Capital Budgeting Ca Final

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CHAPTER-1
CAPITAL BUDGETING
Question No. 1: A company is faced with the problem of choosing between two mutually exclusive
projects. Project A requires a cash outlay of Rs. 1,00,000 and cash running expenses of Rs. 35,000
per year. On the other hand, Project B will cost Rs. 1,50,000 and require cash running expenses of
Rs. 20,000 per year. Both the projects have a eight-year life. Project A has a Rs. 4,000 salvage value
and Project B has a Rs. 14,000 salvage value. The company’s tax rate is 50% and rate of return is
10%. Assume depreciation on straight line basis. Which project should be accepted.
Question No. 2: The management of a company has two alternative projects under consideration.
Project A requires a capital outlay of Rs. 1,20,000 but Project B needs Rs. 1,80,000. Both are
estimated to provide a cash flow for five years: A – Rs. 40,000 per year and B – Rs. 58,000 per year.
The cost of capital is 10%. Show which of the two projects is preferable from the viewpoint of
(i) Net Present Value; and
(ii) Internal rate of Return.
(Ans. (i) NPV= A 31,640, B= 39,878 (ii) IRR= A 19.86%, B 18.34%)
Question No. 3: Techtronics Ltd. an existing company is considering a new project for
manufacture of pocket video games involving a capital expenditure of Rs.600 lakhs and working
capital Rs. 150 lakhs. The capacity of the plant is for an annual production of 12 lakhs units and
capacity utilization during the 6 years life of the project is expected to be as indicated below.
Year Capacity Utilization %
1 33 1/3%
2 66 2/3%
3 90%
4-6 100%
The average price per unit of the product is expected to be Rs. 200 netting a contributions of 40%
annual fixed cost excluding depreciation are estimated to be Rs. 480 lakhs per annum from the
third year onwards. For the first and second year it would be Rs.240 lakhs and Rs. 360 lakhs
respectively. The rate of depreciation 33 1/3% on the capital assets. The rate of income tax may be
taken at 50%. At the end of third year, on additional investment of Rs. 100 lakhs would be
required for working capital. The company has targeted for a rate of return of 15% discount rate
per year wise, are extracted below: 0.869, 0.756, 0.658, 0.571, 0.497, and 0.432.
Terminal value for the fixed assets may be taken at 10% and for the current assets at 100%
Calculation may be rounded off to lakhs of rupees.
CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

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You are required to indicate whether the proposal is viable giving your working notes and
analysis.
Question No. 4: R. Ltd. would like to replace on old, relatively inefficient machine that was
purchased four years ago at a cost of Rs.1,00,000. The machine had an original expected life of 10
years and a zero estimated salvage value at the end of that period. It is being depreciated on
straight-line basis and now has a book value of Rs.60,000, The Division Manager reports that a
new machine can be bought out and installed for Rs. 1,30,000, which over its 6 years life, will
expand soles from Rs.1,00,000 to Rs.1,20,000 and reduce the Operating costs (excluding
depreciation) from Rs. 70,000 to Rs. 50,000. The nevi machine has an estimated economic life of
six years after which it will fetch Rs. 10.000 as salvage value. The old machine current market
value is Rs.10,000. Income tax rate is 50% and its cost of capital is 12 percent. Advise the
Management whether to replace the old machinery.
Problem No. 7
Strong Enterprises Ltd. is a manufacturer of high quality running shoes. Ms. Dazzling, President, is
considering computerizing the company’s ordering, inventory and billing procedures. She
estimates that the annual savings from computerization include a reduction of ten clerical
employees with annual salaries of Rs.15,000 each, Rs.8,000 from reduced production delays
caused by raw materials inventory problems, Rs.12,000 from lost sales due to inventory stock outs
and Rs.3,000 associated with timely billing procedures. The purchase price of the system is
Rs.2,00,000 and installation costs are Rs.50,000. These outlays will be capitalized (depreciated) on
a straight-line basis to a zero book salvage value which is also its market value at the end of five
years. Operation of the new system requires two computer specialists with annual salaries of
Rs.40,000 per person. Also annual maintenance and operating cash expenses of Rs.12,000 are
estimated to be required. The company’s tax rate is 40% and its required rate of return (cost of
capital) for this project is 12%.
You are required to—
(a) find the project’s initial net cash outlay.
(b) Find the project’s after tax profit and cash flows over its 5-year life.
(c) Evaluate the project using Net Present Value (NPV) method.
(d) Evaluate the project using Profitability Index (PI) method.
(e) Calculate the project’s payback period.
(f) Find the project’s cash flows and NPV [parts (a) through [(c)] assuming that system can be sold
for Rs.25,000 at the end of five years even though the book salvage value will be zero.
(g) Find the project’s cash flows and NPV [parts (a) through (c)] assuming that the book salvage
value of depreciation purposes is Rs.20,000 even though the machine is worthless in terms of its
resale value.
NOTE:
(i) Present value of annuity of Re. 1 at 12% rate of discount for 5 years in 3.605.

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(ii) Present value of Re. 1 at 12% rate of discount, received at the end of 5 years is 0.567.
Question No. 9: A product is currently being manufactured on a Machine that is fully depreciated
for tax purposes and that has a book value of Rs.10,000. The costs of the product are as follows:
Unit Cost
Labour, direct Rs. 4.00
Labour, indirect 2.00
Variable Overhead 1.50
Fixed Overhead 2.50
Rs.10.00
In the post year 10,000 units were produced and sold for Rs.18 per unit; The new machine would
cost Rs. 75,000. The projected costs associated with the new machine are as follows:
Unit Cast
Labour, direct Rs. 2.00
Labour, indirect 3.00
Variable Overhead 1.00
Fixed Overhead 2.25
Rs.8.25
The fixed overhead are exclusive of depreciation of equipment.
The old machine could be sold on the-open market now for Rs.5,000. Ten years from now it is
expected to have a salvage value at Rs.1,000. As regards the new machine it has a life of ten years
and an expected salvage value of Rs.10,000. The current corporate income tax rate is 0.40 and the
capital gain tax rate is 0.25. For tax purposes the entire cost may be depreciated in ten years. The
appropriate after tax time discount rate for the company is 0.10. It is expected that future demand
of the product will stay steady at 10,000 units per year.
Required: Should the equipment be acquired?
(Ans. NPV = 14,214)
Question No. 10: ETS Ltd owns what was once an up-market machine. It has another 2 years of
economic useful life 5 years back when the machine was purchased it cost Rs.4,50,000. It can be
sold today at Rs.80,000 but the value will fall to zero thereafter. Next year the machine would need
on overhaul that would cost Rs.90,000. A new model has hit the market. Priced at Rs.4,00,000 it
has a life of 10 years. For that a special overhaul would have to be carried out at Rs.1,00,000 after
five years and at Rs.2,00,000 at 8 years. This model will not have a resale value. You believe that
no other new model will come up on the near future. ETS has a cost of capital of 15%. When
should the machine be replaced (a) today? (b) a year later? (c) or two years hence?
[Ans. EACO (a) Rs.86,674 (b) Rs.85,599 (c) Rs. 86,282; Replace one year later]

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Question No. 11: Company Y is operating an elderly machine that is expected to produce a net
cash inflow of Rs. 40,000 in the coming year and 2,40,000 next year. Current salvage value is Rs.
80,000 and next year’s value is Rs. 70,000. The machine can be replaced now with a new machine,
which costs Rs. 1,50,000 but is much more efficient and will provide a cash inflow of Rs. 80,000 a
year for 3 years. Company Y wants to know whether it should replace the equipment now or wait
a year with the clear understanding that the new machine is the best of the available alternatives
and that it in turn be replaced at the optimal point, Ignore tax. Take opportunity cost of capital as
10 percent. Advise with reason. (Ans. EANPV (a) Rs. 51,821 (b) Rs.
45,590)
Question No. 12: A Company is considering two mutually exclusive projects X and Y, Project X
costs Rs.30,000 and project Y Rs.36,000 you have given below the net present value probability
distribution for each Projects.
Project X Project Y
NPV Estimate Probability NPV Estimate Probability
3,000 0.1 3,000 0.2
6,000 0.4 6,000 0.3
12,000 0.4 12,000 0.3
15,000 0.1 15,000 0.2
1. Compute the expected net present value of Projects X and Y.
2. Compute the risk attached to each project i.e., Standard Deviation of each probability
distribution. Which project do you consider more risky and why?
3. Compute profitability Index
(Ans.:1.X=Rs.9,000,Y=Rs.9,000, 2. X=Rs.3,795,Y=Rs.4,450. 3. X=0.42,Y=0.49. 4. X=1.3, Y=1.25)
Question No.13. The globe Manufacturing Company is considering an investment in one of the
two mutually exclusive proposal - Projects X and Y, which require cash outlays at Rs.3,40,000 and
Rs.3,30,000 respectively. The certainty - equivalent (CE) approach is used in incorporating risk in
capital budgeting decisions. The current yield on government band is 8%. and this be used as the
risk less rate. The expected net cash flows and their certainty - equivalent are as follows:
Project X Project Y
Year End Cash Flow C.E. Cash Flow C.E
(Rs.)
1 1,80,000 0.8 1,80,000 0.9
2 2,00,000 0.7 1,80,000 0.8
3 2,00,000 0.5 2,00,000 0.7
Present value factors Rs.1 discounted at 8% at the end of year 1,2, and 3 are .926, .857 and .794
respectively.

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Required:
(a) Which project should be accepted?
(b) If risk adjusted discount rate method in-use, which project would be analyzed with a higher
rate?
(CA Final Nov 2003 adapted: CA Final Nov 1999)
[Ans.: (a) NPV X = (7,276), Y = Rs.54,580, (b) Project X with higher rate]
Question No. 14: Determine the risk adjusted net present value of the following projects:
A B C
Net cash outlays (Rs.) 1,00,000 1,20,000 2,10,000
Project Life 5 Years 5 Years 5Years
Annual cash inflow (Rs.) 30,000 42,000 70,000
Coefficient of variation 0.4 0.8 1.2
The Company selects the risk adjusted rate of discount on the basis of the coefficient of variation:
Coefficient of Risk adjusted rate

of Present value factor 1 to 5
variation discount year at risk adjusted rate of
discount
0.00 10% 3.791
0.4 12% 3.605
0.8 14% 3.433
1.2 16% 3.274
1.6 18% 3.127
2.0 22% 2.864
More than 2.0 25% 2.689
(CS Final May1999)
[Ans.: NPV project A = Rs.8,150, B 24,156, C Rs.19,180]
Question No. 15: New Projects Ltd, is evaluating 3 projects, P-I, P-II, P-III. Following information
is available in respect of these projects
P-I P-II P-III
Cost Rs. 15,00,000 Rs.11,00,000 Rs. 19,00,000
Inflows - Year 1 6,00,000 6,00,000 4,00,000
Year 2 6,00,000 4,00,000 6,00,000
Year 3 6,00,000 5,00,000 8,00,000
Year 4 6,00,000 2,00,000 12,00,000
Risk Index 1.80 1.00 0.60
Minimum required rate of return of the firm is 15% and applicable tax rate is 40%. The risk free
interest rate is 10%. Required:
(i) Find out the risk-adjusted discount rate (RADR) for these projects.

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(ii) Which project is the best?

[Ans: RADR :19%,15%,13%,NPV = Rs.83,160, Rs.1,67,310,Rs. 214,300]
Question No. 16: A firm has an investment proposal, requiring an outlay of Rs. 40, 000. The
investment Proposal expected to have 2 years economic life with no salvage value. In year l, there
is a 0.4 probability that cash inflow after tax will be Rs. 25, 000 and 0.6 probabilities that cash
inflow after tax will be 30, 000. The probability assigned to cash inflows after tax for the year II are
as follows:
The cash inflow year I Rs. 25,000 Rs.30,000
The cash inflow year II
Cash inflows Probability Cash inflows Probability

12,000 0.2 20,000 0.4
16,000 0.3 25,000 0.5
22,000 0.5 30,000 0.1
The firm uses a 10% discount rate for this type of investment. Required:
(ii) Construct a decision tree for the proposed investment Project.
(b) What net present value will the project yield if worst outcome is realized? What is the
probability of occurrence of this NPV?
(c) What will be the best and the probability of that occurrence?
(d)Will the project be accepted?
(10% Discount factor 1 year 0.909 2 year 0,826)
[Ans (b) NPV = Rs. (7,363), Prob. 8% (c) NPV= Rs. 12,050, Prob. = 6% (d) NPV= 3.112]
Question No. 17: A firm considering investment of Rs.75,000 on machine with G lift of 4 years and
nil residual value This machine will produce a product to sell at Rs. 60 for a quantity of 1,000 p.a.
units. The estimated Cost, of each manufactured would be.
Materials 10
Labour (10 hrs. @ Rs.2 per hrs) 20
Variable overheads (l0 hrs (Q 0.50 per hrs) 5
Total.: 35
Due to inflationary conditions, material costs, overheads and selling prices are expected to
increase at the rate of l5% per annum and labour costs are expected to increase at the rate of 20%
per annum, The nominal discount rate to be used is 20%.
Year Discount Factor
l 0.83
2 0.69
3 0.59
4 0.48

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Is the purchase of new machine worthwhile in terms of its net present value?
[Ans.: NPV = Rs. 7,055]
Question No. 18: Surya Manufacturers is planning to start a new manufacturing process.
Following are the estimated net cash flows and probabilities of the new manufacturing process :
Year Net Cash Flows (Rs.)
P=0.2 P=0.6 P=0.2
0 (–) 2,00,000 (–) 2,00,000 (–) 2,00,000
1 40,000 60,000 80,000
2 40,000 60,000 80,000
3 40,000 60,000 80,000
4 40,000 60,000 80,000
5 40,000 60,000 80,000
5 (Salvage) 0 40,000 60,000
Surya Manufacturers cost of capital for an average risk project is 10%.
(a) The project has average risk. Find the project’s NPV.
(b) Find the best case and worst case NPVs. What is the probability of occurrence of the worst case
if the cash flows are perfectly dependent (perfectly positively correlated) over time and if they are
independent over time?
(c) Assume that all the cash flows are perfectly positively correlated, that is, there are only three
possible cash flow streams over time : (i) the worst case; (ii) the most likely or base case; and (iii)
the best case with probabilities 0.2, 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. These cases are represented by each
of the columns in the given table. Find the expected NPV, the standard deviation and co-efficient of
variation. (20 marks)
Question No. 19: Ash Enterprises Ltd. Generated the following forecast in real terms for a capital
budgeting project.
Year-0 Year-1 Year-2
(Rs.in ‘000) (Rs.in ‘000) (Rs.in ‘000)
Capital expenditure 1,210 --- ---
Revenue --- 1,900 2000
Cash expenses --- 950 1,000
Depreciation --- 605 605

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Ash, the President estimates the inflation to be 10% per year over the next two years. In
addition, Ash believes that the cash flows of the project should be discounted at the nominal rate
of 15.50%
Required (Apply tax rate of 30%)-
(i) Workout NPV based on normal cash flow technique.
(ii) Workout NPV based on real cash flow technique. [10 marks]
Question No. 20: The initial investment outlay for a capital investment project of Priyanka Ltd.
Consists of Rs.100 lakh for plant and machinery and Rs.40 lakh for working capital. Other details
are summarised as follows:
Sales: 1 lakh units of output per year for years 1 to 5
Selling price: Rs.120 per unit of output
Variable cost: Rs.60 per unit of output
Fixed overheads (Excluding depreciation): Rs.15 lakh per year for years 1 to 5
Rate of depreciation on plant and machinery: 25% on written down value method
Salvage value of plant and machinery: Equal to the written down value at the end of year 5
Applicable tax rate: 40%
Time horizon: 5 years
Post-tax cut-off rate: 12%.
You are required to —
(i) Calculate the NPV and indicate the financial viability of the project.
(ii) Determine the sensitivity of the project's NPV under each of the conditions –
(a) Decrease in selling price by 5%; and (b) increase in variable cost by 10%.
(16 marks)
Question 21
Ima Inc. is considering expansion into manufacture of product-A or product-B. Though
both the projects can be undertaken but due to capital constraints only one of them can be
implemented now. The product-A project involves an outlay of Rs. 25 crore while product-
B project can be implemented with Rs. 20 crore. The markets are uncertain and the
estimates of NPV for both the projects with corresponding probabilities are as below :
Rs. Lakhs
Product-A Product-B
Probability NPV Probability NPV
0.20 400.00 0.10 250.00
0.30 650.00 0.40 500.00
0.30 850.00 0.30 750.00
0.20 155.00 0.20 250.00

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(i) What is the expected NPV of each project?

(ii) What is the risk of each project, as measured from standard deviation and coefficient
of variation ?
Question 22
A company is considering two mutually exclusive projects. The company uses certainty
equivalent approach. Estimated cash flows and certainty equivalents for each project are
as follows:
Year Project 1 Project 2
Cash flow(Rs.) Certainty equivalent Cash flow(Rs.) Certainty equivalent
0 – 30,000 1.00 – 40,000 1.00
1 15,000 0.95 25,000 0.9
2 15,000 0.85 20,000 0.80
3 10,000 0.70 15,000 0.70
4 10,000 0.65 10,000 0.60
Which project should be accepted, if the risk free discount rate is 15% ?
Question 23
An existing machine in B Ltd. can be sold today for Rs.1,00,000 net. The cash flow after tax
(CFAT) for the balance life of 4 years is Rs.30,000 per annum. At the end of the 4th year,
the existing machine can be sold for Rs.20,000 net. A new machine can replace the existing
machine at a net cash outflow of Rs.1,50,000 and will generate annual CFAT of Rs.46,000.
The scrap value at the end of its useful life will be Rs. 25,000 net. If the discount rate is
10%, decide whether the existing machine should be replaced with a new machine.
Question 24
Company X is to choose between machines A and B. The two machines are designed differently,
but have identical capacity and do exactly the same job. Machine A costs ₹ 1,50,000 and will last
for 3 years. It costs ₹ 40,000 per year to run. Machine B is an ‘economy model’ costing only ₹
1,00,000, but will last only for 2 years, and cost ₹ 60,000 per year to run. These are real cash
flows. These costs are forecasted in rupees of constant purchasing power. Ignore tax. Opportunity
cost of capital is 10%. Which machine the company X should buy ?
Question 25
From the following details relating to a project, analyse the sensitivity of the project to changes in
initial project cost, annual cash inflow and cost of capital:
Initial Project Cost (Rs.) 1,20,000
Annual Cash Inflow (Rs.) 45,000
Project Life (Years) 4

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Cost of Capital 10%
To which of the three factors, the project is most sensitive?
(Use annuity factors : For 10% - 3.169 and 11% - 3.109).
Question 26
XYZ Ltd. is considering a project for which the following estimates are available :
Rs.
Initial Cost of the project 10,00,000
Sales price/unit 60
Cost/unit 40
Sales volumes
Year 1 20000 units
Year 2 30000 units
Year 3 30000 units
You are required to measure the sensitivity of the project in relation to each of the following
parameters:
1. Sales Price/unit
2. Unit cost
3. Sales volume
4. Initial outlay, and
5. Project lifetime
Taxation may be ignored. Take cost of capital to be 10%
Question 27

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ABC Chemicals is evaluation two alternative systems for waste disposal, System A and System B,
which have lives of 6 years and 4 years respectively. The initial investment outlay and annual
operating costs for the two systems are expected to be as follows
System A System B
Initial Investment Outlay Rs. 5 million Rs. 4 million
Annual Operating Costs Rs. 1.5 million Rs. 1.6 million
Salvage Value Rs. 1 million Rs. 0.6 million
If the hurdle rate is 15%, which system should ABC chemicals choose?
Question 28
XYZ Ltd., an infrastructure company is evaluating a proposal to build, operate and transfer a
section of 35 kms. of road at a project cost of Rs. 200 crores to be financed as follows:
Equity Shares Capital Rs. 50 crores, loans at the rate of interest of 15% p.a. from financial
institutions Rs. 150 crores. The Project after completion will be opened to traffic and a toll will be
collected for a period of 15 years from the vehicles using the road. The company is also required to
maintain the road during the above 15 years and after the completion of that period, it will be
handed over to the Highway authorities at zero value. It is estimated that the toll revenue will be
Rs. 50 crores per annum and the annual toll collection expenses including maintenance of the
roads will amount to 5% of the project cost. The company considers to write off the total cost of
the project in 15 years on a straight line basis. For Corporate Income tax purposes the company is
allowed to take depreciation @ 10% on WDV basis. The financial institutions are agreeable for the
repayment of the loan in 15 equal annual installments consisting of principal and interest.
Calculate Project IRR and Equity IRR. Ignore corporate taxation.
Explain the difference in Project IRR and Equity IRR
Question 29
X Ltd. an existing profit-making company, is planning to introduce a new product with a
projected life of 8 years. Initial equipment cost will be Rs. 120 lakhs and additional equipment
costing Rs. 10 lakhs will be needed at the beginning of third year. At the end of the 8 years, the
original equipment will have resale value equivalent to the cost of removal, but the additional
equipment would be sold for Rs. 1 lakhs. Working Capital of Rs. 15 lakhs will be needed. The 100%
capacity of the plant is of 4,00,000 units per annum, but the production and sales volume expected
are as under:
Year Capacity in percentage
1 20
2 30
3-5 75
6-8 50
A sale price of Rs. 100 per unit with a profit-volume ratio of 60% is likely to be obtained. Fixed
Operating Cash Cost are likely to be Rs. 16 lakhs per annum. In addition to this the advertisement
expenditure will have to be incurred as under:
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Year 1 2 3-5 6-8

Expenditure in Rs. lakhs each year 30 15 10 4
The company is subject to 50% tax, straight-line method of depreciation, (permissible for tax
purposes also) and taking 12% as appropriate after tax Cost of Capital, should the project be
accepted?
Question 30
DL Services is in the business of providing home Services like plumbing, sewerage line
cleaning etc. There is a proposal before the company to purchase a mechanized sewerage
cleaning line for a sum of Rs. 20 lacs. The life of the machine is 10 years. The present system of the
company is to use manual labour for the job. You are provided the following information:
Cost of machine 20 lakhs
Depreciation 20% p.a. straight line
Operating cost Rs. 5 lacs per annum
Present system
Manual labour 200 persons
Cost of Manual labour Rs. 10,000 (ten thousand) per person per annum
The company has an after tax cost of funds of 10% per annum. The applicable rate of tax inclusive
of surcharge and cess is 35%.
Based on the above you are required to:
(i) State whether it is advisable to purchase the machine.
(ii) Compute the savings/additional cost as applicable, if the machine is purchased.
Question 31
Skylark Airways is planning to acquire a light commercial aircraft for flying class clients at an
investment of Rs. 50,00,000. The expected cash flow after tax for the next three years is as follows:
(Rs.)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
CFAT Probability CFAT Probability CFAT Probability
14,00,000 0.1 15,00,000 0.1 18,00,000 0.2
18,00,000 0.2 20,00,000 0.3 25,00,000 0.5
25,00,000 0.4 32,00,000 0.4 35,00,000 0.2
40,00,000 0.3 45,00,000 0.2 48,00,000 0.1
The Company wishes to take into consideration all possible risk factors relating to airline
operations. The company wants to know:
(i) The expected NPV of this venture assuming independent probability distribution with 6 per
cent risk free rate of interest.
(ii) The possible deviation in the expected value.
(iii) How would standard deviation of the present value distribution help in Capital Budgeting
decisions?
Question 32
(a) Cyber Company is considering two mutually exclusive projects. Investment outlay of both the
projects is Rs. 5,00,000 and each is expected to have a life of 5 years. Under three possible
situations their annual cash flows and probabilities are as under:
Cash Flow (Rs.)

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Situation Probabilities Project A RS.Project B

Good 0.3 6,00,000 5,00,000
Normal 0.4 4,00,000 4,00,000
Worse 0.3 2,00,000 3,00,000
The cost of capital is 7 per cent, which project should be accepted? Explain with workings.
(b) A company is considering Projects X and Y with following information:

Project Expected NPV (Rs.) Standard deviation
X 1,22,000 90,000
Y 2,25,000 1,20,000
(i) Which project will you recommend based on the above data?
(ii) Explain whether your opinion will change, if you use coefficient of variation as a measure of
risk.
(iii) Which measure is more appropriate in this situation and why?
Question 33
Project X and Project Y are under the evaluation of XY Co. The estimated cash flows and their
probabilities are as below:
Project X : Investment (year 0) Rs. 70 lakhs
Probability weights 0.30 0.40 0.30
Years Rs. lakhs Rs. lakhs Rs. lakhs
1 30 50 65
2 30 40 55
3 30 40 45
Project Y: Investment (year 0) Rs. 80 lakhs.
Probability weighted Annual cash flows through life
Rs. lakhs
0.20 40
0.50 45
0.30 50
(a) Which project is better based on NPV, criterion with a discount rate of 10%?
(b) Compute the standard deviation of the present value distribution and analyse the inherent risk
of the projects.
Question 34
Aeroflot airlines is planning to procure a light commercial aircraft for flying class clients at an
investment of Rs. 50 lakhs. The expected cash flow after tax for next three years is as follows:
(Rs. in lakh)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
CFAT Probability CFAT Probability CFAT Probability
15 .1 15 .1 18 .2
18 .2 20 .3 22 .5
22 .4 30 .4 35 .2
35 .3 45 .2 50 .1
The company wishes to consider all possible risk factors relating to an airline.

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The company wants to know-

(i) The expected NPV of this proposal assuming independent probability distribution with 6 per
cent risk free rate of interest, and
(ii) The possible deviation on expected values.
Question 35
Following are the estimates of the net cash flows and probability of a new project of M/s X
Ltd.:
Year P=0.3 P=0.5 P=0.2
Initial investment 0 4,00,000 4,00,000 4,00,000
Estimated net after tax cash inflows per year 1 to 5 1,00,000 1,10,000 1,20,000
Estimated salvage value (after tax) 5 20,000 50,000 60,000
Required rate of return from the project is 10%. Find:

(i) The expected NPV of the project.
(ii) The best case and the worst case NPVs.
(iii) The probability of occurrence of the worst case if the cash flows are perfectly dependent
overtime and independent overtime.
(iv) Standard deviation and coefficient of variation assuming that there are only three streams of
cash flow, which are represented by each column of the table with the given probabilities.
(v) Coefficient of variation of X Ltd. on its average project which is in the range of 0.95 to
1.0. If the coefficient of variation of the project is found to be less risky than average, 100 basis
points are deducted from the Company’s cost of Capital
Should the project be accepted by X Ltd?
Question 36
Red Ltd. is considering a project with the following Cash flows:
Rs.
Years Cost of Plant Recurring Cost Savings
0 10,000
1 4,000 12,000
2 5,000 14,000
The cost of capital is 9%. Measure the sensitivity of the project to changes in the levels of plant
value, running cost and savings (considering each factor at a time) such that the NPV becomes
zero. The P.V. factor at 9% is as under:
Year Factor
0 1
1 0.917
2 0.842
Which factor is the most sensitive to affect the acceptability of the project?
Question 37
The Easygoing Company Limited is considering a new project with initial investment, for a
product “Survival”. It is estimated that IRR of the project is 16% having an estimated life of 5
years.

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Financial Manager has studied that project with sensitivity analysis and informed that annual
fixed cost sensitivity is 7.8416%, whereas cost of capital (discount rate) sensitivity is 60%.
Other information available are:
Profit Volume Ratio (P/V) is 70%,
Variable cost Rs. 60/- per unit
Annual Cash Flow Rs. 57,500/-
Ignore Depreciation on initial investment and impact of taxation.
Calculate
(i) Initial Investment of the Project
(ii) Net Present Value of the Project
(iii) Annual Fixed Cost
(iv) Estimated annual unit of sales
(v) Break Even Units
Cumulative Discounting Factor for 5 years
8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 16% 17% 18%
3.993 3.890 3.791 3.696 3.605 3.517 3.433 3.352 3.274 3.199 3.127
Question 38
XY Ltd. has under its consideration a project with an initial investment of Rs. 1,00,000. Three
probable cash inflow scenarios with their probabilities of occurrence have been estimated as
below:
Annual cash inflow (Rs. ) 20,000 30,000 40,000
Probability 0.1 0.7 0.2
The project life is 5 years and the desired rate of return is 20%. The estimated terminal values for
the project assets under the three probability alternatives, respectively, are Rs. 0, 20,000 and
30,000.
You are required to:
(i) Find the probable NPV;
(ii) Find the worst-case NPV and the best-case NPV; and
(iii) State the probability occurrence of the worst case, if the cash flows are perfectly positively
correlated over time.
Question 39
The Textile Manufacturing Company Ltd., is considering one of two mutually exclusive proposals,
Projects M and N, which require cash outlays of Rs. 8,50,000 and Rs. 8,25,000 respectively. The
certainty-equivalent (C.E) approach is used in incorporating risk in capital budgeting decisions.
The current yield on government bonds is 6% and this is used as the risk free rate. The expected
net cash flows and their certainty equivalents are as follows:
Project M Project N
Year-end Cash Flow Rs. C.E. Cash Flow Rs. C.E.
1 4,50,000 0.8 4,50,000 0.9
2 5,00,000 0.7 4,50,000 0.8
3 5,00,000 0.5 5,00,000 0.7
Present value factors of Rs. 1 discounted at 6% at the end of year 1, 2 and 3 are 0.943, 0.890 and
0.840 respectively.
Required:

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(i) Which project should be accepted?

(ii) If risk adjusted discount rate method is used, which project would be appraised with a higher
rate and why?
Question 40
Shashi Co. Ltd has projected the following cash flows from a project under evaluation:
Year 0 1 2 3
Rs. (in lakhs) (72) 30 40 30
The above cash flows have been made at expected prices after recognizing inflation. The firm’s
cost of capital is 10%. The expected annual rate of inflation is 5%. Show how the viability of the
project is to be evaluated. PVF at 10% for 1-3 years are 0.909, 0.826 and
0.751.
Question 41
A firm has an investment proposal, requiring an outlay of Rs. 80,000. The investment proposal is
expected to have two years economic life with no salvage value. In year 1, there is a 0.4 probability
that cash inflow after tax will be Rs. 50,000 and 0.6 probability that cash inflow after tax will be Rs.
60,000. The probability assigned to cash inflow after tax for the year 2 is as follows:
The cash inflow year 1 Rs. 50,000 Rs. 60,000
The cash inflow year 2 Probability Probability
Rs. 24,000 0.2 Rs. 40,000 0.4
Rs. 32,000 0.3 Rs. 50,000 0.5
Rs. 44,000 0.5 Rs. 60,000 0.1
The firm uses a 10% discount rate for this type of investment.
Required:
(i) Construct a decision tree for the proposed investment project and calculate the expected
net present value (NPV).
(ii) What net present value will the project yield, if worst outcome is realized? What is the
probability of occurrence of this NPV?
(iii) What will be the best outcome and the probability of that occurrence?
(iv) Will the project be accepted?
(Note: 10% discount factor 1 year 0.909; 2 year 0.826)
Question 42
Jumble Consultancy Group has determined relative utilities of cash flows of two forthcoming
projects of its client company as follows :
Cash Flow in Rs. -15000 -10000 -4000 0 15000 10000 5000 1000
Utilities -100 -60 -3 0 40 30 20 10
The distribution of cash flows of project A and Project B are as follows:
Project A
Cash Flow (Rs.) -15000 - 10000 15000 10000 5000
Probability 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.20 0.10
Project B
Cash Flow (Rs.) - 10000 -4000 15000 5000 10000

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Probability 0.10 0.15 0.40 0.25 0.10

Which project should be selected and why?
Question 43
You own an unused Gold mine that will cost Rs. 10,00,000 to reopen. If you open the mine, you
expect to be able to extract 1,000 ounces of Gold a year for each of three years. After that the
deposit will be exhausted. The Gold price is currently Rs. 5,000 an ounce, and each year the price
is equally likely to rise or fall by Rs. 500 from its level at the start of year. The extraction cost is
Rs.4,600 an ounce and the discount rate is 10 per cent.
Required:
(a) Should you open the mine now or delay one year in the hope of a rise in the Gold price?
(b) What difference would it make to your decision if you could costlessly (but irreversibly) shut
down the mine at any stage? Show the value of abandonment option.
Question 44
A & Co. is contemplating whether to replace an existing machine or to spend money on
overhauling it. A & Co. currently pays no taxes. The replacement machine costs Rs. 90,000 now
and requires maintenance of Rs. 10,000 at the end of every year for eight years. At the end of eight
years it would have a salvage value of Rs. 20,000 and would be sold. The existing machine requires
increasing amounts of maintenance each year and its salvage value falls each year as follows:
Year Maintenance Salvage
Present 0 40,000
1 10,000 25,000
2 20,000 15,000
3 30,000 10,000
4 40,000 0
The opportunity cost of capital for A & Co. is 15%.
Required:
When should the company replace the machine?
(Notes: Present value of an annuity of Re. 1 per period for 8 years at interest rate of 15% : 4.4873;
present value of Re. 1 to be received after 8 years at interest rate of 15% : 0.3269)
Question 45
A company has an old machine having book value zero – which can be sold for Rs. 50,000. The
company is thinking to choose one from following two alternatives:
(i) To incur additional cost of Rs. 10,00,000 to upgrade the old existing machine.
(ii) To replace old machine with a new machine costing Rs. 20,00,000 plus installation cost Rs.
50,000.
Both above proposals envisage useful life to be five years with salvage value to be nil.
The expected after tax profits for the above three alternatives are as under:
Year Old existing Machine Upgraded Machine New Machine
1 5,00,000 5,50,000 6,00,000
2 5,40,000 5,90,000 6,40,000
3 5,80,000 6,10,000 6,90,000
4 6,20,000 6,50,000 7,40,000
5 6,60,000 7,00,000 8,00,000

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The tax rate is 40 per cent.

The company follows straight line method of depreciation. Assume cost of capital to be 15 per
cent.
P.V.F. of 15%, 5 = 0.870, 0.756, 0.658, 0.572 and 0.497. You are required to advise the company as
to which alternative is to be adopted.
Question 46
A machine used on a production line must be replaced at least every four years. Costs incurred to
run the machine according to its age are:
Age of the Machine (years)
0 1 2 3 4
Purchase price (in Rs. ) 60,000
Maintenance (in Rs. ) 16,000 18,000 20,000 20,000
Repair (in Rs.) 0 4,000 8,000 16,000
Scrap Value (in Rs. ) 32,000 24,000 16,000 8,000
Future replacement will be with identical machine with same cost. Revenue is unaffected by the
age of the machine. Ignoring inflation and tax, determine the optimum replacement cycle.
PV factors of the cost of capital of 15% for the respective four years are 0.8696, 0.7561,
0.6575 and 0.5718.
Question 47
DEF Ltd has been regularly paying a dividend of Rs. 19,20,000 per annum for several years and it
is expected that same dividend would continue at this level in near future. There are
12,00,000 equity shares of Rs. 10 each and the share is traded at par.
The company has an opportunity to invest Rs. 8,00,000 in one year's time as well as further
Rs. 8,00,000 in two year's time in a project as it is estimated that the project will generate cash
inflow of Rs. 3,60,000 per annum in three year's time which will continue for ever. This
investment is possible if dividend is reduced for next two years.
Whether the company should accept the project? Also analyze the effect on the market price of the
share, if the company decides to accept the project.
Question 48
Ramesh owns a plot of land on which he intends to construct apartment units for sale. No.
of apartment units to be constructed may be either 10 or 15. Total construction costs for
these alternatives are estimated to be Rs. 600 lakhs or Rs. 1025 lakhs respectively. Current
market price for each apartment unit is Rs. 80 lakhs. The market price after a year for
apartment units will depend upon the conditions of market. If the market is buoyant, each
apartment unit will be sold for Rs. 91 lakhs, if it is sluggish, the sale price for the same will
be Rs. 75 lakhs. Determine the current value of vacant plot of land. Should Ramesh start
construction now or keep the land vacant? The yearly rental per apartment unit is Rs. 7 lakhs and
the risk free interest rate is 10% p.a.
Assume that the construction cost will remain unchanged.
Question 49
Ram Chemical is in production Line of Chemicals and considering a proposal of building new plant
to produce pesticides. The Present Value (PV) of new proposal is Rs. 150 crores (After considering

19
scrap value at the end of life of project). Since this is a new product market, survey indicates
following variation in Present Value (PV): Condition Favorable in first year PV will increase 30%
from original estimate Condition sluggish in first year PV will decrease by 40% from original
Figures. In addition Rama Chemical has a option to abandon the project at the end of Year and
dispose it at Rs. 100 crores. If risk free rate of interest is 8%, what will be present value of put
option?
Question 50
The municipal corporation of a city with mass population is planning to construct a flyover that
will replace the intersection of two busy highways X and Y.
Average traffic per day is 10,000 vehicles on highway X and 8,000 vehicles on highway Y. 70% of
the vehicles are private and rest are commercial vehicles. The flow of traffic across and between
aforesaid highways is controlled by traffic lights.
Due to heavy flow, 50% of traffic on each of the highways is delayed. Average loss of time due to
delay is 1.3 minute in highway X and 1.2 minute in highway Y. The cost of time delayed is
estimated to be Rs. 80 per hour for commercial vehicle and Rs. 30 for private vehicle.
The cost of stop and start is estimated to be Rs. 1.20 for commercial vehicle and RS. 0.80 for
private vehicle. The cost of operating the traffic lights is Rs. 80,000 a year.
One policeman is required to be posted for 3 hours a day at the crossing which costs Rs. 150 per
hour. Due to failure to obey traffic signals, eight fatal accidents and sixty non-fatal accidents
occurred in last 4 years. On an average, insurance settlements per fatal and non-fatal accidents are
Rs. 5,00,000 and Rs. 15,000 respectively.
To eliminate the delay of traffic and the accidents caused due to traffic light violations, the flyover
has been designed. It will add a quarter of kilometer to the distance of 20% of total traffic. No
posting of policeman will be required at the flyover. The flyover will require investment of Rs. 3
Cr. Extra maintenance cost would be Rs. 70,000 a year.
The incremental operating cost for commercial vehicle will be Rs. 5 per km and Rs. 2 for
noncommercial vehicle. Expected economic life of the flyover is 30 years having no salvage value.
The cost of capital for the project is 8%. (corresponding capital recovery rate is 0.0888).
You are required to calculate:
(i) total net benefits to users,
(ii) annual cost to the state; and
(iii) benefit cost ratio
Question 51
A manufacturing unit engaged in the production of automobile parts is considering a proposal of
purchasing one of the two plants, details of which are given below:

20
Particulars Plant A Plant B

Cost Rs. 20,00,000 Rs. 38,00,000
Installation charges Rs. 4,00,000 Rs. 2,00,000
Life 20 years 15 years
Scrap value after full life Rs. 4,00,000 Rs. 4,00,000
Output per minute (units) 200 400
The annual costs of the two plants are as follows:
Particulars Plant A Plant B
Running hours per annum 2,500 2,500
Costs: (In Rs.) (In Rs.)
Wages 1,00,000 1,40,000
Indirect materials 4,80,000 6,00,000
Repairs 80,000 1,00,000
Power 2,40,000 2,80,000
Fixed Costs 60,000 80,000
Will it be advantageous to buy Plant A or Plant B? Substantiate your answer with the help of
comparative unit cost of the plants. Assume interest on capital at 10 percent. Make other relevant
assumptions:
Note: 10 percent interest tables 20 Years 15 Years Present value of Rs. 1 0.1486 0.2394 Annuity of
Rs. 1 (capital recovery factor with 10% interest) 0.1175 0.1315
Question 52
KLM Ltd., is considering taking up one of the two projects-Project-K and Project-So Both the
projects having same life require equal investment of Rs. 80 lakhs each. Both are estimated to have
almost the same yield. As the company is new to this type of business, the cash flow arising from
the projects cannot be estimated with certainty. An attempt was therefore, made to use
probability to analyse the pattern of cash flow from other projects during the first year of
operations. This pattern is likely to continue during the life of these projects. The results of the
analysis are as follows:
Project K Project S
Cash Flow (in Rs.) Probability Cash Flow (in Rs.) Probability
11 0.10 09 0.10
13 0.20 13 0.25
15 0.40 17 0.30
17 0.20 21 0.25
19 0.10 25 0.10
Required:
(i) Calculate variance, standard deviation and co-efficient of variance for both the
projects.
(ii) Which of the two projects is more risky?

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Question 53
Unnat Ltd. is considering investing Rs. 50,00,000 in a new machine. The expected life of machine is
five years and has no scrap value. It is expected that 2,00,000 units will be produced and sold each
year at a selling price of Rs. 30.00 per unit. It is expected that the variable costs to be Rs. 16.50 per
unit and fixed costs to be Rs. 10,00,000 per year. The cost of capital of Unnat Ltd. is 12% and
acceptable level of risk is 20%. You are required to measure the sensitivity of the project’s net
present value to a change in the following project variables:
(a) sale price;
(b) sales volume;
(c) variable cost;
(d) On further investigation it is found that there is a significant chance that the expected sales
volume of 2,00,000 units per year will not be achieved. The sales manager of Unnat Ltd. suggests
that sales volumes could depend on expected economic states which could be assigned the
following probabilities:
State of Economy Annual Sales (in Units) Prob.
Poor 1,75000 0·30
Normal 2,00,000 0·60
Good 2,25,000 0·10
Calculate expected net present value of the project and give your decision whether company
should accept the project or not.
Question 54
KLM Ltd. requires Rs. 15,00,000 for a new project. Useful life of project is 3 years. Salvage value -
NIL. Depreciation is Rs. 5,00,000 p.a. Given below are projected revenues and costs (excluding
depreciation) ignoring inflation: Year →
1 2 3
Revenues in Rs. 10,00,000 13,00,000 14,00,000
Costs in Rs. 5,00,000 6,00,000 6,50,000
Applicable tax rate is 35%. Assume cost of capital to be 14% (after tax). The inflation rates for
revenues and costs are as under:
Year Revenues % Costs %
1 9 10
2 8 9
3 6 7
PVF at 14%, for 3 years =0.877, 0.769 and 0.675 Show amount to the nearest rupee in calculations.
You are required to calculate net present value of the project.
Question 55
Trouble Free Solutions (TFS) is an authorized service center of a reputed domestic air conditioner
manufacturing company. All complaints/ service related matters of Air conditioner are attended

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by this service center. The service center employs a large number of mechanics, each of whom is
provided with a motor bike to attend the complaints.
Each mechanic travels approximately 40000 kms per annuam. TFS decides to continue its present
policy of always buying a new bike for its mechanics but wonders whether the present policy of
replacing the bike every three year is optimal or not. It is of believe that as new models are
entering into market on yearly basis, it wishes to consider whether a replacement of either one
year or two years would be better option than present three year period. The fleet of bike is due
for replacement shortly in near future.
The purchase price of latest model bike is Rs. 55,000. Resale value of used bike at current prices in
market is as follows:
Period Rs.
1 Year old 35,000
2 Year old 21,000
3 Year old 9,000
Running and Maintenance expenses (excluding depreciation) are as follows:
Year Road Taxes Insurance etc. (Rs.) Petrol Repair Maintenance etc. (Rs.)
1 3,000 30,000
2 3,000 35,000
3 3,000 43,000
Using opportunity cost of capital as 10% you are required to determine optimal replacement
period of bike.

23

24
Leasing Decisions
Question No. 1: ABC Machine Tool Company Ltd. is considering the acquisition of a large
equipment to set up its factory in a backward region for Rs.12.00,000. The equipment is expected
to have an economic useful life of 8 years. The equipment can be financed either with an 8 year
term loan at 14 per cent interest, repayable in equal installments of Rs.2,58,676 per year, or by an
equivalent amount of lease rent per year. In both cases, payments are due at the end of the year.
The equipment is subject to the straight line method of depreciation for tax purposes. Assuming
no salvage value after the 8-years useful life and 50 per cent tax rate, which of the financing
alternatives should it select?
(15 marks)
Question No. 2:-The Olson Company has decided to acquire a new truck. One alternative is to
lease the truck an four years contract lease payment of Rs. 1,20,000 per year, with payments to be
made at the beginning at each year. The lease would include maintenance. Alternatively, Olson
could purchase the truck outright for Rs. 4,00,000, Olson would have to maintain the truck at a
cost at Rs. 10,000 per year, payable at the year end. Depreciation at 100% is allowed in the first
year, The cash salvage value after four year shall be Rs.1,00,000. Tax rate 50% (both for
operational and capital profit). Cost of capital: 15%. Advise Olson
(Ans. Lease = Rs.2,22,660; Buy = Rs.2,11,675)
Question No.3: Company X needs C machine which it purchased outright will cost Rs.10 Lakhs. A
hire purchase and leasing company has offered two alternatives as below.
Option A: Hire Purchased

Rs.2,50,000 will be payable an signing of the agreement. 3 annual installments of Rs.4,00,000 will
be payable at the end of the year starting from year l. The ownership in the machine will be
transferred automatically at the end of the 3rd year. It is assumed that Company X will be able to
claim depreciation on SLM basis with zero salvage value.
Option B: Lease
Rs. 20,000 will be payable towards initial service fee upon signing of the agreement. Annual lease
rent of 1 Rs.4,32,000 is payable at the end of each year starting from the first, for a period of 3
years. Company X’s tax rate is 35%. Evaluate the two alternatives and advise the Company as to
which one to choose assuming. Cost of capital is 12%.
(Ans.: PVCO: Option A = Rs.7,99,710, Option B = 6,37,452; Option B is better)

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Question No 4. ABC Leasing Ltd. has been approached by a manufacturer to purchase a machine
for leasing out of them The financial parameters of the proposal are:-
Cost at machine = Rs. 50,00,000
Lease rent uttered p.a. at the end of each year = Rs. 16,00,000
ABC Ltd’s marginal income tax rate = 40%
Required rate of return at ABC Ltd. = 10% p.a.
Maintenances cost to be borne by ABC Ltd, = Rs. 1,00,000 p.a. payable at the end of
each year
Life at machine = 5 years
Advise ABC Ltd. the proposal by computing NPV. Assume the machine under consideration has an
estimated scrap value of Rs.2,00,000 at the end of year 5.
(Ans.: NPV = (8,156) Reject the proposal)
Question No 5. Fair Finance Ltd. is a hire purchase and leasing company who have been
approached by a local small scale business interested in acquisition of a machine through leasing.
The price quoted by the manufacture of the machine is Rs.3,00,000. 10% Sales tax is extra. The
proposed lessee desires to have a primary lease period of 5 years. Fair Finances target rate return
on the transaction is 8% post-tax an the outlay. They wish to fix annual lease rents which are to be
payable in arrears at the end of each year, their effective Income-tax rate is 50%, The Income-tax
rate of depreciation on the machine is 25%.
Calculate the annual lease rent to be charged by Fair Finance Ltd.
[Ans.: Lease Rent = Rs. 99,435]
Question No 6: Fair finance, a leasing company, has been approached by a prospective customer
intending to acquire a machine whose Cash Down price is Rs. 3 crores. The customer, in order to
leverage his tax position, has requested a quote for a three year lease with rentals payable at the
end of each year but o diminishing manner such that they are in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. Depreciation
can be assumed to be on straight line basis and Fair Finance’s marginal tax rate is 35%. The target
rate of return for Fair Finance an the transaction is 10%,
Required: Calculate the lease rents to be quoted for the lease tar three years
(CA Final Nov 2004)
(Ans.: Lease rental- Year 1 = Rs.191.55 lakhs, Year 2 : 127.70 lakhs, Year 3 : 63.85 lakhs)
Question No. 7: Beta Ltd. is considering the acquisition of a personal computer costing Rs. 50,000.
The effective life of the computer is expected to be five years. The company plans to acquire the
same either by borrowing Rs.50,000 from its bankers at 15% interest per annum or by lease.
The company wishes to know the lease rentals to be paid annually which will match the loan
option. The following further information is provided to you?
(a) The principal amount of the loan will be paid in five annual equal installments.
(b) Interest, lease rentals, principal repayment are to be paid on the last day of each year.

26
(c) The full cost of the computer will be written off over the effective life of computer an a straight-
line basis and the same will be allowed for tax purposes.
(d) The company’s effective tax rate is 40% and the after tax cost at capital is 9%.
(e) The computer will be sold for Rs. 1,700 at the end of the 5th year. The commission on such
sales is 9% on the sale value and the same will be paid.
You are required to compute the annual lease rentals payable by Beta Ltd which will result in
indifference to the loan option. The relevant discount factors are as follows:
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Discount factor 0.92 0.84 0.77 0.71 0.65
(CA Final Nov 1992)
(Ans.: Lease rental Rs.14,500)
Problem No. 8
XYZ Ltd. Is considering to acquire an additional computer to supplement its time-share computer
services to its clients. It has two options—
(i) To purchase the computer for Rs. 22,00,000.
(ii) To lease the computer for 3 years from a leasing company for Rs. 5,00,000 as annual lease rent
plus 10% of gross time-share service revenue. The agreement also requires an additional payment
of Rs. 6,00,000 at the end of the third year. Lease rent are payable at the year end, and the
computer reverts to the lessor after the contract period.
The company estimates that the computer under review now will be worth Rs. 10 lakhs at the end
of the third year. Forecast revenues are—
_____________________________
Year Rs.
1 22,50,000
2 25,00,000
3 27,50,000
Annual operating costs (excluding depreciation/lease rent of computer) are estimated at Rs.
9,00,000 with an additional Rs. 1,00,000 for start-up and training costs at the beginning of the first
year. These costs are to be borne by the lessee. XYZ Ltd. Will borrow at 16% interest to finance the
acquisition of the computer; repayments are to be made according to the following schedule
Year-end Principal Interest Total (Rs.)
(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 5,00,000 3,52,000 8,52,000
2 8,50,000 2,72,000 11,22,000
3 8,50,000 1,36,000 9,86,000
The company uses the straight line method to depreciate its assets and pays 50% tax on its
income.
The management of XYZ Ltd. Approaches you, as a company secretary, for advice. Which
alternative would you recommend and why?

27
Note: Present value factor at 8% and 16% rate of discount:
Year 8% 16%
1 0.926 0.862
2 0.857 0.743
3 0.794 0.641
Problem No. 9
The Controller of Mahindra Electronic Corporation of India has been analysing the firm’s policy
regarding computers, which are now being leased on a yearly basis on rental amounting to
Rs.2,00,000 per year. The computer can be bought for Rs.10,00,000. The purchase would be
financed by 16% loan repayable in 4 equal annual installments.
On account of rapid technological progress in the computer industry, it is suggested that a 4 year
economic life should be used, instead of 10 years physical life. It is estimated that the computer
could be sold for Rs. 4,00,000 at the end of 4 years.
The company uses the straight line method of depreciation. Corporate tax rate is 50%.
You are required to:
(a) Comment on whether the equipment should be bought or leased?
(b) Analyze the financial viability from the point of view of the lessor, assuming 14% cost of
capital.
(c) Determine the minimum lease rent at which the lessor would break-even.
(d) Determine the lease rent which will yield on IRR of 16% to the lessor.
Question 10
M/s Gama & Co. is planning of installing a power saving machine and are considering buying or
leasing alternative. The machine is subject to straight-line method of depreciation. Gama & Co. can
raise debt at 14% payable in five equal annual instalments of Rs. 1,78,858 each , at the beginning
of the year. In case of leasing, the company would be required to pay an annual end of year rent of
25% of the cost of machine for 5 years. The Company is in 40% tax bracket. The salvage value is
estimated at Rs. 24,998 at the end of 5 years.
Evaluate the two alternatives and advise the company by considering after tax cost of debt
concept under both alternatives.
P.V. factors 0.9225, 0.8510, 0.7851, 0.7242, 0.6681 respectively for 1 to 5 years .
Question 11
XYZ Ltd. requires an equipment costing Rs. 10,00,000; the same will be utilized over a period of 5
years. It has two financing options in this regard :
(i) Arrangement of a loan of Rs. 10,00,000 at an interest rate of 13 percent per annum; the loan
being repayable in 5 equal year end installments; the equipment can be sold at the end of fifth year
for Rs. 1,00,000.

28
(ii) Leasing the equipment for a period of five years at an early rental of Rs. 3,30,000 payable at
the year end. The rate of depreciation is 15 percent on Written Down Value (WDV) basis, income
tax rate is 35 percent and discount rate is 12 percent.
Advise which of the financing options should XYZ Ltd. exercise and why?
Question 12
Sundaram Ltd. discounts its cash flows at 16% and is in the tax bracket of 35%. For the acquisition
of a machinery worth Rs. 10,00,000, it has two options – either to acquire the asset by taking a
bank loan @ 15% p.a. repayable in 5 yearly installments of Rs. 2,00,000 each plus interest or to
lease the asset at yearly rentals of Rs. 3,34,000 for five (5) years. In both the cases, the instalment
is payable at the end of the year. Depreciation is to be applied at the rate of 15% using ‘written
down value’ (WDV) method. You are required to advise which of the financing options is to be
exercised and why.
Year 1 2 3 4 5
P.V factor @16% 0.862 0.743 0.641 0.552 0.476
Question 13
ABC Ltd. is considering a proposal to acquire a machine costing Rs. 1,10,000 payable Rs. 10,000
down and balance payable in 10 annual equal instalments at the end of each year inclusive of
interest chargeable at 15%. Another option before it is to acquire the asset on a lease rental of Rs.
15,000 per annum payable at the end of each year for 10 years. The following information is also
available.
(i) Terminal Scrap value of Rs. 20,000 is realizable, if the asset is purchase
(ii) The company provides 10% depreciation on straight line method on the original cost.
(iii) Income tax rate is 50%. You are required to compute the analyse cash flows and to advise as
to which option is better.
Question 14
Engineers Ltd. is in the business of manufacturing nut bolts. Some more product lines are being
planned to be added to the existing system. The machinery required may be bought or may be
taken on lease. The cost of machine is Rs. 20,00,000 having a useful life of 5 years with the salvage
value of Rs. 4,00,000 (consider short term capital loss/gain for the Income tax). The full purchase
value of machine can be financed by bank loan at the rate of 20% interest repayable in five equal
instalments falling due at the end of each year. Alternatively, the machine can be procured on a 5
years lease, year-end lease rentals being Rs. 6,00,000 per annum. The Company follows the
written down value method of depreciation at the rate of 25 per cent. Company’s tax rate is 35 per
cent and cost of capital is 14 per cent.
(i) Advise the company which option it should choose – lease or borrow.
(ii) Assess the proposal from the lessor’s point of view examining whether leasing the machine is
financially viable at 14 per cent cost of capital. Detailed working notes should be given.

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Question 15
ABC Ltd. is contemplating have an access to a machine for a period of 5 years. The company can
have use of the machine for the stipulated period through leasing arrangement or the requisite
amount can be borrowed to buy the machine. In case of leasing, the company received a proposal
to pay annual end of year rent of Rs. 2.4 lakhs for a period of 5 years. In case of purchase (which
costs Rs. 10,00,000/-) the company would have a 12%, 5 years loan to be paid in equated
installments, each installment becoming due to the beginning of each years. It is estimated that the
machine can be sold for Rs. 2,00,000/- at the end of 5th year. The company uses straight line
method of depreciation. Corporate tax rate is 30%. Post tax cost of capital of ABC Ltd. is 10%. You
are required to advice
(i) Whether the machine should be bought or taken on lease.
(ii) Analyse the financial viability from the point of view of the lessor assuming 12% post tax cost
of capital.
PV of Rs. 1@10% for 5 years PV of Rs. 1 @ 12% for 5years
1 .909 .893
2 .826 .797
3 .751 .712
4 .683 .636
5 .621 .567
Question 16
ABC Company has decided to acquire a Rs. 5,00,000 pulp control device that has a useful life of ten
years. A subsidy of Rs. 50,000 is available at the time the device is acquired and placed into
service. The device would be depreciated on straight-line basis and no salvage value is expected.
The company is in the 50% tax bracket. If the acquisition is financed with a lease, lease payments
of Rs. 55,000 would be required at the beginning of each year. The company can also borrow at
10% repayable in equal instalments. Debt payments would be due at the beginning of each year:
(i) What is the present value of cash outflow for each of these financing alternatives, using the
after-tax cost of debt?
(ii) Which of the two alternatives is preferable?
Question 17
Agrani Ltd. is in the business of manufacturing bearings. Some more product lines are being
planned to be added to the existing system. The machinery required may be bought or may be
taken on lease. The cost of machine is Rs. 40,00,000 having a useful life of 5 years with the salvage
value of Rs. 8,00,000. The full purchase value of machine can be financed by 20% loan repayable in
five equal instalments falling due at the end of each year. Alternatively, the machine can be
procured on a 5 years lease, year-end lease rentals being Rs. 12,00,000 per annum. The Company
follows the written down value method of depreciation at the rate of 25%. Company’s tax rate is
35 per cent and cost of capital is 16 per cent:
(i) Advise the company which option it should choose – lease or borrow.
(ii) Assess the proposal from the lessor’s point of view examining whether leasing the machine is
financially viable at 14% cost of capital (Detailed working notes should be given. Calculations can
be rounded off to Rs. in Lacs)

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Question 18
ABC Ltd. sells computer services to its clients. The company has recently completed a feasibility
study and decided to acquire an additional computer, the details of which are as follows:
(1) The purchase price of the computer is Rs. 2,30,000; maintenance, property taxes and
insurance will be Rs. 20,000 per year. The additional expenses to operate the computer are
estimated at Rs. 80,000. If the computer is rented from the owner, the annual rent will be Rs.
85,000, plus 5% of annual billings. The rent is due on the last day of each year.
(2) Due to competitive conditions, the company feels that it will be necessary to replace the
computer at the end of three years with a more advanced model. Its resale value is estimated at
Rs. 1,10,000.
(3) The corporate income tax rate is 50% and the straight line method of depreciation is followed.
(4) The estimated annual billing for the services of the new computer will be Rs. 2,20,000 during
the first year, and Rs. 2,60,000 during the subsequent two years
(5) If the computer is purchased, the company will borrow to finance the purchase from a bank
with interest at 16% per annum. The interest will be paid regularly, and the principal will be
returned in one lump sum at the end of the year 3.
Should the company purchase the computer or lease it?
Assume (i) straight line method of depreciation, (ii) salvage value of Rs. 1,10,000 and evaluate the
proposal from the point of view of lessor if its cost of capital is also 12%.
Question 19
The Finance manager of ABC Corporation is analyzing firms policy regarding computers which are
now being leased on yearly basis on rental amounting to Rs. 1,00,000 per year. The computers can
be bought for Rs. 5,00,000. The purchase would be financed by 16% and the loan is repayable in 4
equal annual installments. On account of rapid technological progress in the computer industry, it
is suggested that a 4year economic life should be used instead of a 10-year physical life. It is
estimated that the computers would be sold for Rs. 2,00,000 at the end of 4 years. The company
uses the straight line method of depreciation. Corporate tax rate is 35%.
(i) Whether the equipment be bought or be taken on lease?
(ii) Analyze the financial viability from the point of view of the lessor, assuming 14% cost of
capital.
(iii) Determine the minimum lease rent at which lessor would break even.
Question 20
Armada Leasing Company is considering a proposal to lease out a school bus. The bus can be
purchased for Rs. 5,00,000 and, in turn, be leased out at Rs. 1,25,000 per year for 8 years with
payments occurring at the end of each year:
(i) Estimate the internal rate of return for the company assuming tax is ignored.
(ii) What should be the yearly lease payment charged by the company in order to earn 20 per cent
annual compounded rate of return before expenses and taxes?
(iii) Calculate the annual lease rent to be charged so as to amount to 20% after tax annual
compound rate of return, based on the following assumptions:
(i) Tax rate is 40%;
(ii) Straight line depreciation;
(iii) Annual expenses of Rs. 50,000; and
(iv) Resale value Rs. 1,00,000 after the turn.

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Question 21
ABC Leasing Ltd. has been approached by a client to write a five years lease on an asset costing Rs.
10,00,000 and having estimated salvage value of Rs. 1,00,000 thereafter. The company has a after
tax required rate of return of 10% and its tax rate is 50%. It provides depreciation @33 3 1 % on
written down value of the asset. What lease rental will provide the company its after tax required
rate of return?
Question 22
Classic Finance, a Leasing Company, has been approached by a prospective customer intending to
acquire a machine whose cash down price is Rs. 6 crores. The customer, in order to leverage his
tax position, has requested a quote for a three year lease with rentals payable at the end of each
year but in a diminishing manner such that they are in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1. Depreciation can be
assumed to be on WDV basis at 25% and Classic Finance's marginal tax rate is 35%. The target
rate of return for Classic Finance on the transaction is 10%. You are required to calculate the lease
rents to be quoted for the lease for three years.
Question 23
Front Leasing Ltd. is in the business of providing automobiles on wet lease to Corporate Clients.
The company is considering a new model of battery run Tesla car for which a good number of
enquiries is received. The cost of the vehicle is Rs. 25 lakhs. Its operating, maintenance and
insurance costs are expected to be Rs. 5 lakh in the first year. Thereafter it will be subject to
inflation annually @ 6 percent in the second and third year and @ 4 percent during fourth to sixth
year. The useful life of the vehicle is six years. The net salvage value of the vehicle at the end of six
year will be Rs. 10 lakh. Depreciation for Tax purposes will be 40 percent under Written Down
Value (WDV) method. Marginal tax rate applicable is 35 percent. Its cost of capital 8 percent. You
are required to calculate the minimum annual lease rental that the company should quote. Assume
that the cost of negotiation and lease administration is nil.
PVIF @ 8 percent is 0.926, 0.857, 0.794, 0.735, 0.681 and 0.630
Question 24
P Ltd. has decided to acquire a machine costing Rs. 50 lakhs through leasing. Quotations from 2
leasing companies have been obtained which are summarised below:
Quote A Quote B
Lease term 3 years 4 years
Initial lease rent ( Rs. lakhs) 5.00 1.00
Annual lease rent (payable in arrears) 21.06 19.66
P Ltd. evaluates investment proposals at 10% cost of capital and its effective tax rate is 30%.
Terminal payment in both cases is negligible and may be ignored. Make calculations and show
which quote is beneficial to P Ltd.
Present value factors at 10% rate for years 1-4 are respectively 0.91, 0.83, 0.75 and 0.68.
Calculations may be rounded off to 2 decimals in lakhs.

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Question 25
X Ltd. had only one water pollution control machine in this type of block of asset with no book
value under the provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961 as it was subject to rate of depreciation of
100% in the very first year of installation.
Due to funds crunch, X Ltd. decided to sell the machine which can be sold in the market to anyone
for Rs. 5,00,000 easily.
Understanding this from a reliable source, Y Ltd. came forward to buy the machine for Rs.
5,00,000 and lease it to X Ltd. for lease rental of Rs. 90,000 p.a. for 5 years. X Ltd. decided to invest
the net sale proceed in a risk free deposit, fetching yearly interest of 8.75% to generate some cash
flow. It also decided to relook the entire issue afresh after the said period of 5 years. Another
company, Z Ltd. also approached X Ltd. proposing to sell a similar machine for
Rs. 4,00,000 to the latter and undertook to buy it back at the end of 5 years for Rs. 1,00,000
provided the maintenance were entrusted to Z Ltd. for yearly charge of Rs. 15,000. X Ltd. would
utilize the net sale proceeds of the old machine to fund this machine also should it accept this
offer.
The marginal rate of tax of X Ltd. is 34% and its weighted average cost of capital is 12%. Which
Alternative would you recommend?
Discounting Factors @ 12% Year 1 2 3 4 5 0.893 0.797 0.712 0.636 0.567
Question 26
Alfa Ltd. desires to acquire a diesel generating set costing Rs. 20 lakh which will be used for a
period of 5 years. It is considering two alternatives
(i) taking the generating set on lease or
(ii) purchasing the asset outright by raising a loan. The company has been offered a lease contract
with a lease payment of Rs. 5.2 lakh per annum for five years payable in advance. Company's
banker requires the loan to be repaid @ 12% p.a. in 5 equal annual instalments, each installment
being due at the beginning of the each year. Tax relevant depreciation of the generator is 20% as
per WDV method. At the end of 5th year the generator can be sold at Rs. 2,00,000. Marginal Tax
rate of Alfa Ltd. is 30% and its post tax cost of capital is 10%.
Determine:
(a) The Net Advantage of Leasing to Alfa Ltd. and recommend whether leasing is financially
viable.
(b) Break Even Lease Rental.
Question 27
R Ltd., requires a machine for 5 years. There are two alternatives either to take it on lease or buy.
The company is reluctant to invest initial amount for the project and approaches their bankers.
Bankers are ready to finance 100% of its initial required amount at 15% rate of interest for any of
the alternatives.
Under lease option, upfront Security deposit of Rs. 5,00,000/- is payable to lessor which is equal to
cost of machine. Out of which, 40% shall be adjusted equally against annual lease rent. At the end
of life of the machine, expected scrap value will be at book value after providing, depreciation @
20% on written down value basis.
Under buying option, loan repayment is in equal annual installments of principal amount, which is
equal to annual lease rent charges. However in case of bank finance for lease option, repayment of
principal amount equal to lease rent is adjusted every year, and the balance at the end of 5thyear.

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Assume Income tax rate is 30%, interest is payable at the end of every year and discount rate is @
15% p.a. The following discounting factors are given:
Year 1 2 3 4 5 Factor 0.8696 0.7562 0.6576 0.5718 0.4972
Which option would you suggest on the basis of net present values?

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35
DIVIDEND DECISION
Question No. 1: The Beta - Alpha Company expects with some degree of certainty to generate the
following net income and to have the following capital expenditure during the next five years (in
thousands) (Rupees):
Year 1 2 3 4 5
Net Income 2,000 1,500 2,500 2,300 1,800
Capital Expenditure 1,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 2,000
The company currently has 10 lakhs equity shares and pays dividends of Rs. 1 per share.
a) Determine dividends per share and external financing required in each year, if dividend policy
is treated as a residual decision.
b) Determine the amounts of external financing in each year that will be necessary, if the present
dividend per share is maintained.
c) Determine dividends per share and amounts external financing that will be necessary, if
dividend payout ratio of 50% is maintained.
d) Under which of the three dividend policies are aggregate dividends maximized? External
financing minimized?
[Ans. (a) External financing Rs.1,200; (b) External financing Rs.3,900; (c) External financing
Rs.3,950; (d) Aggregate dividends are maximized under Option C: External financing are
minimized in Policy A]
Question No. 2: M. Corporation is considering four investment opportunities. The required

investment outlays and expected rates of return for these investments are shown below: The
firm’s cost of capital is 14%. The investments are to be financed by 40% debt 60% common
equity. Internally generated funds totaling Rs. 7,50,000 are available for reinvestment.
(a) Which investments should be accepted? According to the residual dividend theory, what
amount should be paid out in dividends?
(b) How would your answer change if the cast of capital were 10%? Investment
Investment cost Internal rates of return
A Rs. 215,000 17.50%
B Rs.3,25,000 15.72%

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C Rs.5,50,000 14.25%
D Rs.4,00,000 11.65%
[Ans (a) A B C, Amount of Dividend = Rs.60,000, (D) A B C D, No dividend]
Question 3: ABC Ltd. was started a year back with a paid - up equity capital of Rs. 40,00,000. The
other details are as under:
Earning Rs. 4,00,000
Dividend paid Rs.3,20,000
Price- earnings ratio 12.5
Number of shares 40,000
You are required to find out whether the company’s dividend payout ratio is optimal, using
Walter’s formula.
[Ans: As per Walter model: as r > Ke. Dividend payout ratio would be 0% & 100% retention. Po =
Rs.156.25]
Question 4: Following information is available in respect of ABC Ltd.

Earnings per Share Rs. 5
Dividend per Share Rs. 3
Cost of Capital 16%
Rate of Return of Investment 20%
Retention Ratio 40%
Find out the market price of the share as per Walter‘s Model and Gordon‘s Model. (5 marks
Question 5: Zebra Ltd. was started a year back with paid-up equity capital of Rs.40 lakh.
Other details are as under :
Earnings of the year : Rs.4,00,000
Dividend paid : Rs.3,20,000
Price-earnings ratio : 12.5
Number of shares : 40,000
You are required to find out whether company’s dividend payout ratio is optimal using Walter’s
Model, giving reasons. (6 marks)
Question No.6: Nandini Futuristic Limited, a closely-held delicate plastic medicinal equipment
manufacturing company has been following a dividend policy which can maximize the market
value of the firm as per Walter’s Model. Accordingly, each year at dividend time, the capital budget
is reviewed in conjunction with the earnings for the period and alternative investment
opportunities for the shareholders. In the current year, the firm reports net earnings of Rs. 500
000. It is estimated that the firm can earn Rs.1,00,000 if the amount are retained. The investors

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have alternative opportunities that will yield them 10%. The Firm has 50,000 shares outstanding.
What should be the D/P ratio of the company if it wishes to maximize the wealth of the
shareholders? [Ans. Po = Rs. 200]
Question No. 7: The following information is supplied to you:-

Total Earnings Rs.2,00,000
No. of equity shores (of Rs. 100 each) 20,000
Dividend paid Rs. 1,50,000
P/E ratio 12.5
Ascertain whether the company is following on optimal dividend policy.
Find out what should be the P/E ratio at which the dividend payout ratio will have no effect on the
value of the share?
Will your decision change if the P/E ratio is 8, instead of 12.5?
[Ans. (i) Optimal D/P ratio = NIL, Po (Current Dividend Policy): Rs.132.81, Po (Optimal Dividend
P0licy) = Rs.156.25; (ii) P/E Ratio =10 times; (iii) Yes, Dividend Payout Ratio = 100 Times, Po
(Existing) = Rs.76; Po (Optimal) = Rs.80]
Question No. 8: A company earns Rs.10 lakhs after tax and pays out 60% of its profits as
dividends. The number of shares outstanding is 1 lakh. Its price earning multiple is 6, The
Company can invest its retained earnings in projects that give it an IRR at15%.
Compute the theoretical market price using Walter’s Model?
Is the company’s payout practice in sync with maximizing the wealth of the shareholders?
If the answer to (b) above is "No" what payout ratio would you suggest?
Is the Walter’s model very different from the all or nothing approach? Explain.
[Ans: (i) Rs. 57.6 (ii) No (iii) 100%, (iv) No]
Question No.9: The following figures are collected from the annual report of XYZ Ltd;
Net Profit Rs. 30 Lakhs
Outstanding 12% preference shares Rs. 100 Lakhs
No. of equity shares 3 lakhs
Return an Investment 20%
Ke 16%
What should be the approximate dividend pay-out ratio so as to keep the share price at Rs. 42 by
using Walter model?
Problem No. 10
The earning per share of a company is Rs. 10. Its has an internal rate of return of 15 percent and
the capitalization rate of risk class is 12.5 percent. If Walter’s model is used:

38
(i) What should be the optimum pay out ratio of the firm?
(ii) What should be the price of share at this pay out?
(iii) How shall the price of share be affected if different pay out were employed
Problem No. 11
A closely-held toys manufacturing company has been following a dividend policy, which can
maximise the market value of the company as per Walter’s Model. Accordingly, each year at
dividend time, the capital budget is reviewed in conjunction with the earnings for the period and
alternative investment opportunities for the shareholder. In the current year, the company reports
net profits of Rs. 10,00,000. It is estimated that the company can earn Rs. 2,50,000 if such profits
are retained. The investors have alternative investment opportunities that will yield them 12%.
The company has 1,00,000 shares outstanding. What would be the dividend payout ratio of the
company, if it wishes to maximise the wealth of the shareholders?
Question 12: From the following information, ascertain whether the firm is following an optimal
dividend policy as per Walter’s Model :
Total earnings (Rs.) ... 6,00,000
Number of equity shares of Rs.100 each ... 40,000
Dividend paid (Rs.) ... 1,60,000
Prices-Earnings (P/E) ratio ... 10
The firm is expected to maintain its rate of return on fresh investment. What should be the P/E
ratio at which dividend policy will have no effect on the value of the share ? Will your decision
change if the P/E ratio is 5 instead of 10 ?
(8 marks)
Question 13
The following information is collected from the annual reports of J Ltd:
Profit before tax Rs. 2.50 crore
Tax rate 40 percent
Retention ratio 40 percent
Number of outstanding shares 50,00,000
Equity capitalization rate 12 percent
Rate of return on investment 15 percent
What should be the market price per share according to Gordon's model of dividend policy?
Question 14
Mr. A is contemplating purchase of 1,000 equity shares of a Company. His expectation of return is
10% before tax by way of dividend with an annual growth of 5%. The Company’s last dividend

39
was Rs. 2 per share. Even as he is contemplating, Mr. A suddenly finds, due to a Budget
announcement Dividends have been exempted from Tax in the hands of the recipients. But the
imposition of Dividend Distribution Tax on the Company is likely to lead to a fall in dividend of 20
paise per share. A’s marginal tax rate is 30%.
Required: Calculate what should be Mr. A’s estimates of the price per share before and after the
Budget announcement?
Problem No. 15
Consider a common stock whose dividends are expected to grow at a 25 percent rate for 2 years,
after which the growth rate is expected to fall to 5 percent. The dividend paid last period was Rs.
2. The investor desires a 12 per cent return. You are required to find the value of this stock.
Question No.16: D Ltd has 10 Lakhs equity shares outstanding at the beginning of the account
year 1997. The current market price of the shares is Rs. 150 each. The Board of directors of the
company has recommended Rs.8 per share as dividend. The rate of capitalisation, appropriate to
the risk class to which the company belongs, is 12%
Based on M - M Approach, calculate the market price of the share of the company at the end of first
year when the recommended dividend is - (a) declared; and (b) not declared.
How many new shares are to be issued by the company at the end of the accounting year on the
assumption that the net income for the year is Rs. 2 crores and the investments budget is Rs. 4
crores when (a) the above dividends are distributed; and (b) dividends are not declared?
Show that the market value of the shares at the end of accounting year will remain the same
whether dividends are distributed or not declared.
(Ans. (i) (a) P1 = Rs.160. (b) P1 = Rs.168 (ii) (a) No. of equity shares = 1,75,000 shares
(b)1,19,047.619 shares; (iii) Value of Firm (Div) = 18,80,00,000, Value of Firm (No Div) = Rs.
18,80,00,000]
Question No. 17: Meera Solutions Limited, an engineering company has a cost of equity capital of
15 percent, The current market value of the firm is Rs. 30,00,000 @ Rs. 30 per share. Assuming
values for I (new investment), Rs. 900,000, E (earnings), Rs. 5,00,000, and D (total dividends), Rs.
3,00,000, show that under the MM assumptions, the payout of dividend does not affect the value of
firm.
[Ans. P1 (Dividend is paid] = Rs.31.50. P1 (Dividend is not paid) = Rs.34,5; No. of new shares
(Dividend is paid): 22,222.22 shares; No. of new shares (No Dividend} = 11,594.203; Value at Firm
= 38,50,000]
Problem No. 18
Bajaj Auto Ltd. has outstanding 1,20,000 shares selling at Rs. 20 per share. The company hopes to
make a net income of Rs. 3,50,000 during the year ending on March 2003. The company is thinking
of paying a dividend of Rs. 2 per share at the end of current year. The capitalisation rate for risk

40
class of this firm has been estimated to be 15%. Assuming no taxes, answer questions listed below
on the basis of the Modigliani Miller dividend Valuation Model:
(a) What will be the price of share at the end of March 31, 2003.
(i) If the dividend is paid and
(ii) If the dividend is not paid.
(b) How many new shares must the company issue if the dividend is paid and company needs Rs.
7,40,000 for an approved investment expenditure during the year.
Question 19: Diamond Engineering Company has 10,00,000 equity shares outstanding at the
start of the accounting year 2003. The ruling market price per share is Rs.150. The Board of
Directors of the Company contemplates declaring Rs.8 shares as dividend at the end of the current
year. The rate of capitalization appropriate to the risk-class to which the company belongs is 12%.
(i) Based on Modigliani-Miller approach, calculate the market price per share of the company
when the contemplated dividend is (a) declared, and (b) not declared.
(ii) How many new shares are to be issued by the company at the end of the accounting year on
the assumption that the Net Income for the year is Rs.2 crores, Investment budget is Rs. 4 crores,
and (a) the above dividends are distributed, and (b) they are not distributed?
(iii) Show that the total market value of the sharers at the end of the accounting year will remain
the same whether dividends are either distributed or not distributed. Also find out the current
market value of the firm under both situations. (15 marks)
Question 20
Rahim Enterprises is a manufacturer and exporter of woolen garments to European countries.
Their business is expanding day by day and in the previous financial year the company has
registered a 25% growth in export business. The company is in the process of considering a new
investment project. It is an all equity financed company with 10,00,000 equity shares of face value
of Rs. 50 per share. The current issue price of this share is Rs. 125 ex-divided. Annual earning are
Rs. 25 per share and in the absence of new investments will remain constant in perpetuity. All
earnings are distributed at present. A new investment is available which will cost Rs. 1,75,00,000
in one year’s time and will produce annual cash inflows thereafter of Rs. 50,00,000. Analyse the
effect of the new project on dividend payments and the share price.
Question 21
X Ltd has an internal rate of return @ 20%. It has declared dividend @ 18% on its equity shares,
having face value of Rs. 10 each. The payout ratio is 36% and Price Earning Ratio is 7.25. Find the
cost of equity according to Walter's Model and hence determine the limiting value of its shares in
case the payout ratio is varied as per the said model.
Question 22: The earning per share of a company is Rs.10. It has an internal rate of return of 15%
and the capitalisation rate of risk class is 12.5%. If Walter's model is used —

41
(a) What should be the optimum payout ratio of the firm?

(b) What should be the price of a share at this payout?
(c) How shall the price of a share be affected if different payouts were employed?
(4 marks)
Question 23
Ravi & Co. earns Rs. 6 per share having capitalisation rate of 10 per cent and has a return
on investment at the rate of 20 per cent. According to Walter’s model, what should be the
price per share at 30 percent dividend payout ratio? Is this the optimum payout ratio as
per Walter model ?
Question 24
The earning per share of a company is Rs. 10. It has an internal rate of return of 15% and
the capitalization rate of risk class is 12.5%. If Walter’s model is useda)
What should be the optimum payout ratio of the firm?
b) What should be the price of a share at this payout?
c) How shall the price of a share be affected if different payouts were employed?
Question 25
The following information pertains to ABC Ltd.
Earnings of the Company 5,00,000
Dividend Payout ratio 60%
No. of shares outstanding 1,00,000
Equity capitalization rate 12%
Rate of return on investment 15%
(i) What would be the market value per share as per Walter’s model?
(ii) What is the optimum dividend payout ratio according to Walter’s model and the
market value of Company’s share at that payout ratio?
Question 26
From the following information, determine the market value of equity shares of the company:
Earnings of the company Rs.5,00,000
Dividend paid Rs.3,00,000
Number of shares outstanding 1,00,000
Price-earnings ratio 8
Rate of return on investment 15%
Are you satisfied with the current dividend policy of the company? If not, what should be
the optimal dividend payment ratio ? Use Walter’s Model.
Question 27

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The following information is given for Z Ltd.:

Total Earnings 2,00,000
No. of equity shares (of Rs. 100 each) 20,000
Dividend paid 1,50,000
Price/Earning ratio 12.5
(i) Ascertain whether the company Z Ltd. is following an optimal dividend policy.
(ii) What should be the P/E ratio at which the dividend policy will have no effect on the
value of the shares?
(iii) Will your decision change, if the P/E ratio is 8 instead of 12.5?
Question 28
Ananya Ltd. has an internal rate of return @ 20%. It has declared dividend @ 18% on its
equity shares, having face value of Rs. 10 each. The payout ratio is 36% and Price Earning
Ratio is 7.25. Find the cost of equity according to Walter's Model and hence determine the
limiting value of its shares in case the payout ratio is changed as per the said model.
Question 29
Z Ltd. was started a year back with paid-up equity capital of Rs.40 lakh. Other details are
as under : Earnings of the year : Rs.4,00,000
Dividend paid : Rs.3,20,000
Price-earnings ratio : 12.5
Number of shares : 40,000
You are required to find out whether company’s dividend payout ratio is optimal using
Walter’s Model, giving reasons.
Question 30
The following information is given for Cubical Ltd.
Earning per share Rs. 12
Dividend per share Rs. 3
Cost of capital 18%
Internal rate of return on investment 22%
Retention Ratio 75%
Calculate the market price per share using
(i) Gordon’s formula
(ii) Walter’s formula
Question 31
With the help of following figures calculate the market price of a share of a company by
using:
(i) Walter’s formula

43
(ii) Dividend growth model (Gordon’s formula)

Earning per share (EPS) Rs. 10
Dividend per share (DPS) Rs. 6
Cost of capital (k) 20%
Internal rate of return on investment (r) 25%
Retention Ratio 60%
Question 32
Following are the details regarding three companies X Ltd., Y Ltd. and Z Ltd.
X Ltd. Y Ltd. Z Ltd.
Internal Rate of return (%) 5 20 15
Cost of equity capital (%) 15 15 15
Earning per share Rs. 10 10 10
Calculate the value of an equity share of each of those companies applying Walter’s
formula when dividend payment ratio (DIP) ratio is (a) 75% (b) 50% (c) 80%.
Question 33
You are requested to find out the approximate dividend payment ratio as to have the Share Price at Rs.
56 by using Walter Model, based on following information available for a Company.
Net Profit 50 lakhs
Outstanding 10% Preference Shares 80 lakhs
Number of Equity Shares 5 lakhs
Return on Investment 15%
Cost of Capital (after Tax) (Ke) 12%
Question 34
The following information pertains to M/s Kanagana Limited : Earnings of the company Rs. 5 lakh
Dividend payout ratio 60% No. of shares outstanding 1,00,000 Equity capitalisation rate 12% Rate
of return on investment 15% What would be the market value per share as per Walter’s model ?
Question 35
The following information is available in respect of Sober Ltd. : —
No. of shares outstanding : 1 lakh
Earnings per share : 4
Dividend payout per share : 2.4
Equity capitalization rate : 12%
Rate of return on investment : 15%
You are required to calculate —

44
(i) Market value per share as per Walter's Model.

(ii) Dividend payout ratio to keep share price at 40.
(iii) Optimum dividend payout ratio as per Walter's Model.
(iv) Market value per share at the optimum dividend payout ratio based on Walter's Model.
Question 36
Anurag has invested in a share whose dividend is expected to grow @ 15% for 5 years and
thereafter @ 5% till life of the company. Find out the value of the share, if current dividend is 4 per
share and investors' required rate of return is 6%.
Question 37
The following information is collected from the annual report of Joy Ltd. : Profit before tax 2.50
crore Tax rate 40% Retention ratio 40% Number of outstanding shares 50,00,000 Equity
capitalisation rate 12% Rate of return on investment 15% What should be the market price per
share according to Gordon's model of dividend policy ?
Question 38
A firm had been paid dividend at Rs. 2 per share last year. The estimated growth of the dividends from
the company is estimated to be 5% p.a. Determine the estimated market price of the equity share if
the estimated growth rate of dividends (i) rises to 8%, and (ii) falls to 3%. Also find out the present
market price of the share, given that the required rate of return of the equity investors is 15.5%.
Question 39
X Ltd. is a Shoes manufacturing company. It is all equity financed and has a paid-tip Capital of Rs.
10,00,000 ( Rs. 10 per share)
X Ltd. has hired Swastika consultants to analyse the future earnings. The report of Swastika
consultants states as follows:
(i) The earnings and dividend will grow at 25% for the next two years.
(ii) Earnings are likely to grow at the rate of 10% from 3rd year and onwards.
(iii) Further, if there is reduction in earnings growth, dividend payout ratio will increase to 50%.
The other data related to the company are as follows:
Year EPS ( Rs. ) Net Dividend per share ( Rs. ) Share Price ( Rs. )
2010 6.30 2.52 63.00
2011 7.00 2.80 46.00
2012 7.70 3.08 63.75
2013 8.40 3.36 68.75
2014 9.60 3.84 93.00
You may assume that the tax rate is 30% (not expected to change in future) and post tax cost of
capital is 15%. By using the Dividend Valuation Model, calculate (i) Expected Market Price per
share (ii) P/E Ratio.

45

Capital Budgeting Ca Final

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CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Coefficient of Risk adjusted rate

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

(ii) Which project is the best?

Cash inflows Probability Cash inflows Probability

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Year-0 Year-1 Year-2

(Rs.in ‘000) (Rs.in ‘000) (Rs.in ‘000)

Capital expenditure 1,210 --- ---

Revenue --- 1,900 2000

Cash expenses --- 950 1,000

Depreciation --- 605 605

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Required (Apply tax rate of 30%)-

(i) Workout NPV based on normal cash flow technique.

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

(i) What is the expected NPV of each project?

Initial Project Cost (Rs.) 1,20,000

Annual Cash Inflow (Rs.) 45,000

Project Life (Years) 4

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Cost of Capital 10%

To which of the three factors, the project is most sensitive?

(Use annuity factors : For 10% - 3.169 and 11% - 3.109).

Initial Cost of the project 10,00,000

Year 1 20000 units

Year 2 30000 units

Year 3 30000 units

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Initial Investment Outlay Rs. 5 million Rs. 4 million

Annual Operating Costs Rs. 1.5 million Rs. 1.6 million

Salvage Value Rs. 1 million Rs. 0.6 million

Year 1 2 3-5 6-8

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Situation Probabilities Project A RS.Project B

(b) A company is considering Projects X and Y with following information:

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

The company wants to know-

Required rate of return from the project is 10%. Find:

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

(i) Which project should be accepted?

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Probability 0.10 0.15 0.40 0.25 0.10

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

The tax rate is 40 per cent.

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Particulars Plant A Plant B

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Option A: Hire Purchased

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599

Note: Present value factor at 8% and 16% rate of discount:

CA PAVAN KARMELE 9977223599