tage ‘nial eeption tht osu Aopen, Slater i 1990 was dei by Cates Fob et (922) bonne and Sass een he sitter sponser exams Hk rth plod i ath Selene Rees, 200,299 31 ‘As tn etn depots fe ominon in some goth spt, wea thes hee a for ‘Ginn nnstice aout asin pono exploring Id tetova sons Wy 30 Soul copze ap ty thar epost (1) Tous the one fhe worse rock adhesin rato por the ntl ling (2) se syns in he TW (eg. Wala, Mota wnt Rotokava) cason yeas cer above the jor pion zac forte stn (2 Ding of yee rion pits my provide norton stout es ene f suice sey in 0 Sine hota eupins e «tan, Kaede of se epeney way sii he oct tn degen ed Ovens eth ‘Obviast on 6 the mos novel siesta hythem erton depos i to eae te Sonne (et) fo the sete Hoes Fr thi ean, polo appl and ote sce sts ‘posheral cpl) shal te ade cncuneny. From esr elo, sveral wu ess oad (0A ty ft ters way be to lose Yeas als nay ae 2 cols for the gehen Figs ers te yaaa eros, The mrss ogy ay Ne sso eric elon. Weald ithe cto the Sse tsa yee” eG os bet Reig anew eo fing o in. TA infomation dees Inarting the qimaive aud save ats or est des me 09 ‘ron wos dept (2) Recoynkon of plnsingagic Fes ns 28 eons, bes oe evn Bo post, Lora hea ‘mtviy my fehl te pests of heb eupon veut eo atte wel in tare! eon cet tesa Bo Senate Fas stay af euponBemset9 ‘could beadopted. - (Defi hesufoce stata, patie te explon deposit hoz. Any deste worker tions ould bs asd a ell fale ove! rapt er Cinscon of tale eats ‘alten loealis epoca avis crapen rea dooney Os holed Ga preset tal eas} ores oes ee see sen dp io fro nes Ye). (0) Mop e dstietioe Ga, ike exe oF sido! eupion bea dea. Tks rut my tcl ow etsacon of opus maps oll sl, Ts conn, at ck (6 Th sn fc hold be nol Kats. As tt see pnely dees with ste rm 2 ‘eat contin of he kn at a al! Toes uy sapere ese ask omg vents “This wo td at Hota oe tela) Uh cls sn i defining vet oom Macon tues syne nat ag a te bse of epson bec depos nay ses sous deen Toe ‘hts cupid wali aso, (Fm te above tafnaaton you stout any tie the she se aration ete for ‘vent ron depose, (6) Once hs ean cept, yon sold thn examine he ck yp la) fo dif enpion Tocca jn a quate ai gy eve the lai abet ferent eek esi he ‘snore «quale tals wil even sk types Inte aubtice (og, yooh ing, Ssdsone st ling) ad ay event Fong vets (se below) Md nelson ste ‘ote in cs, in connection 6h the ahve yxethemelallseon, may provide oe ceed ‘famation bot he stele hyde! ep ‘An samples The Reto Geothermal Sem (RIC and PRUE "he Rotoava,Geathenna Sytem is one of sere eae syns the TVZ. whe yer rp els hve Lae aed coped, Disatve aspects of Rola. i exon rion depose ee ever some 15 kan he fc of rae la eave ins. KJ. Coly, ash {ote Ite fr te USA, usd nt ee oceoned met say cep cepa Ratan Hoeeer coe fs sao (25) mp expondon lh here ep peers ells wee examen er loa vets i vecorise the sua oats nop aoW ‘roan es, For bei, oly tou Tt depaissredscused i dtl ‘Seog Sens Pest Acsty Lote Rohan he in es mae a te Rava ves a ae of abo 07k? hap atu Somt oi th som et on ge hc ein 0690 ea 2). Tht ns sl athe bon pon een tn y Net as Ate he 2500 earl Wala cee Tumaion the es wet onl et ithe uptin teas anni sed ps nt hi ean a ena tarry th cw 180 yer Tap Pie np ti apo 0m hk ws ea a po inte npn ets et Ne ie He Teor sug ‘Team ea sca Caf an sen wes ne ap ad sis togier hxc some of gett, vst, bn, tater wx pos wees ‘meas Therm senses sang names nso ney ee {Sem hrm oe,cher te abemal copon Yn Yuchs oly a sao sex ‘rf Waka ier pcs Urs ral neta 100 yeas el Tayo Ps ino vets tom wins shone th Goks ofthe Wein Rie dasha dite brat ait wr, ond ad Spee sigs ecu anwar, the bn heal eno be sau, No alae ings asa wi the te, ott eure oad Waimke! Hersa slong bat en he ‘Wallao Kv, ts well a aly with te main dna re, evidence ta dep era Wales thea enAwe Pom Bromes PCERT, August 2012, ‘eREBIWH, a1) FLUID INCLUSION GEOTHERMOMETRY: Thele application tothe {determination of thermal and chemical characteristics of geothermal systems Introduction Fuld incsions are smal, wally micsepi, volumes of Mud Inpped within hykaenmal sae ung thee growth ram fds. They pode ue wits «sample ofthe lid the ine of roth Ce healt) af he cys and cn may ccilons as allow us to detain rer eststely ti formaon temperate. This fan cn ep us in etersig te peta and pt tema emia ater ina getheral syste In sme eat, the heal dt ot Madison aye sve win 2 hows wae tng ecovered rey pty saving much on dling cos i Wels "ol ‘We wi evi tenes background i collet propery and inp ld incon dt, an then ook how these dia can be apiied Yo petra Ses, In most casts, te most wef i ate the eatheannmetn rele, tough we wl also cas cmp da Tse ws every ie or ‘aso teny,tcqes,apitians, reer to Roeder (194), Ths bok on i alsin ‘est efeence for any person and laborary doing Tid fcaron work. A book with spl Peseaion Is "Apacs! pide to fd csi sae" by T Shped A Rankin, an. HM Alero (1985). Aoter,Besully ste, repos “Syste of Fi lass in Digentc Minera by Ra Goll and Tames Reyna (1990, urs nse with hese notes il be sd incase, General Principles ‘After we ett transparent yds ey (6 utc anya rom cating Aico, ust be pla (vith crudom ad aod ps) ul to paral fos give 50 ew down a corcope ‘Amos all hyhoherel crys contin Hi inlsioes, tough mary te oo small be wef, even Under igh tagniaton. When we find ad nelson an examine trom empertre a Oat ncescope il gee show move ta one pase. Inn edhe xs fence in he ete of Sin envio nls wl ens ovo pes, comprising quid and vapour al ofthe solved ‘pecs wl remain in scon 9 th dng nerves, Atooghinlsons ust apa honogeneos (single pase fi atthe empertu ad posure of ‘wth two planes develop upon eoting (eg eval of core). This sd wo fleet stinkage O8 ling fhe "ysl tle” and the conned Md By revesng the proces on ig rseope Stage ul th wo pases merge into oa, we wl ave dtersine he orogeaton pete) "Te i that was wapped dag cel growth ha a rere exalt vapor pee, a8 st ‘nthe bling pat vers dep cur), then te temper of Wapping (Tea 0 Th Henever for Mui tapped th coe pase stem Ue, above te Hgul-apoar carve a Fgh ou Say) presse covrection lon conan desi lscore mat ede TL ge In most geothermal sates, his press coeton is negli for slow depths and selivey low tempers, a may Be ight 915°C 2000 depsh anda TH> 200°C ‘Sample criteria “Thee ae ive sao esting which lid incon panera is based; and wich mst ‘evaluated for eachsumple ste. These are (tom Reeder, 199) {The eapyed vpn seating ofthe acsion was snl, hamogenous pase. 2. The cavity in whi he his appt does not ange in volme afer sing. 5. Nothing ed let om henson fe sealing. {A Theeffect af prese seinen o ae known, 5: The cxigin of he lchsion is on, Rew (1979) and Reeder st Bed (1980) ences these ssupions in dtl, As for he fs 32Pon Bowes spon, if see ntisions ina sample show a small range of Th but few have ep al uch phoresis pose Ut bth ig an apo were trapped i whch cae tr Th vals ‘ncaingles). Hence averaging al dats wrong proved, The second sition is of minor concen sep where Md inceson is het above is Th ther satay o bythe wrk) and he non thereby “sete, Cael ing and bern the Sample uso thi The hed sumption | sul val unless there i eidence tat he non leaked afte it formed Foe mpl the often evidence of act (italy hee) i tevin of th nelson, bing ed "seedy incl. Smee sumptions Io ad thee ae at yal if thre avid Tor ot ‘rpg ching or neking oh isn), que a comin eve As or asin fr we ack in gectherml sie ly to ave a good isso he depth an hrfore peste a he spe deh (bot 30 in many eroded, esl systems, eg. or depos). There is always some degree of amnbigiy onering the ist ssp, thoph we a stl et pod ea fhe pl) th ecusins. ‘ascaly tere ar re types of inchsione pin, sony and pcnsonday, Roe (1970) tis eta ee thir distin. Primary nelson frm ding eyelet nd seen (xt slays) regula tea ager te have sometines grow on cyt aes, wich ye sn fom tir osng. Secondary incon fr log led race within esa (Fn bo ond fr such are commonly one tn planar groups "They se wally very maw a pal teked Sometimes a fraie extends ough a ysl s0 at apes to Be pray vs Gn corse wi hve being sacondy inlstons. Pseuoscnry fcasion form ar scons ions Bt wih Theat visily temising within the esta ding est growt that cosines er etree Heating Stu Ac lteady entont, overheating fi incasios ina smple mt be vod otherwise sting fhe intsions ay ld ron rest, even Toph tye repre. With t's eqn, pein (Ge, repedulltyIs commonly +1°C, bat one my be enmity ince (le HO cing te alc). "This maybe do to setching (eae drag) or ext be someting ns simple a0 large tempted beeen the ihercouple nb same" This secon spect ean Be checked ith ‘Snr cos ex mein Sana Ihe fone Is mosh pefened ove he ae, a sre re may robes arent mching stand) ‘THE EIRSE THING TO DO, ONCE A SAMPLE 1S PREPARED, ISTO EXAMINE (F-THOROUGHLY, [LOOKING FOR INCLUSIONS AND DECIDING THEIR OWIOIN AND RELIABILITY. THESE "AREAS MUST BE SKETCHED IN DETAIL FOR USE WHEN MEASUREMENTSARE TAKEN, ‘When heaing a sale, 6 so very slowly, examining all use Incusns to decide which one wi omogein itThese wl be aired efor the ger tempertre nln, ase hy ate tot verte. Near Th, the heating ate sud bo theo fT 40 2"Clnin, You cn of elf the Tneuson ly homogenaed i tees sual (1010 2°) enling rang oe Keng i oped ser te ‘vapour bbl sunt eappeas.ILcomes bck slowly, he the Thar at aces. I vote ic todetemine he xa Th a the very sal yap le commonly nde" in dar part ofthe nln. ‘Nrmoable ie pti igt source can belp lo aleve ths eben. ‘Where tere i wide range of Th vale orto oF moe oputins of Th ca fora slag same, te ‘ermal ory may he Sse, arlly where fee we obvious ws liference betwee he option ste eon et pray an ont scary we the soon have Tower Th ale {hate pias ths apse hat he ryt cole ater its fran. A we ange of Td With 90 smmcn mode suggest many of he nln have lakes. Alert, they ray hae tapped 9 Ieeogencous fd (ea mir of ld and vapou, in which ease hey wil ve enrealusy igh (Gnd meanings) Thales 1 cyst growth ina bolng fi aps shld and vapor pss in diferent nts, bth wil homoge atthe some tempat, ab no presse coven i necessary. Thi sa conn, ta wre preset aneivea evidence of two ase (alg) conden (hog the itusons ma be Shown to tave formed cartemporaneos. Fate, just berese a Md is baling dbs mean a th ‘pour ph oly wil bere ninco, 3Pon Brome Freezing studies ‘The freeing temper (Ti) of anew ssn can be rete to tefl mally of he vans fetes present in tM, depend of the sae of the sole, by sng he following simple theo lao ocala te “ens” f 16 can vary io about 1.7210 18D fr die NAC sation Cased on ‘exgeimental Jou). Honetec, for ow pups, ths lows so elate Ta tthe approinat ol molly ‘ofthe id present athe ntison tne ase that oved sles contig to he rein eer re agely Ne sad Cr wd te aloning east sed Tor expressing Tm as “equivalent we Nac NaCl (eg) = 1.76958) 4.258410 m+ 52778107 cry? However, Hedenuis and Henley (1984) showed tha sis not anys th casein geothermal ystems, a "tat sclved CO some ists dominates NaCl in ter spective ontbaton oT sles, Th it cate the lly of CO ein excods tha of NaCl (sociated) in pce is (2 Osaki, and Cop wil conto Tn opto cncenalon of about 8 mol belo ene ut soon a sold {COs hate (CO 530) ‘A even higher conenations (pet fen observe in geothermal system), Op foms a sepa gud pss Therefor Tm a wil ive 4 de neon of he fll mali of slon ad In ne “The imponance of gases (ally CO2) io sutra fd was demons in he Auge lect for OL. pesenc wl sit the tong curve deeper, an hs ome th maximum allowable temperate for ' ive depth Gee fst py row afk contin 1.0 wcll Opa 300°C when rissa tring curve and Toms eum, Mest ofthe CO isos by 250°C so tha the baling cave shen evan ‘otha of pe water The actual measenent of Tn sen aM oe diel aT, Fly, nctsion Mis mt be super «ote oez, they fen ave tocol 10 40°C fe ee forms On wares te Healing le mst be ey slo (Cini). The temperate whe he sounded ce ysl mele eT, General interpretation of data ‘Sine CO cuious oT, ay api as of CO> vag toting soul recoded by he ein oscnitant with «decrease in'Th: Alemaely, i a deowase i Th (etnen ferent potion in 8 ‘sehen system, renin Several samples fom one oct) match ya rae rae ha Sharp, decease nn lon etd ‘These pps of Th Tn variation er ida itso within a single sample, obetween samples over the system ca ep die pte of bling ae itn, bth she exis now and ase have changed ‘wit tina, These deduction rly on Soowledge of the preset thermal coon the sae, on Patera, sme fling ad tion ee tse oiling dn Theor, hse soles prety ast I ‘Strmining he even of he syste tot present s,s also fp In peng oy et 10 ‘xpoiatin (doing Zones ssc aon an oligo fat hae ened ron th ek tenpeatues). Hosrere, poli the most wef apes fi incon geotiensomet, ot i sesing tempt ina wel even whi is ing died “Thneaswenents canbe conducted within a very short ine fer sample recovery and onsite, access. This can ive ames meen information on wheter or nt a well wll be hl of whet enperte 1y sont ling mat be completed, and well llowed to hea wp, often for weeks, before Ks ‘empuntire ple sss. Father, los witha wel may aeer slow feet one oth to the te, pedling emer, wheres Thess may Be deol from i nln sts. Ti eons by exiles inthe ne sation ‘We asume tht Th, cored 10 Tl, ssewaely rele te pesea tempertes. AS shown in the nest Seaton hs stays the es." However, one the reonslp betwen seed tempers nd sa{udineio Tis essed in afew wells in ays ato his sumption may bef ‘essed fran e diling ere Fil indusion gestern iss wc in "eiatng he teal sbilies of ythesmal tinal ina syinfo it aes whe ican notre smote on al be ted conjuction wit ming tonsa) th ad chen evoke, Application of fai inclusion stuales “The fist denied snl offi incon in «geohemal system (Broan basi) war rade by rowne, Roeder and Wodek (197), Since ta, fd Iplsion sis hate teen endated on many system, but the tecnige i sill gray anderse, and i value ubdersinated, partly In at ‘plato ding programe. Thi set eviews the rest of hi incon sas on se widely tern geuexma sjtens in New Zealand, (Broan, Walt ed Mok Japan hb a ‘Kishing), tbe Pips (Tongoun, Oto, Daan and Baan and Califo (he Geyse) dani Obl owns a (1976) Found tht fs cision Th mesuemet, ighlyeorced for press, very los make the msiedtngertine a wells a he sample dept Ths suggests ay Ct est teh saps) hte al thera ie “They noted tht the "euiveen 1 NaCT, aside by Tm measurements, was upto he ines he este NIC lini, nd they sgesied th the salinity may Rave deceased (hough CO wa lo ned 5s possibly ting act). Hower one con theta molly oth eset Tk, lv ok (Cop, ihe Tease gies ater well ah te average T-rex “Tis igo tha tonal sai ofthe de a roalnde hae ley const wih i en thought wide anges of Tans dete pds oling ad pw lee Pheer, here la spats {o bea TT teat inci bh baling and isin. Tas presence of ting a aon alsa ‘idee ine ater of wel shage cosy sporti the ad ins inepeao, [Ataugh sen Tce cored lly wih anerage Tons for Broads wel, Brand Br 7 have Thee much igh han thelr Tne. This gent a the OD contents ofthese Mis have instead Sinica since thi achisions Torte here int any evidence forthe NaCl cotet Ising ale fo ‘ng by this ameust). However, hse io wells corgi with lrg “exces ealpy" and ie Tike hat the CO inthe al schrge sol eset he ser fi. Rar, fe hgh CO i ‘eto bing inte formation the sul of depesszaton sound the wel Tht eomprson en Intent wheter or mt a excess etal” wel das roan tal Your dota sje, of ‘pour leet wat uc by podeton, ‘Wait hid incon sts at Walapu are a god example of tcng the heal erltion of» geothermal sem, Sore le were dle nthe 13D, wth lls 1 2 the ark to wel ine oh Wello2 ‘nd 3 in the noth ec ve two sone thermal versions, sing th tral wf atively coal Tui is now occrng Comverse, wll and 7 have teers clos 4, but Ue bythe fing Plt for dep ert. ud incest afr al wet pt on (nd in some cae igh bor) the boing carve This nde at since incision foto, the eres in wells and have detese hy 2010 -0°C, eden has sugested tha isd lo lately weet incon fa eral low fcot wer he nthe port of Welty hat deleted ht ufo, crigly in the not, soutnds. Tete one mist ‘eth by ling dep i the north, higher enperures aye encom tow the Heels ‘Wermy sso ded fam the Tc sn eha for WE 7 hat he wa Cp concent ine id sea Bier by am oder of mit) ding th fomaton of th Hilson than now Tis Sons ‘i wat i known abot mind eqica st Walt, where the sso exec Fr Igo "anges inthe COp concen The present CO level ae appaety ity bled the eat, ow (Cop stg alts sablity an the ater, ph COp ge Cece sly a i ksh ‘eviene). The preset iermedae vale Is okaly the rest of pelos ding baling, which Ina by he need gs conte Matai ‘A strong thermal inversion in on well sugges hat the aes as cane tn patel, gr from 2001 30 m dp as Th aes coe bling pt fr dep tempeatnes, Whe Ti si foc fom ‘hese wal are lowe, a hang exis lest da he ps tenga. This age 35Peat sees oling vas scompnied by te depson of eee, The clit (uhih server at Mol). ‘nay he foe om gs oss dung ang on the margin of they, Hower, ater (paps or ‘ellat) polity tack stant ade (wich ae fomed by scan lus COs den ‘dare wall satuaed wih cle) ivadd hi part of he se rom he main of the el. Thi ‘ould col hee, wi the sane tne, cing elite fot eograde st), ones ils “Taguchi ac Hayashi (1952) ave shown tht Hid aclusion Th values for he very ative Hato system wee atest 130° higher than he temperatures measured ding ling, a even xp 10 50°C gr tas hse measured 20 hour compen of iin. The nds a thse es ke ong tne to heat up. Evenly, at Hata well Red ap nee to the ollng Kept fo the agpopite dep. By coms, Th values for qua, cade at anhyeitefom the Kishin syste cea Kut pn theemperiue ange fo the olin pol eure othe prevent mead temperature, Since te msn ‘ales te qule cles 19 Ge measured enpearres, Taguchi ant Haya (1982) concaded tht thet system is Tess ative, and cing coslng, growing esas continue 0 tmp Inlsons a Tower tempts, lini Leach 1982) compared rales fe Tongonn, Okey ad Daan with meses tegen, i found tnt Md inlson temperatures were 51 IS°C above preset tenpte, suggesting sigh cooing tine the nclisins fred ‘each an Boge (582) also ned that preset aeration pater are thos of oveiing, wth the ear lation posily caused by highest is Set (199) cond hatte reser epee and sly have eemaiaed approsnly constant ‘On average npn decreed y oly 20°C, wile alii = 17 weg NaCl eae, However onthe ie mgs, he servi temperate hdres Wy pt 143° (ll 50) ‘ler es Mito seco, and by 68°C: eg. ll 405) nthe Wester (Maio) Sete of he fa Tnerreton of Th, Tan cui dat nse that ely rapped as conn 2 mole COp: the reser fs contain dole CO. The ves peste pot also ines tht he ei ‘ck in the extern seo vessel by = kn. tn lng nes, NA ie he cotton to Tim mesiedin iqidsich ncasins beets CO, sadly paar rm he gi ote Yap) ly eh ines 6 wah NOC eval, High alc eel nthe ting ed a Some production zones, which could dive fom lian ofthe eer rock, iy expla th eect frre hate daughter esas (Sea, 950, ‘The Geyses.Califosia “The Geyser oaerl sysem in Caio prodeshe words lage oben lactic xp. is sidered to be a ease "vaourdomined” sytem. However, Stefeld (181 has sho tha id Ins arly gd dominated, and ave malities wp 22-04 NACI eT sgt a tle the vapour dominion wat ide ty prion, or pssiby tn the system bas rate cen toledo become vapour dled Te elle system now be a fy conta Scars epee ff 240°C (charset of a apo daa system) however Th vale ray fom 200 t0 39°C ae tne above the Bling temperate for de) andl to incase reglry with depth, Briere fran ‘ater igi dominated sym here sao suggested byte hyde minerals preset inthe eee ‘ook tht iad wai. 6oe sen 0" NaCh as he Sad sng he ‘Sirona Fue Skyhoue eh at ~ 90 e396 2039000 ao ess api main ge eho ts ge awh ie ae ncn Mls Shyket othRo edie’TRCREASING FL Th wer Vat Spel, Sn ‘ch-Smith. silica Faiiicestsnicy, BSm SICh-Sm CH} aieg:. [| A Ap Bo 8 we Bile oe 018 ‘Sitice 4 sinica Seattes ctybe: 18} K, Sin *hiCh-Sin- 2} “4 : chien nou arcnes|Sm.0rcNd ef x Zk se a sebecnssp arene 48) do } ° EES sm Goch, cof 200 fea TB i a Takara “Seas as es ey Vex, 4 MR irsmpce 9: /Ch8 °)“charcnd S Ze Yoson Aveo, ssi tad 5 ie " gs RT BE ae ]e es Al uw a Ab/Ad fee fe te F = ot BRS chat 5 Dp ete XO ed 2001700 2 oe ans oe Bie Vee, WN Saree ly folk, Pu Pur No Nard cheep | = 98 Dp cn Edith .ctyoo: |B 5 pe i _ Seon FE Is eG a Toca |S S 0p 7 SSN pace |S 7 ant ae er Cac SSS tap. free Ta gl 2 { 0 Gat, a a0p| ser Vries (835s LSS CRE C100 | 8 7 ries a” \ secre Wave te ppt fl i SI UN essa. Pct Hl S| ' fe ie ay S| i Ge OY is, Bir Zana, tome 82-8 Fiesta Se, ised ons, Zice emt Mane | silica [alunite] AI-X- [kaolin] IK nlite |entorite | ente-siiieste Grow |rotn® Group [troup | croup [ereup | Group” | "reap rinerar abbreviations : Ab-atbite; Act eotnolite;Ad-aduleri; Al-alunte;Andandlusite; Bio-biotte;Cb-cerbonste(Ce,My, tn Fe Cheehlorite; Cheb-chobedite; Chd-cheleedany; Ch-Sm ~ cherite-amectite;Cor-corundum; Cpe-clinopsroxene;Crcrisiobaite;Ct-cleite; Dolemite; Dik-dickite; Op-diaspare, Ep-epidote, Fap- feldspar Go-gnrnot; Hel~hellosite; Heu~hevlafite I>ilite;|-Sin~ slite-ametive K-sesT ite; Kap-potessefeléspar; Lau-Inumontite; Mor~mardenite; Net-narolite,Op-opaive silee; Pyr- pyrepngtite} G-quorta;Sor-serieite; sid siderite: Sm-amectite; tb-stibite;Tr-tremolte,Tri-trieymite, ‘es=vesuvienite; Wot-alrakite; Wo-wellestnite;2e0-Zesite Patessie/Skarn Zane EEE] Propulitic Zone (=) Outer / Sub Proputitc ISS Phymie PSD arainie ZA tavenced ar Figure 2: Common Alteration Mineralogy in Hyerot Teach fromAira GEOTHERMAL INSTITUTE, (655.608 PRLB AUGUST 2012 CORES AND CORE SHEDS Why cut acore? ‘Many answers are possible o this question, but mos ae covered by the fact that cores are easily the best record of subsurface conditions, ie, we can aewally look at part of a reservoir but minus the uid, of course ‘To be more specific the geologist (in abroad sense) has two main reasons for studying cores, ()Tavidemiy the reservoir rocks From this intial step hoshe can attempt correlations between wells and the surface rocks and thus Team about the stratigraphy of the field. Knowing the statigeaphy the geologist can then altempt to deduce is structure and hence the hydrology. ‘This, in tm, helps in understanding the nature ofthe system and sds in siting production dilholes, ‘This information can also be used (sometimes) to predict likely producing horizons or zones, advising on dling depths and the levels at which to set easing, QI ther Interaction between the reservoir rocks and geothermal fluids results in the formation of secondary (or hydrothermal) minerals. The identity and nature of these minerals reflects the reservoir conditions so thatthe geologist is often able to comment on the temperature and [permeability a the depth from which the core was taken; usually he/she ca also comment, in broad terms, on the compesition ofthe altering fluid (eg. its pH, CO, sulfate contents). A corollary of this is that the minerals present in the cores tell whether the assumptions involved in using the chemical geothermometers ate valid or not, The geophyscist also a cs (os egies rcn en) re a ck er te of subsurface geology, e.g. high clay content in the reservoir rocks affects the resis readings. Father, i posible fo make dec measurement of sme of the, physical properties of the core, eg. porosity, density, magnetic susceptibility, permeability (although the lst is unlikely tobe the same as the loeal reservoir permeability, How often should cores be eut? A ficult question fo answer. Its only possible to point to some of the fctors which should be taken info account when considering this question. tn places it may be necessary to take continuous cores, for example to test the strength ofa ‘cap rock, as was the ease of the preliminary investigations at Tauhara. Here 4 km of cores were taken, “Elsewhere, such as when drilling production bres in well-understood field only a boom core need e taken. Factors to consider deciding where and when to core are: Cot Cores are expensive and take time to recover; the deepest core cost the most, However, itis ‘cheaper to core after adrll bit has worn out so thatthe time spent pulling out ofthe hole is reduced by one return trip. ©) Thestage of he Investigation ‘More cotes should be taken during the first few holes died into 8 virgin fein later, or production wells, where the stratigraphy is known, cutings often provide adequate coverage,(3) ‘The Subsurface Steatigraphy Fewer cores will be needed when drilling ina homogenous sequence, eg. a thick pile of fine-grained sediments (although this is debatable). In a field with a complicated stratigraphy, close coring may be needed. If there is an unexpected change in lithology; as indicated by the euttings, a core may be warranted; however, bewate that a colour change ‘may not always be significant @ Any major sirulation loss or studden change in d ‘ore here may explain the cause (5) Howdiagnostc are the results of down hole geophysical well logging? “These are very difficult to interpret in volcanic tersans- less so in sediments, (6) ‘Toanswera specific problem For example, o provide beter coverage ofa newly encountered or important formation or pethaps 1 help decide whether itis worth drilling deper. gate othe mud return temperatures; (7) Tno-cutings ave being returned, then a closer coring interval shouldbe use Always take a bottom How tong shoulda core be? “This depends on the size ofthe components which const the Formation, for example you will teed a longer core o iden a tu-roca hana siltstone. Generally cores shouldbe not ess than tong, and 3m is abou the usta Tenth ost geologists are grateful or ay core- Do aot tweak cores without good reapon = long pieces may be stable material on wich t Tater make plc measurements, ‘Side-wall eo ‘Most types of core bit and barrel cut core from the bottom of the hole, so that once drilling has passed though a nit or formation, itis impracticable to return and take a core. However, several types of side hole covers ae used in oll exploration and there is no reason why they should not also be used in geothermal wells if a core is needed from a specified depth (perhaps indicated by the ‘euttngs). Silewall cores were taken from geotheimal wells in the Salton Sea and Wairake Sidewallssmples take short, small diameter core by either punching eu or rtary cutting a ight angles to the axis ofthe hole; obviously this is done ater the well is complete. Who deciles when to core? ‘Obviously the final decision rests withthe project manager or engineer; however, heshe should be prepared to consider the advice of the project geologist or petrologst. Why not just use cuttings? “The problems inherent in using eutings ae: (0) Giain size ofthe formatio's components may be larger than the cutting chips and i is ‘often difficult to identify rocks from very sina samples.3 @) Cutting chips may not be representative of the rocks from which they derive. For ‘example, the softer material may be ground away and only the harder constituents reach the surface; remember also that the cuttings collected over a stated interval comprise ‘only small proportion ofthe rocks actually ground up by the bit, (8) Considerable time may elapse between the tine the cuttings are produced and the time thoy reach the surface and are collected; thus some cutings may derive from a shallower depth than that indicated. Obviously this is more of a problem at greater pis, By convention cutings are labelled as desiving fom the depth of the dil bit at the time they were collected, @)—Cavings fom shattower in the well. Unlike cores one ean never be really sre tht the cuttings come from ther indicated depth. Material from higher up the well often falls down and is returned tothe surface with the deeper cuttings; in some cases this can be recognised, eg. where the collapsing formation is significantly different, Usually caving chips desive from softer, granular or swelling rocks but occasionally material From had, but fractured Formations caves also, Where available, ealiper logs ean be used to measure the diameter of the hole and thus the extent of caving down the well estimated but this is usualy done ater the wel is completed. Despite thse limitation however, cating chips may be the only recor! of the occurrence of a particular formation or unit ina drillhole Ista waste of time then fo take cuttings? Certainly not! Provided their limitations are remembered, then cuttings froma geothermal well are very important and useful for at least 3 reasons (0) {@identify the subsurface formations, i. as a partial substitute for cores should they not be vailble. IF need be the petrologist cau also work with eutings,patiulaty if sherhe has sveess (0 Instrumental tetniques such as an X-Ray Diffraction (although this will never tell hie the rock type). (©) To Jocate formation boundaries. Although some of the above problems also apply here a ‘change in formation during drilling can usually be recognised from a study of cuttings, paticulay ifthe geologist is experienced. As the stratigraphy of field becomes understood and fewer cores are taken, cuttings become increasingly important asa means of bath iemifying the rock type and locating the formation boundaries. The fist appearance of chips witha lithology different from that above is taken as the depth at which the top of the deeper formation occurs, even though other chips of shallower rock types continue to be ‘etumed tothe surface after the bit has penetrated a considerable distance Further (check the ‘alling record tose ithe dling rte Has changed), In practice i is best that the geologist describes these cuttings as he/she sees them, i. a mixture of diferent rock types; imerpreting the locations of the Formation boundaries should then be a separate exercise, (©) Toiidenify the location of permeable zones. ‘These can often be identified fom the eutings, for example, chips of euhedal hydrothermal minerals that occur in cuttings indicate that open ‘channels occur at the depth ftom which they derive. Boiling zones may be indicated by the presence of platy calcite inthe cuttings. (This typeof eatings material ean be important for Tate isotopic and Muid inclusion studies). In many eases, depths where circulation losses ‘cured ean be recognised without recourse tothe drillers’ log, by seeing an abundance of silling additives inthe cutings.CORE SHEDS actors to consider when planning. a core she are Site Possible locations are: () near the diols; if several rigs are operating, then this may mean that more core shed is needed; () near the project snd administrative centre, e.g. Wairakel; (©) amatonal cent where scientist are concentrated, e-,, a Geological Survey Office. @) Necis (@) Power (6) Good natural lighting () Bench space, (@ Soli, eartiquake-proof avcessible racks () Single function buildings. If possible coe shes should not be used for other purposes; they shouldbe kept clean, dy and waterproof. Core storage Cores should be Kept in trays that are not 190 heavy for one person to lit; preferably the trays should have lids or ese the cores could be covered by plastic to keep dust of. Store trays in racks. ‘The coves should have indestructible labels (e.g, non-rust ig the fel, ‘umber and depth they came from. If you remove pat of a core leave a note in the tray showing ‘where you tok it from. Never put cores back jn the wrong place; if you don't remember where they come from, don't guess Cuttings ‘These should be: (1) washed (2) well abetted (G) stored in tays so that they are easily visible and canbe readily compared with other cuttings or cores. If you are short of space then they may be kept in bags of tough, clear plastic. ‘Avoid keeping cutings in paste pots or paper bags and if sori them in plastic containers, ry them fst CORES ARE VALUABLE RESOURCES, AND A CORE SHED IS A MUSEUM. YOU SHOULD PLAN ON KEEPING CORES FOR 500 YEARS.