1

EFFECTUALITY OF INDIGENOUS MICROORGANISMS ON THE GROWTH

OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS

A Senior High Proposal

Presented to the
Senior High School Department
Lyceum of Iligan Foundation

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements of the Subjects
SH - RES 1 / SH – RP (Practical Research 1/ Capstone Proposal)

Submitted By:
Laika Angagao
Kazzandra Ailes Taha
Esther Ruth Yanong
Cheska Lorraine Gloria

April 2021
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APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject SH - RES 1 and SH

– RP, Research – Proposal, this research proposal entitled, “Effectuality of
Indigenous Microorganisms on the Growth of Agricultural Plants”, prepared
and submitted by Laika D. Angagao, Cheska Lorraine D. Gloria, Kazzandra Ailes
O.Taha, and Esther Ruth S. Yanong

_____________________________
JULIE CRISTINE Q. DOLEGUEZ
Adviser

________________________________________________________________

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _______.

_________________________________
JUDY RITA A. BACALSO, LPT, MoB
Chairman

______________________ _____________________________
HARVEY G. RATUNIL GLEZEL G. MATA, LPT
Member Member

_________________________________
RENZ M. DUHAYLUNGSOD
Member

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

STEM Strand of Senior High School.

_____________________________
JUDY RITA A. BACALSO, LPT, MoB
Principal, Senior High School
Department
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page
Approval Sheet
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures

CHAPTER
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction ……………………1
Conceptual Framework of the Study ……………………2
Schematic Diagram of the Study …………………….3
Statement of the Problem .……………………4
Significance of the Study …………………….5
Scope and Delimitation of the Study …………………….6
Definition of Terms ..…………………...6
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature ..……………………9
Related Studies .…………………...43
II. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design .…………………...53
Data gathering and its Procedure .…………………...54
Construction of the model …………………...56
Statistical Treatment of the data .…………………...57

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Books
B. Journals and Periodical
C. Unpublished Research Materials
D. Documents
E. On-line Source
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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

The primary chapter of a proposal comprises of a few subheadings or

foundation, investigate questions, targets, restrictions, basis, statement of the

problem, hypotheses, scope and delimitation of the study.

INTRODUCTION

When the pandemic came, everyone was terrified. Philippine President

Rodrigo Duterte announced the lock downs and quarantines about the specific

areas in the Philippines, people with an average amount of money started to do

panic-buying and some of those who are financially troubled can only afford to

panic. Some people are unable to work and it is already obvious that if there is

no work, there is no money. People can’t seem to stop thinking about their

family’s safety or where and how they will get money for their food and

necessities.

There are a lot of effects due to the lock downs and quarantine. There are

good and bad effects. The good effects are, a lot of people have adapted new

habits and one of those is collecting and flexing their potted plants along with

their observation of how they can make it more extravagant to sell it or make it as
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a design in their homes. Observing plant’s growth is therapeutic and can help

cope up with stress of the Individuals and shape an enthusiastic bond with plants

since plants have these useful psychological impacts. Eventually, they have

created a desire to optimize the life of a plant and keep it lively.

Given a particular set of natural and social conditions, they have made

them more likely prospects for having knowledge and realizing it, especially

troublesome issues in life sciences and other areas as well. The capable utilize

of inborn microorganisms to urge financial, social and natural benefits is

inalienably appealing and decides a fabulous advancement of investigation from

traditional technologies to advanced procedures, supply a proficient way, ensure

environment and modern strategies of monitoring the environment by its new

methods that will be applied. Indigenous microorganisms-based is one such

imperative innovation and these living beings occupy the soil with the capacities

of the generation of plant development hormones. The importance of applying it

to agricultural plants is aside from the researchers observations on the plants

growth its advance nutrient mineralization, like what was mentioned earlier

accessibility is to create plant development hormones, and are opponents of

plant pests, parasites or infections

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The primary known affiliation between two microorganisms did happened

around 1.45 billion a long time prior, between a prokaryote presently known as a

mitochondrion and an archaeon, which drove the creation of eukaryotes (Roberts,

2017). These organisms play key parts in supplement cycling, biodegradation,

climate change, nourishment decay, the cause and control of infections. Plant

species, without special case, have been found to be related with a different

community of organisms.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:

- Amount of IMO
Physical Attributes and Growth of
- Amount of fertilizer
Agricultural Plants
- Amount of water

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 shows the independent and dependent variable of the study. The

independent variables are Amount of: IMO, fertilizer, and water and the

dependent variables are physical attributes, specifically the color and size, and

the growth of the agricultural plants. There are three vegetable plants that will be

used in this experiment: Okra, Tomato, and Chinese Cabbage. three different

kinds of plants with three different kinds of medium each. The researchers will be

putting fertilizer in plant A’s, IMO in plant B’s, and water alone in plant C’s. Based

on the graphical representation, it is important for the researchers to know the

independent variables. In that way, they can observe the changes in the said

dependent variable which is the growth of the plants.

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SCHEMATIC OF THE DIAGRAM

Literature Review

Constructing Hypotheses

Test with an experiment

Data Collection

Analyzing Data Through Statistical Analysis

Draw Conclusions

Communicate results

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1. What is the effect of IMO on the growth of agricultural plants?

2. What are observable anatomical and physiological changes in the plants

using different mediums?

3. Which plant is the most affected by the application of IMO?

4. Which plant is the least affected by the application of the different variables?

5. Is there a significant difference between the growths of agricultural plants

using a different medium?

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HYPOTHESES (Null Hypothesis):

There is no significant difference between the growths of agricultural plants

using different mediums; differences we see in the means of the groups may be

due to chance and sampling error.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The generalization of this study will be a great contribution to vast knowledge

in relation to the indigenous microorganisms in agricultural plants. The findings of

this study will redound to the benefit of the following:

School Administrator: The idea presented may be developed even further in

the future with the help of the connections of the school.

SHS Principal: The idea presented may influence school achievement and can

be used as a reference data in conducting new research or in testing the validity

of other related findings.

SHS Teachers: The idea presented— the observations of plant’s growth using

indigenous microorganisms and the effectuality of it may be used as a reference

data in conducting new research or in testing the validity of other related findings.

These will also serve as their cross-reference that they may give to future

researchers as a background or an overview of the study.

SHS Students: This study will serve as one of their sources of knowledge in

relation to the indigenous microorganisms in agricultural plants, how indigenous

microorganisms affect the environment and the society, and how indigenous
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microorganisms will develop in a hollow bamboo pole.

Parents: The researchers’ motive for this study is to provide information that

these indigenous microorganisms aside from the information that it can be a

safer replacement for chemical fertilizers, their target as well is to observe some

changes that would affect plant’s growth using IMO. This study aims to know how

indigenous microorganisms affect agricultural plants to also lessen the use of

chemical fertilizers in agricultural plants to prevent causing any harmful effect on

humans.

Future Researchers: This study would help the student researchers to be aware

and knowledgeable of the processes involved in making the IMO and its benefits.

It would help them to be a better analyst and it can be a help as a future

reference for more studies in the future.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study mainly focuses on the growth of the three agricultural plants the

researchers chose namely: Okra, Tomatoes, and Chinese Cabbage. The

researcher’s will compare its effectiveness to plant growth with the application of

IMO, plants with only commercial fertilizer (Amway) on it and last one is the

application of water alone. Looking forward for the researchers to observe the

growth of the plants by the use of the applications such as IMO and commercial

fertilizer (Amway) and while conducting and studying it, they’ll need a basis to

make clear observations and that’s the water alone. Thus, the researchers will be

able to compare its growth using IMO as a continuation to the study conducted.
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DEFINITION OF THE TERMS

● Additive - substance that is added to something in small quantities and will

act as preservation that can also improve plant’s quality.

● Amway - High quality commercial product that would be used as fertilizer.

● Bacteria - small single-celled and the organisms that primarily make up an

Indigenous Microorganisms IMO.

● Chinese Cabbage - also known as pechay; a green, leafy vegetable often

used in Chinese cuisine and will be used in the process of applying the three

independent variables.

● Compare - to look closely at something in order to show likenesses and

differences of growth in applying IMO, Fertilizer and water alone to the plants.

● Effectuality - the rate of change to the growth of the agricultural plants when

IMO is added.

● Fertilizer - substance that improves the growth and productiveness of plants,

Amway fertilizer that will be used.

● Fungi - It is any member of the eukaryotic organisms that contains

microorganisms like yeasts and molds. organisms that primarily make up an

Indigenous Microorganisms IMO.

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● Indigenous microorganisms (IMO) - tiny organisms that are native to the

environment they inhabit and the one that researchers would apply to the 3

different kinds of species of plants as preservation.

● Latin bacterium - Scientific name of bacteria and organisms that make up

an IMO.

● Okra - a plant of the mallow family with long ridged seed-pods and will be

used in the process of applying the IMO.

● Rhizopus stolonifer - commonly known as mold. Classified in the kingdom

of fungi and one of the organisms that make up an IMO.

 Saccharomyces cerevisiae – yeast, classified in the kingdom of fungi. One

of the organisms that make up an IMO.

 Soil - a black or dark brown material; a mixture of organic remains, clay, and

rock particles will serve as a control variable in the application to the plants.

● Tomato - usually large, rounded, edible, pulpy berry of an herb, and will be

used in the process of applying the three independent variables.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The purpose of this chapter is to cite major conclusions, discoveries, and

methodological issues related to the gap within the information from Chapter I. It

is composed for knowledgeable peers from effectively retrievable sources of the

foremost later issue possible. This chapter shows the review of related literature

and related studies of the researchers’ study. There are over 40 literature and 10

related studies.

Indigenous Microorganisms

IMO are bacteria, fungi, or yeast species that exist in and around all living

things. IMO can be found on our skin, in our digestive tracts, in plants, and in

animals. IMO have a symbiotic relationship with their host climate or life form in

the majority of cases. In addition, without these essential little organisms, most

life will cease to exist. The well-being of the IMO that live in our fertile soil is what

we are most concerned about in Hawaii agriculture. They've adapted to flourish

in the climate's unique characteristics, adapting to its nutrient and moisture

content in order to continue propagating and, as a result, promote healthier

Hawaii agriculture. Exogenous microorganisms, which adapt poorly when

introduced into new soil, are much more likely to adequately proliferate than

indigenous microorganisms, which are biologically adapted to thrive in their

respective environments. (Love, 2019)

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All About IMO

IMO (Indigenous Microorganisms) are essential in Korean Natural

Farming. It is a carbohydrate based-local collection of microbes. IMO are very

easy to collect as much as it is very important in gardening. IMO are important

because these microbes serves as food to plant. There are essential soil

minerals in the garden in different forms that are not available for some plants to

use.

IMO collections are also essential for adapting plants to certain areas. The

place where the IMO are collected can affect and possibly add the traits that the

IMO are collected from. For example, if IMO are collected in an area of extreme

temperature or drought, bringing the microorganisms to your plants could

possibly add those traits to it. For plant feeding processes and immunity, IMO are

very important. Collecting IMO from your area can help plants withstand

transplant shock and other environmental problems (Green, 2019).

Benefits of IMO

The primary function of IMO is to put into effect a cycle of natural events

that fertilize the soil without the use of costly, artificial inputs. When IMO are

introduced to an ecosystem, the plants begin to develop exudates, which they

release from their root systems in order to attract the necessary IMO they need

for survival and optimal growth. Plants and fungi work together to create a

network by which the plant can obtain its nutritional requirements. Their
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excretions fertilize the soil and, as a result, provide vital nutrients necessary for

plant growth.

Toxic elements in the soil that enable pathogenic organisms to multiply

are also removed by IMO. Toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury,

arsenic, nickel, and tin are being incorporated into the soil as a result from

massive use of fossil fuels. IMO consume these heavy metals, which has a

carbon-based structure that IMO are attracted to. As a result, IMO reduce the risk

of plant disease and allow further fertilization (Love, 2019)

How to Make Indigenous Microorganisms

In natural farming, Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) have become well-

known among farmers. This Indigenous microorganisms (IMO) have been tested

by many non-profit organizations, researchers, agriculturists, and farmers,

successfully. They discovered that IMO are very useful in the removal of bad

odors from animal wastes, hastening composting, and have a big contribution to

crops’ general health.

A lot of ways in making indigenous microorganisms are available. An

example is the use of bamboo. This is another method of gathering

microorganism. Through burying a container with cooked rice on bamboo plants

litter. Bamboo, through observation attracts powerful beneficial microorganisms

as the roots of the bamboo exude sugary substances that also attract beneficial

microorganisms. (Business Diary, 2019)

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The Functions of Microorganisms

Microorganisms are found everywhere in the environment. They play an

important and leading role in many natural processes. Among a lot of things, they

are the ones that run the basic drug cycles that are needed for the plants'

nutrients provision through the reaction of organic matter in soil. At these

processes, greenhouse gases are being released to the atmosphere at the same

time, so microorganisms also play a role in correlation to the climate and climate

change.

Environmentally, microorganisms also have a great potential for use.

Some so-called bio-control organisms, or bacteria and fungi, can impede the

growth of harmful microorganisms and other stuffs that are also major suppliers

of pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics.

Therefore, microorganisms can be seen as suppliers of "ecosystem

services", which are basics to the environment and to human life and activity

(Johansen, 2021).

Importance of IMO in Municipal Solid Wastes

In the current study conducted, local microorganisms collected from

metropolitan solid waste will be taken apart at to find the work such living

creatures have on an anaerobic digester and its presentation. The presence of

such anaerococcal microbiota can help stay away from the two most sad

circumstances of a vigorous assimilation plant: over-burdening and cleaning out.

In the current paper, it is underlined that the annihilation of the microbiota in the
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substrate could deliver antagonistic impacts in the presentation in the reactor.

Bio-desulfurization of high sulfur fat coal with Microorganisms Coal is the most

bountiful petroleum derivative on the planet and its burning goes with the

emanation of SOX, which is answerable for genuine ecological issues. To

decrease the emanation of SOX is fundamental for clean fuel. In the current

examination, native microorganisms adjusted from fat coal itself and fascinating

microorganisms from sewage slime were utilized for coal biodesulfurization X-

beam diffraction (XRD), Fourier change infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and

Raman ghostly examination were utilized to research the primary difference in fat

coal during the bioleaching. Results showed that kaoliniye kaolinite, which has

not been accounted for previously. Raman otherworldly examination was

interestingly used to explore the progressions of coal macromolecular

construction during the bioleaching. FT-IR and Raman spectra affirmed the

progressions of sweet-smelling Csingle bondH, Osingle bondH bonds, which

prompted the increment of carbon crystallinity list. (Ye et. al., 2018)

Potentials of IMO in Inhabiting the Soil

Indigenous Microorganisms can inhabit the soil in several abilities that will

help improve the soil fertility also in production of growth of the plants that would

prevent the possible harms to the plants and especially the individuals that’s

making a living out of it. Like what was mentioned earlier it encouraged scientists

to perform alternative ways in preventing the harmful environmental scope of this

field, one application that was observed is the soil microbes. It quickened the

development by the stronger methodology results in microbial genetics, biology

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and biotechnology. Within the process of biodegradation of an organic compound,

a wide assortment of microbial chemicals are included in changing both artificial

and natural hydrocarbons into intermediate compounds which may be less or

equally unsafe than the parental compounds.

Next, Indigenous microorganisms as a bio-fertilizer as the soil upon IMO

application recaptures its loaminess, tilth, structure and indeed even the normal

agriculturist companions, the worms, come into droves. a blend of different

beneficial microorganisms it could be a house of great bacteria that are living

together in concordance with the rest of nature. Furthermore, the term

‘‘indigenous microorganisms’’ alludes to a group of useful organisms that are

local to the region, hence the name innate (locally existing, or not imported).

They are the vital component of world biodiversity. These microorganisms

increment the accessibility of supplements to host plants, Indigenous

microorganisms play an imperative part by protecting the ordinary host from

intrusion by microorganisms with a greater potential for causing infection. IMO

make the ideal and favourable environment to move forward and keep up soil

flora and soil fauna as well as the other microorganisms which in turn support the

quality life of higher plants and creatures including the human.

Another factor that inhabits the soil by the means of potential of IMO is

natural farming—by adding particular inputs amid the nutritive cycle of the plant.

Act as an interface between plants and soil is the Mycorrhizae ‘‘fungus roots’’.

They develop into the roots, increasing the root framework many thousands of

times over. They act advantageously and change over the complex substrates to
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easier ones and can be present in an ounce of solid soil. Lastly, IMO coexist and

are physiologically consistent and commonly complementary, and on the off

chance that the introductory inoculum thickness is sufficiently tall, there is a high

probability that these microorganisms will become set up within the soil and will

be successful as an associative group, whereby such positive interactions would

proceed. If so, at that point it is additionally highly probable that they will work out

in significant control over the indigenous soil microflora in due course. Still lot of

useful investigate is required to form utilize of IMO in sustainable environment.

(Kumar et.al., 2015)

Potentials of Cassava Mill Effluent (CME) by IMO

Clean up contaminants within the environment and a few of the

microorganisms utilized incorporate individuals of the genera Pseudomonas,

Flavobacterium, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Serratia, Aspergillus and Penicillium. Be

that as it may, studies on bioremediation of cassava process profluent are rare

making this an eye - opener for more considers in this regard. The possibilities of

microorganisms to catabolize and metabolize xenobiotic compounds have been

recognized as possibly viable means of harmful and dangerous squanders

transfer and management. That microorganisms are ubiquitous in nature may be

a demonstrated reality, so moreover is the age long truth that microorganisms

not as it were cause illnesses in humans or weakening of substances but also

valuable in the fabricating businesses and corruption or transformation of both

natural and inorganic substances (Enerijiofi et.al., 2017).

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Application of SRI and IMO

Indigenous Microorganisms and System of rice Intensification served as

an application in nutrient uptake of rice variety and its growth as well. The

content of accumulation in Potassium (K), Phosphorus (P), Nitrogen(N) in their

leaf and root tissue is affected through scattering and spraying it with system of

rice intensification. Due to the increasing price of chemical fertilizer people

demanded for safer food and the approach of farmers and researchers is to

continue using natural resources and maintaining soil fertility.

Soil Enhancer includes Effective Microbes, Utilization of composting,

enzymes from technology farming, IMO, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The

significant role of microorganisms is that it lives naturally in the soil and at the

same time increasing the amount of micronutrient and macronutrients having a

mutual interaction with the plant.

Beneficial microbes can be found in IMO. The SRI formulation was

sprayed to the price plant during 7, 15, and 23 days after the day of planting it.

Once a day in a morning, the Irrigation was performed manually. The leaf area,

biomass of the plant every 7 days interval plant height and common features of

plants analysis were measured. There was an increase in plant height with

increasing the day after planting it of rice treated with IMO and the system of rice

intensification. Same result was reported by Samin (2011) that it lives

symbiotically—plant and the microorganisms in the natural environment. Result

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showed that by applying SRI and IMO can significantly contribute to better rice

yield in the actual plantation in the field.

Study shows in present time that the application of SRI to plants has

produced more erect leaves and benefited the avoidance of mutual shading of

leaves as compared to practices of best management. In the content of nitrogen

triggered the initiation of leaf, the photosynthesis enhancement process,

chlorophyll in increased content which did lead to better growth of vegetative.

Patterns of bio-fertilizer and bio-regulator can be performed by the formulation of

IMO and SRI. It is potentially being used for the reducing the environmental

problems. (Alam et.al., 2017)

Indigenous Microorganisms as Remediation Agent

Diesel acts as a primary vitality source to complement human exercises in

Antarctica. Be that as it may, the expanded undertaking in Antarctica has

undermined the environment as well as its living living beings. Whereas more

endeavors on the utilize of renewable vitality are being done, most exercises in

Antarctica still depend intensely on the utilize of diesel. Diesel contaminants in

their normal state are known to be tireless, complex and harmful. The moo

temperature in Antarctica declines these issues, making toxins more essentially

harmful to their environment and inborn living beings. A bibliometric examination

had illustrated a slow increment within the number of thinks about on the

microbial hydrocarbon remediation in Antarctica over the year. It was moreover

found that these thinks about were overwhelmed by those that utilized microbes
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as remediating specialists, though exceptionally small center was given on

organisms and microalgae. This survey presents a rundown of the collective and

past understanding to the current discoveries of Antarctic microbial enzymatic

degradation of hydrocarbons as well as its genotypic adaptation to the extreme

low temperature (Wong et.al., 2021).

IMO Application for Bioversion of Agricultural Waste Treating

The soil is a feasible method for changing different natural squanders into

items that can be utilized securely and gainfully as bio-composts and soil

conditioners. Issues related with the utilization of crude and shaky natural

squanders as soil revisions can be settled through fertilizing the soil, such as

malodors, human microbes, and unfortunate compound and actual properties.

During treating the soil, natural squanders are deteriorated; plant supplements

are mineralized into structures accessible to plants, microbes are obliterated, and

malodors are subsided. In spite of the fact that, deterioration of natural matter

happens normally, it very well may be quickened by human mediation. Native

Microorganisms (IMO) are normally happening microorganisms that has adjusted

to the natural condition where they are found and accordingly, are equipped for

quickening fast disintegration of natural materials found in the equivalent area.

Singh and Sharma (2003) vaccinated different sorts of squanders (blended

strong waste, civil strong waste what's more, plant squander) with various

miniature greenery. Increasing speed of decay of harvest build-ups high in lignin

with the use of IMO have been accounted for. Microbial immunization according

to squander decay for rural creation offers the benefit of delivering fundamental
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mixtures put away in plants and creature waste to a stable express that can be

utilized again for plant growth. As detailed by, microbial inoculants are

fundamental part in the agro-biological systems as they assume a significant part

in diminishing aimless utilization of compound manures and offers ranchers an

appealing financially acceptably substitute for improving soil properties. Microbial

inoculant produces metabolites that encourage decay of natural waste also,

increment humus quality. The supplement status of sorghum tail and wheat straw

manure was improved after immunization with Aspergillus niger and Penicillium

spp. (Serafin, Ildefonso, Ngohayon, 2015)

Soil Amendments for Agricultural Production

Organic fertilizers provide agricultural contaminants and prevent natural

water contamination by pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, as well as an increase

in soil organic matter, improving soil physical structure, enhancing soil fungal and

bacterial growth, and reducing eutrophication. They also provide low-cost

adsorbents that bind with agricultural pollutants and prevent natural water

contamination by pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, as a result, the effect of

xenobiotics on surface and groundwater quality will be minimized. Furthermore,

the amount of N and P pollution entering our nation's waters has increased

significantly over the last 50 years. Thirty percent of US streams have elevated

levels of N and P pollution, resulting in drinking water violations attributable to

nitrates and phosphates that have doubled in the last eight years due to
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inorganic fertilizer over application. As a result, environmentally and economically

sustainable agriculture necessarily requires the use of cultivation practices and

cutting-edge technologies that optimize agrochemical efficacy while minimizing

side effects (Antonious, 2016).

The Greater Roles of Indigenous Microorganisms in Removing

Nitrobenzene from Sediment

The feasibility of extracting nitrobenzene from sediments using the

Phragmites australis-JS45 method was investigated. However, in native

sediments, nitrobenzene degraded immediately and was completely extracted

within 20 days, increasing the likelihood that IMO play an essential role in

nitrobenzene degradation. As a result, the aim of this research was to confirm

this theory and look for potential nitrobenzene degraders among native

microorganisms in sediments. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, the

abundance of inoculated strain JS45 and indigenous bacteria in sediments was

determined. Furthermore, the indigenous bacteria's population structure was

investigated using high-throughput sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform.

The findings revealed that indigenous bacteria were abundant in native

sediments, with 1014 CFU/g dry weight, which is around six orders of magnitude

higher than in fertile soils. Furthermore, during nitrobenzene elimination, the

levels of indigenous Proteobacteria (Acinetobacter, Comamonadaceae_

uncultured, Pseudomonas, and Thauera) and Firmicutes (Clostridium,

Sporacetigenium, Fusibacter, Youngiibacter, and Trichococcus) increased

significantly. After nitrobenzene was finally eliminated from the equation, their
 21

numbers plummeted. Except for Pseudomonas and Thauera. According to the

findings, indigenous microorganisms such as Proteobacteria and Firmicutes have

a high capacity for extracting nitrobenzene from sediments. Despite the fact that

the P. australis - JS45 device was set up in an effort to remove nitrobenzene

from sediments, it failed to meet expectations. The results are also useful for

improving nitrobenzene removal by improving sediment conditions for indigenous

Proteobacteria and Firmicutes to grow better (Chi et.al, 2017).

Role of Soil Bacteria

Bacteria are the smallest and most robust microbe in the soil. They can

survive under severe or changing soil conditions.There are basically four

functional soil bacteria groups: decomposers, mutalists, pathogens and

lithotrophs. Decomposer bacteria eat up simple sugars and simple carbon

compounds. While mutualistic bacteria, on the other hand, form partnerships with

plants including the nitrogen-fixing bacteria or Rhizobia. Bacteria can also be

pathogens to plants. They can convert nitrogen, sulfur, or other nutrients for

energy and are essential in nitrogen cycling and pollution degradation (Hoorman,

2016).

The Role of Microorganisms in Soil Health

Soil fertility consists of three components which are physical, chemical

and biological fertility. Biological fertility is the organisms that live in the soil. They

also interact with the other components. This fertility component is the least well-

understood among the three.

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Soil microorganisms play essential roles in the nutrient cycles that are

foundational to life on planet. Fertile soils are swarmed with soil microbes.There

may be hundreds of millions to billions of microbes in a single gram of soil.

A better understanding of soil microbiology is crucial if agricultural

production is to meet the needs and expectations of a growing world population

(Johns, 2017).

The Interconnection of Plants with Soil Microbes

Plant physiologists oftentimes view soil as a source of nutrients to plants.

Plants show various array of interactions with organisms that dwell in the soil.

There has been a longstanding interest in plants that promote plant growth. For

instance, mycorrhizal fungi was recognized as root symbionts from the second

half of 19th century. In 2000s, research focus has somewhat move away from

individual microbial strains, and was shifted to documenting the copiousness and

variation of the root microbiome through metagenomics. There are results from

such studies that have shown that there is hotspot of ecological richness with

plant roots hosting an large array of microbial taxa which is the rhizospheric

niche. The major goal of some research fields, in this matter, is to gain

understanding of how soil microbes can boost plant growth. This knowledge can

be used to inform the microbial communities tailored to carry out specific

functions (Jacoby et.al., 2017).

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Nitrogen-Fixing Microbes

Nitrogen is the most important nutrient for plant growth and rhizobia is the

most recognizable example of biofertility inoculants that fixes atmospheric

nitrogen in nodules of legume crops. This various group of bacteria consists of

some of the most greatly investigated microbes owing to their value as inoculants.

Effective rhizobial products show a high rate of nitrogen fixation and

promotes the formation of nodules, that is one of the main sources of nitrogen,

on target host plants. The production of rhizobia has the ability to produce

organisms in large quantities and enable a long-term shelf life (Berka, 2016).

Metabolic Signals to Recruit Favorable Microbes

The growth of soil microbes is commonly carbon-limited, meaning the high

amounts of sugars, amino and organic acids that the plants deposit into the

rhizosphere, where the respiration, the growth, and nutrient exchange of the

plant occurs, represent a valuable nutrition source. However, deposition of this

carbon does not really foster the hiring of favorable microbes because

pathogenic strains can also use these molecules as growth underlying substance

or layer. Therefore, it can be hypothesize that plants have evolved recognition

mechanisms to differentiate beneficial microorganisms from those that need to

be repulsed.

Studies on the plant microbiome, that includes the plant-growth promoting

bacteria, of different plant species and accessions revealed strong diversity that

leads to the theory that exudates are very important in shaping plant–microbe
 24

interactions. Furthermore, it has been exhibited that plants distinctively attract

beneficial interaction partners via root derived signals (Jacoby et.al., 2017).

Using Beneficial Soil Microbes to Improve Plant Growth

Soil microbes are ubiquitous which means they are plentiful in most

terrestrial environments. Small soil microbes play a big role in supporting plant

growth.

Soil bacteria and fungi continually increase the soil nutrient availability by

changing unavailable nutrients into bio-available forms for plant uptake. Microbes

also act as a bio-fertilizer by releasing essential nutrients when they die. Plants

wouldn’t have the constant supply of nutrients that they need to grow without

microbes (Bell, 2021).

Biological Importance of Microbes in Agriculture, Food and Pharmaceutical

Industry − Advantages of use of microbes in food industry

In plants, microbes are known as an effective and essential nutrient to

plants since it is proved to enhance the plants’ growth development and also

carries a lot of minerals that are not found naturally. There are a lot of benefits in

using microbes as a food source. First, microbes grow quickly and do not take as

much room as traditional methods do. Second, the cells of microbes have a high

protein content, so it means that it gives a high amount of nutrient to the plant

that can give the food the amount of nutrient, specifically protein, that the people

need. Third, they are less affected by the environmental factors, such as pollution.
 25

And lastly, some microorganisms or microbes, mainly yeasts, have high content

of vitamins that is also in the food the people consume (Kalsoom et.al., 2020).

Endophytic Microbes in Crops: Diversity and Beneficial Impact for

Sustainable Agriculture

Many plant species have endophytic microbes. Plants are primarily

infected by endophytic microbes through wounds that occur naturally as a result

of plant growth, or through root hairs and epidermal junctions. Endophytic

microbes tend to actively infiltrate plant tissues using hydrolytic enzymes

including cellulase and pectinase, in addition to entering through natural

openings or wounds.

Endophyte group structure can be investigated using both culture-

dependent and culture-independent methods. Endophytic bacteria are classified

into phyla such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, Bacteroidetes,

Basidiomycota, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Firmicutes. Only culture-independent

methods were used to report endophytic archaea (Euryarchaeota). Endophytic

microbes were the most common and studied, and they belonged to the phyla

Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes, which were divided into three

classes. Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Herbaspirillum, Pantoea,

Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces were the most common genera

found in most host plants. Many niche-specific microbial genera have been

identified from various host plants. The use of associative microbes in

sustainable agriculture has a lot of promise. Plant growth and yield have been
 26

shown to be improved by endophytic microbes fixing atmospheric nitrogen and

solubilizing phosphorus, potassium, and zinc; developing phytohormones

(cytokinins, auxins, and gibberellins), ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and

siderophores; and possessing antagonistic activity, as well as reducing stress

ethylene levels in host plants. Endophytes appear to help plants grow and

develop, and they have beneficial traits that can be used in agricultural

biotechnology. Endophyte-plant interactions can improve plant health and play a

key role in low-input, sustainable agriculture for both food and nonfood crops

(Suman, 2016).

Microbial spoilage in averting the deterioration of vegetables—IMO

Chemicals are dependable for debasement in some vegetables and

natural product whereas chemical responses such as rancidity and oxidation

crush others. But the foremost damaging cause of decay among all is by

microorganisms such as bacteria, moulds and yeast. Large around the world,

vegetables and natural product misfortunes come around 30 to 40% every year.

In a few nations the condition is more awful and the misfortunes are indeed

higher. It is thus obvious to diminish misfortunes so as to ensure that the

adequate deliver, both in amount and in quality is accessible to each individual.

Decrease of the misfortunes of vegetables and natural products leads to various

positive results. It leads to the decrease within the generation fetched, exchange

and distribution. These things in turn offer assistance in bringing down the

esteem for the client and an increment in the farmer's wage. Natural products

and vegetables are exceptionally imperative nourishment produces not solitary in

 27

India but within the entirety world. India is the fourth biggest producer of natural

products and moment main producer of vegetables within the world (Yousuf,

Alam, Bhat and Titikshya, 2018)

Garden Waste Composting

Organic waste composting with IMO have resulted in the stability and

maturity of the compost after 60 days for garden waste. It was obtained in pH

during the process of composting and was having a scope of of 8.0 to 9.0 and

the temperature was recorded in the scope of 30 to 48 degree C. IMO compost

garden waste did showed mixture content to be in the range or scope of 36 to

65%. The best ratio that was recommended to be used having a basis of the

researchers study during the process of composting along with the three different

ratios for each garden was IMO-compost garden wasteC2. The said statement of

the reason is GWC2 did have a log of respectively higher temperature of 46

during the 60. It depended on the raw materials that was used for compost

production and resulted in the maturity, quality, and stability finished. Different

types of substance and organic waste used will give rise to the plenty and

different qualities of the said accomplished compost. (Khalib et.al., 2018)

Composting of Food Waste

Food waste is an organic solid waste that consists of wastes that came

from uneaten food especially from restaurant and cafeteria. The only technique

that is being used in Malaysia is landfilling for the disposal of solid waste.

Unfortunately, Improper and not right of landfill management can cause different
 28

environmental impacts include problem of pest and odor and can put risk the

health of the residence near the landfill. IMO act as a reserve source and enrich

the soil nutrients. It play an important role in decomposition of the organic matter.

IMO-compost by composting food waste with IMO serves as an organic additive.

five phases of IMO was performed. In the case if food waste dried chicken dung

was used. The CD or the chicken dung was mixed with the organic waste

prepared indigenous microorganisms during the process of composting as a

source of nitrogen. food waste was the main materials in the process of

composting with the IMO’s inclusion as an additive and CD as a main source as

well of nitrogen that was based on a range of different ratio’s. All of the mixtures

treatment was characterized for temperature, pH, content, mixtures moistures,

phosphorus and potassium. The said utilization of IMO did rapidly increased the

process of composting and the emission of odour won’t occur during the

process.The said total nitrogen content of IMO-compost for all treatments of the

food waste had shown increases during process of decomposition. Based on the

researchers, composting of organic waste with IMO did gave an outcome of the

maturity and the stability of compost after 30 to 48 days for food waste and 60

days for garden waste. (Zakarya et.al., 2015).

Salmonella persistence in soil with IMO

New products of the soil have various advantages to human well-being.

Shockingly, their utilization is progressively connected with food borne illnesses,

Salmonella enterica being their most regular reason in Europe. Rural soils were

proposed as repository of human microbes, adding to the defilement of yields

 29

during the developing time frame. Since the opposition with the native soil

microbiota for colonization locales assumes a significant part in the achievement

of attacking species, we theorized that diminished variety will upgrade the

opportunity of Salmonella to effectively build up in horticultural conditions. We

showed that the bounty of Salmonella definitely diminished in soil with profoundly

different native prokaryotic local area, while in soil with decreased prokaryotic

variety, Salmonella persevered for a significant stretch. Moreover, in networks

with low variety, Salmonella affected the plenitude of other taxa. The high

physiological versatility permits Salmonella to utilize agrarian soils as elective

living space which may give a course of creature/human diseases. Moreover,

changed transcriptional profile with amino corrosive biosynthesis and the

glyoxylate cycle most noticeably directed, recommends a transformation to the

dirt climate. Our outcomes underline the significance of the support of assorted

soil microbiome as a piece of technique focusing on decreased danger of

food‐borne salmonellosis episodes (Schierstaedt et.al., 2020).

Soilless Culture in Affecting the Development of Several Factors of it

The display article surveys the logical literature on soilless culture and

given a basic examination of the micro-environmental variables that can affect

agricultural trim development and efficiency, including, soilless substrate,

fertigation arrangement, salinity, supplement substance and pH and plant-

microorganism interaction. In expansion, the part of exactness agriculture such

as, farther detecting in soilless system performance is checked on. Soilless

culture can be utilized to effectively present unused crops into a locale as was
 30

done by. Who appeared that therapeutic and fragrant herb species can be

effectively developed in a dry region (Gulf countries). The composition of soilless

substrates significantly influences plant physiology, surrender and natural

product quality. The perfect soilless substrate has incredible add up to porosity,

moo bulk thickness, satisfactory air circulation and high water holding capacity to

encourage root penetration and increment supplement accessibility to the plants

for the application due to multi-season. (Othman et.al., 2019)

Phosphate solubilization and nitrogen fixation ability of various IMO

communities

Bio-fertilizer formulation from IMOCs or Indigenous Microorganism

communities is a great suitable methods applied in the eastern part of the world

for the enhance-of agriculture and extraction of minerals. The aim of the said

study was to assess the solubility of phosphate, biosynthesis, indole-3-acetic

(IAA) and nitrogen fixation of the various IMOCs and it’s efficacy. the positive

effects of IMOCs on soil chemical, physical, biological and chemical properties

and soil healthy, soil enzyme activities and crop yoeld were proven by tons of

previous studies. Assessing the phosphate solubilization, IAA synthesis abilities

and biological nitrogen fixation was the aim of this study into several collected

IMOCs from the different agri-ecosystem habitats. In comparison with other

previous study, and was found that Wu et al. (2012) isolated an effective or an

exceptional effective phosphate-solubilizing fungus from the soil of rhizosphere

and with the maximum amount of 1,252 mg/L. Similarly, Tam et al. (2016) did

obtained 25 fungal of strains from six ferrallisols samples of evaluating their

 31

solubilizing capacity and Tithonia for insoluble phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) in liquid

medium. Lastly, According to the conducted research It was not obscure that all

collected IMOCs had a more or great potential in solubility’s phosphorus and the

efficacy of solubilization in the said IMOCs was similar to that singly bacterial

strains or isolated fungal. (Le et.al., 2019)

Organic Fertilizers

Organic fertilizers of high quality are the result of natural decomposition

and are easily digested by plants. Organic fertilizers, which are made from

natural sources, provide slow-release, consistent nutrition to garden plants. Your

plants would be healthy and self-sustaining if you feed them a "health food" diet.

Rather than relying on you to provide them with a steady supply of synthetic

fertilizers, they find what they need in organically fertilized soil. In addition,

organic gardening necessitates the addition of homemade or bagged compost to

the soil. Increased organic matter improves overall soil structure, which improves

nutrient release to plants and increases water retention. Composting also helps

to prevent runoff and erosion, as well as the spread of diseases. Organic

fertilizers are much gentler than chemical fertilizers, meaning they won't destroy

plant roots or foliage. When it comes to pests and diseases, organic gardening

takes a gentle approach. This approach involves taking precautions to avoid

pests and diseases from occurring in the first place, as well as using low-intensity

control methods and products. Inspecting plants for problems and physically

removing any pests or diseased areas detected is one of the least invasive pest

and disease prevention and control approaches. When a plant has a limited
 32

number of problem areas, this method works well. Exclusion methods are also

used in organic gardens to keep pests and diseases at bay. Row cover is a

lightweight spun bonded cloth that is used to cover plants. (Pennington, 2019)

The Principal Role of Organic Fertilizer on Soil Properties and Agricultural

Productivity − Importance of Organic Fertilizer

Organic fertilizers are unlike from chemical fertilizers in that the materials

are by products of vegetables, animals or minerals. These materials decaya and

would provide nutrients and minerals to the soil. Although nutrients are available

in regular soil, fertilizers have advantages that can provide and ensure that the

plant has a balance and a suitable access of nutrients.

One of the benefits of organic fertilizers is, the nutrients are work more

slowly than chemical fertilizers. This slow procedure allows the plant to process

the fertilizer in a natural way and will not result to something that could damage

the plant, which is called over-fertilizing. Inorganic fertilizers or Synthetic

fertilizers usually contain chemicals that are not easily biodegraded. These

chemicals can kill beneficial microorganisms in the soil. In contrast, organic

fertilizer has no harmful compounds and therefore does not inflict harm on the

plants (Assefa, 2019).

Managing Soil Health: Concepts and Practices - Soil Organic Matter

Soil organic matter plays an essential role in combining a lot of aspects of

soil health. Soil organic matter can be divided into labile and stable pools. These

two have different characteristics and also functions in the soil.

 33

Labile organic matter is already decayed by microbes. It is the main

energy source that powers the soil food web and also the main reservoir of

organic nitrogen. This can be readily mineralized and can be made accessible for

plants’ use.

Stable organic matter gives positively-charged ion exchange capacity and

water-holding capacity to soil. The pool of stable organic matter is increased or

consumed slowly as only a small part of the labile organic matter that runs

through the food web is balanced into structures that are resistant to decay

(Barbercheck, 2017).

Benefits of Organic Matter in Soil

Organic matter in the soil is non-uniform and lacks defined physical or

chemical structure. It can be used in different stages of decomposition in soils.

Organic matter is formed by crop and plant residue, tree litter, livestock manure,

animals and various forms of soil organisms, their by-products and to a lesser

extent human waste contribute to form organic matter. The roots and residue is

the food source of soil microorganisms. The humus stores carbon and reduces

loss of organic carbon to decomposition. Organic material is shredded into small

bits by earthworms, mites, and beetles. Plant roots, microorganisms, and other

nematodes are one of the carbonaceous living materials consumed by

nematodes. When feeding on organic matter, bacteria and fungi break down and

decompose it, releasing essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous,

potassium, sulfur, and others. Microorganisms also release enzymes that

 34

increase the rate of decay (Fortuna, 2012). Organisms use carbon as a source of

energy and nitrogen to produce protein as they decompose organic matter.

Microorganisms, on average, need 25 to 30 parts carbon for every part nitrogen

they consume. Microorganisms that eat organic matter promote soil particle

aggregation, which improves soil structure, water infiltration, and holding capacity.

It also lowers the risk of runoff and erosion. Improved plant root growth, stable

microbial communities, and moderate pH ranges are all benefits of increased

organic matter levels (Ahmad et.al., 2017).

Understanding Soil Fertility

Organic matter is an essential part of the soil. It is the last phase of

decomposed plants and animals and also the most effective substance for

improving soil. Organic matter averts small particles of clay from sticking

themselves into a solid mass and because of this it enables plants’ roots to move

easily all over the soil. Organic matter aids soil to hold and release extra nutrients

and also advocate the growth of microorganisms which helps in conditioning the

soil. Daily applications of organic matter and complete fertilizer are crucial for

garden soils used every year.

Fertilizer comes in two basic forms: organic and inorganic (chemical or

synthetic;). Organic materials are natural and from living organisms while

Inorganic materials are from mineral salts that are water-soluble.

Although Organic fertilizers are known as the recommended fertilizers for

plants, Inorganic fertilizers do have advantages. They are relatively inexpensive

 35

and little amounts supply needed nutrients. These nutrients are quickly available

to the plants unlike organic fertilizers that are are unavailable to the plants until

soil microbes breaks them down (Gibson, 2019).

Fungi

Fungi are organisms which provide food and other substances that can be

benefited of. Molds, yeasts, and mushrooms are types of microorganisms. They

are usually seen on dead or living plants or in animals’ tissue. Fungi are peculiar

among living organisms in that they are the main decomposers of substances in

the environment. Fungi are excellent decomposers of organic waste, preferring

cellulose, lignins, gums, and other organic complex substances. Fungi are

capable of acting in a wide variety of soil reactions, from acidic to alkaline. Fungi

plays a key role in a variety of physiological processes, including mineral and

water absorption, chemical changes, stomatal movement, and biosynthesis of

biostimulants, auxins, lignan, and ethylene to help plants detect and cope with

environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, heat, cold, and significant

metals. ( Yuvaraj, Ramasamy, 2017).

Biotechnological advances of beneficial fungi for plants −Trichoderma as

biofertilizer and in plant development

The addition of bio-fertilizers to soil can improve the reservation of

nutrients in plants. It may also encourage soil richness and increased harvest

yields. Root that are colonized by Trichoderma strains has a beneficial effect on

plants by improving resistance to abiotic stress and uptake of nutrients, as well

 36

as increasing root development. Crop productivity in fields can increase up to

300% after the adding of Trichoderma hamatum or T. koningii as bio-fertilizer.

However, there are very few reports on strains that produce growth factors that

have been detected and identified in the laboratory. Trichoderma spp. are known

to control minor pathogens like Pythium sp and in the ways in advance

development (Kumar et.al., 2017).

Beneficial effects of endophytic fungi colonization on plants

There is a need that exists to improve agricultural productivity to feed the

ever-growing population because of circumstances experience by, not all but

many. Such as increased demand for scarce water supplies, shrinking

agricultural acreage, and the possible negative effects of climate change.

Endophytic fungi are well-known for their ability to help host plants defend

themselves. There are reports that are focused on the application of endophytic

fungi with the capability to produce essential molecules that are bio-active. While

others focus on endophytic fungi as a bio-control agent.

Endophytic fungi colonization is good for the enhancement of the immune

system of the plant. The interaction of endophytic fungi with plants regulates the

relationship between plants and both biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have

evolved to manage with multiple stresses, and studies that are essential to

answer specific questions about these multiple stresses (Yan, et.al, 2019).
 37

Endophytic Fungi: Role in Phosphate Solubilization

Phosphorus (P) is the most important nutrient for overall plant growth and

crop yield. The use of synthetic phosphate fertilizers is highly reliant on global

farming activities. However, the high cost of synthetic fertilizers, their harmful

effects on humans and the environment, and the frequent precipitation and

immobilization of phosphorus in soil have prompted agriculturalists to seek out

alternative methods that could improve plant growth by preserving the soluble

phosphorus pool in soil. Phosphate solubilization and mineralization is a

capability of microbial communities, including fungi. In soil, P-solubilizing fungi

constitute about 0.1–0.5% of the total fungal populations. Among them

endophytic fungi are the major contributors.

Endophytes are a form of microbial community found in soil that can

colonize plants without causing disease symptoms. Penicillium, Aspergillus,

Piriformospora, Curvularia, and another genus of endophytic symbionts,

arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, are the most important endophytic P-

solubilizing fungi.

Non-endophytic microbes are more competitive and destructive colonizers

than P-solubilizing endophytic fungi. Because of the numerous advantages of

using endophytic fungi for plant P nutrition, this chapter focuses on the

involvement of endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi in P-solubilization and

mineralization, the mechanisms involved, the production and application of

 38

endophytic fungal inoculants, and their various mechanisms of plant growth

promotion and crop productivity (Mehta et.al., 2019).

Endophytic Bacteria

The current approach is to rely solely on chemical fertilizers and pesticides

to maintain and improve agricultural and horticultural productivity. Despite the

fact that chemical fertilizers are credited with nearly half of the rise in agricultural

production, they are linked to environmental pollution and human and animal

health problems. Microbial diversity in the soil is thought to be essential for

agriculture and horticulture systems to remain manageable. Despite this, the

connections between microbial variations and environmental processes remain

unclear. Rhizosphere soil has a major impact on a lot of things that influence

crop yield. Endophytes are rhizobacteria which live within the plant roots form

more close associations. These endophytes are also known as intracellular plant

growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) microorganisms that live within plant

cells, produce nodules, and are found inside these specific structures.

Endophytes are a diverse group of soil microorganisms that establish a less

structured relationship than the beneficial rhizobia-legume interaction known as

symbiosis. Endophytes may help plants grow directly or indirectly by

incorporating rhizobia( Walia et.al., 2017).

Plastic Mulch and IMO

Gross margins and yield of tomato and cauliflower with plastic mulch and

IMO were higher if it will be compared with no plastic mulch and no IMO. Plastic
 39

Mulches are primarily being used to protect the seedlings and shoots of it

through prevention of evaporation and insulation, thus maintaining it, slightly

increasing the soil temperature and humidity. In addition. plastic mulches

applications of it had a report of the reduced pest pressure and weed population.

The present research was conducted to compare yield, yield components of

tomato and cauliflower and income with different innovative agricultural practices

of technology (with IMO and plastic mulch and without IMO and plastic mulch) In

some studies plastic mulch has been reported by its production rapid increase of

the vegetable crops through improved increase in soil temperature and weed

control at early crop growth stages. IMO colonize the endo-

rhizosphere/rhizosphere of plants and as resulted it did promote plant growth and

as well the development through various indirect and direct mechanisms (Grover

et al. 2011). It has also been reported the improvement in the soil quality growth,

yield, soil health and quality of the crops with the inculcation of the plant/soil

ecosystem by Indigenous Microorganisms culture. Promotion of these more

technologies of remunerative would enable them to manage all of their farms in

an more efficient way and by that it’ll improve as well the agricultural

sustainability of the farmers according to the researchers and other studies.

(Ferdous et.al., 2017)

Extended Solution of IMO

Household plants being watered by washed rice are effective it contains

crude fiber, water soluble like protein, and amino acid, and minerals like

phosphorus, iron, zinc and calcium. Indigenous Microorganisms extended

 40

solution or IMO-ES it is a mixture of rice wash and IMO concentrate that have

muscovado and valuable nutrients. Basmati concluded as an aromatic rice with a

yield of 4-5 t/ha dry season, with the exceptional benefits of IMO-ES this study

was conducted that aims to know the target frequency of the said application.

IMO-ES is responsible for the yield of rice’s growth. The length of time that is

going to be the basis— first is no application (control), 1L of IMO-ES applied

every four weeks applied, 1L of IMO-ES applied every two weeks and 1L of IMO-

ES applied every week. The plant height and another analysis for the features of

plants were higher in IMO-ES applied every four weeks compared or equated to

IMO-ES applied once a week, twice a week and even the no application. Present

findings revealed that IMO along with the rice wash or can be called IMO-ES

could be possibly applied in rice that did have an outcome of the most harvest or

highest harvest yield per hectare. Numbers of productive tiller did exhibit a

positive and important association with the harvest yield/hectare. Results of this

study were outstanding and very promising in means of growth and yield of the

rice. (Sanchez et.al., 2018)

Bio-sorption using IMO

This ponder explored the bio-sorption of lead, chromium and cadmium in

tannery gushing utilizing indigenous microorganisms. Microbes separated from

the tannery profluent were Bacillus subtilis and B. megaterium whereas parasites

confined were Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. The routine treatment of

tannery effluents for the reason of detoxification requires application of physical

and chemical strategies, which involve the chrome precipitation and sulphide
 41

treatment counting physicochemical strategies such as filtration, particular

coagulation, utilize of activated carbon and chemical flocculation. But due to

related issues in these treatment strategies such as tall fetched, intense test set-

up, in total treatment of waste water driving to post-treatment impacts, other

elective treatment methods have been investigated such as the utilize of natural

strategies utilizing bacteria, organisms and green growth. Therefore, the point of

this was to use microbes and organisms separated from tannery profluent for the

biosorption of Cr, Pb and Cd in tannery gushing. (Abioye et.al., 2018)

RELATED STUDIES

Natural Farming: The Development of Indigenous Microorganisms Using

Korean Natural Farming Methods

Korean normal cultivating may be a self-sufficient cultivating framework

that includes the refined of indigenous microorganisms (IMO) – microscopic

organisms, parasites, nematodes, and protozoa – input of inorganic fertilizers to

create ripe soil. The refined and supporting of innate microorganisms is

examined in this distribution. Take after- ing the rules reported in Cho’s Normal

Cultivate- ing, this distribution diagrams the convention, materials, and strategies

utilized to culture IMO on a 5-acre cultivate found in Makaha, Hawai‘i (2010). The

materials, strategies, and collection locales utilized to culture IMO may shift from

cultivate to cultivate, due in portion to territory and accessibility of materials. Be

that as it may, the in general concept of refined IMO remains the same. In
 42

expansion, an endeavor to quantify the related costs was made to supply a few

directions for interested parties. The development and engendering of IMO may

be to some degree labor seriously. The taken a toll is analogous to manufactured

fertilizers accessible on the advertise, when labor taken a toll is avoided. The

fetched to create IMO 4 can be essentially diminished in case all the materials

and hardware required to develop and engender IMO can be sourced specifically

on the cultivate. (Keli’ikuli et.al., 2019)

Unraveling the Mystery of the Natural Farming System (Korean): Isolation

of Bacteria and Determining the Effects on Growth

Photosynthetic plants play a significant role in maintaining the cycle of life

of living organisms and the cycling of nutrients. They regulate the atmosphere by

the conversion of carbon dioxide into oxygen which is crucial for cellular

respiration.

Roots play a crucial role in a plant’s growth and development. They are

the ones that provide support by absorbing water and minerals, and also storing

nutrients. Microorganisms such as protozoa, fungi, and bacteria, specifically

bacteria, aid the root system in nutrients assimilation, fixation of nitrogen, and

defense against pathogens. This type of relationship that occurs between

bacteria and plant roots takes place within the rhizosphere. Rhizosphere is the

part of the soil in the vicinity of plant roots. This region is rich in nutrients. The

relationship between bacteria and plants can be positive, negative, or neutral.

 43

Beneficial bacteria that take over the plant roots and promote plant growth are

called as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (Keli’ikuli, 2018)

Effects of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) on the Growth and Yield of

Sweet Corn ‘Sugar King F1’ Variety–Peanut Intercropping System in Aurora,

Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines

Farmers would always feel like failures every time they have to harvest the

crops due to climate change and land degradation. That is one of the many

common problems encountered by the farmers. Low production, high cost of

inputs, low soil fertility, leaching, and the occurrence of pests and diseases are

other problems too. But majority of the farmers are still struggling with poverty.

There are technologies that would bring much help to farmers but only a few can

adapt. Another problem that needs immediate attention is the many effects in

different ways of synthetic chemicals. Agriculture products with pesticide

components can harm the consumer’s health. Human beings are not the only

ones affected but also those helpful microorganisms and other stuffs in the plant

that helps in different ways.

Organic farming in the modern era has slowly been known because of its

beneficial contributions in sustaining and nourishing agricultural crops and plants

production without harming the natural condition of the environment. In this study,

the researchers have investigated the physiological efficiency of sweet corn (Zea

mays L. var. saccharata) in response to the rates of indigenous microorganism

(IMO) and bio-fertilizers. The results of this study have served as a guide for the
 44

farmers in Zamboanga del Sur who were pursuing sweet corn production using

IMO and bio-fertilizers (Villaver & Borres, 2018).

Physiological Efficiency of Sweet Corn as influenced by IMO

Sweet corn is quite possibly the most mainstream crops on account of its

sweet taste, wholesome substance and monetary qualities. The bits contain a

high measure of sugars, proteins, nutrients, and minerals. The tail can be

prepared into silage for animals which at last adds pay for the ranchers. Sweet

corn can be developed effectively for a more limited period and is more beneficial

than corn planned for grain creation. Sweet corn can be helpless to vermin and

illnesses. To limit misfortunes, a rancher should be learned in picking the best

assortment or supplement the board to receive. In late practices, ranchers

utilized pesticides as their last solution for battle vermin and sicknesses. They

utilized synthetic composts to help crop yield. The constant utilization of

pesticides is extremely destructive to the climate. The cooperation of all living

living beings are incredibly influenced. Sound soil is essential for crop creation.

Taking care of the dirt with natural matter would acquire a positive outcome in the

developing yields. The use of native microorganisms and bio-fertilizers can be

the most ideal choice for the ranchers as an option in contrast to business

composts since it improves the dirt ripeness in the long haul. In this examination,

the analysts researched the physiological effectiveness of sweet corn (Zea mays

L. var. saccharata) in light of the paces of native microorganism (IMO) and

biofertilizers. The aftereffects of this study would fill in as a guide for the ranchers
 45

in Zamboanga del Sur who need to seek after sweet corn creation utilizing IMO

and biofertilizers. (Villaver, 2019)

Application of Indigenous Microorganisms for Bio-Conversion of

Agricultural Waste

Agricultural production produces a lot of plant waste that is mostly

effectively used due to high amount of cellulose which is slow to decompose by

naturally occurring microorganism. It is estimated that the provinces in the

Northern Philippines are mostly agricultural areas produces a lot of agricultural

crops and plants.

Crop remnants are materials that can be used for compositing.

Compositing is a very long process. It is through the action of the

microorganisms that organic matter is decomposed. Some of these microbes are;

bacteria, fungi, and algae.

High content of organic matter of compost and biological activity makes it

a very effective in a lot of types of applications, such as the control of soil erosion,

bio-filtration, bio-remediation, improving the structure of the soil, moisture

retention in the soil, and as bio-fertilizer.

When organic materials that have many different and connected parts

such as; plants, animal excrements, and organic fertilizers enter the soil, IMO

break these down into simpler compounds or elements that can undergo ionic

interactions. Compost remnants take part of a lot of benefits than the fertilization

of the crops. Compost can improve a lot of qualities that an agricultural plant/crop
 46

have. It also helps in creating a commending environment for microorganisms to

produce substances that can improve the soil’s qualities and structure (Anyanwu

et.al., 2015).

Isolation and Characterization of Indigenous Microorganism (IMO) from

Ifugao Bamboo (Phyllostachys Aurea) Forest

Using microorganism in agriculture has been one of the major factor that

can facilitate achievements in sustaining an agricultural program. Chemical

fertilizer has been an instrument in increasing the crop yield and achieved self-

sufficiency in agriculture over the years. But even with its effectiveness, it has

caused a lot of pollution in the environment. Agricultural chemicals were found in

foods have been the cause of the increasement in human and animal health

hazards.

Studies have shown that Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) are able to

provide numbers of benefits in agricultural and environmental system.

Microorganisms is found almost everywhere on Earth especially where there is

moisture and water. Microorganisms play a major role in nutrient recycling in

ecosystems, it acts as decomposers. Indigenous microorganisms (IMO) are

organisms that give enrichment to the soil by speeding up the decomposing of

organic matter, wherein it enables the release of the nutrients (Anyanwu et.al.,

2015).
 47

Malodorous Gases production from Food Wastes using IMO

Unstable natural mixtures (VOCs) delivered during the corruption of food

squanders may damage to the soundness of individuals and make irritation in

neighboring networks. In this work, the VOCs transmitted from the decay food

squanders including organic product, meat and vegetable and their microbial

networks were estimated. 2-Butanone (55.1%) and ethyl acetic acid derivation

(13.8%) were the 2 most bountiful V OCs from natural product squanders, while

dimethyl sulfide (68.0 and 26.6%) and dimethyl disulfide (89.2 and 10.1) were in

vegetable and meat squanders. The prevalent Firmicutes addressed 93.0–99.9%

of the bacterial networks of meat deterioration and Proteobacteria were the

predominant phylum all through the natural product assimilation measure. The

information add to a more exhaustive comprehension of the connection between

microbial local area elements and rancid Vocs discharge. (Zhang et.al., 2020)

Vercompost as an alternative to peat in Biobed Bioremediation Systems

(BBSs)

In biobed bioremediation frameworks (BBSs) with vermicomposts

presented to a high heap of pesticides, 6 microorganisms and 4 organism strains

were secluded, recognized, and researched to upgrade the evacuation of

pesticides. Three unique combinations of BBSs made out of vermicomposts

produced using nursery (GM), olive-factory (OM) and winery (WM) squanders

were polluted, vaccinated, and hatched for one month (GMI, OMI and WMI). The
 48

inoculums support was assessed by DGGE and Q-PCR. Pesticides were

checked by HPLC-DAD. The most noteworthy bacterial and contagious plenitude

was seen in WMI and OMI separately. In WMI, the consortia improved the

expulsion of tebuconazole, metalaxyl, and oxyfluorfen by 1.6-, 3.8-, and 7.7-

overlap, individually. The dispersal of oxyfluorfen was likewise quickened in OMI,

with under 30% leftover after 30 d. One metabolite for metalaxyl and 4 for

oxyfluorfen were distinguished by GC–MS. The separates could be reasonable to

improve the effectiveness of bioremediation frameworks. (Diaz et.al., 2016)

Industrial Perspective of Plant Beneficial Microorganisms

Fruitful system pointed toward improving harvest profitability with microbial

items at last depends on the capacity to scale at provincial to worldwide levels.

Microorganisms that show guarantee in the lab may need key qualities for far

and wide appropriation in reasonable and profitable rural frameworks. This paper

gives an outline of basic contemplations engaged with taking a strain from

disclosure to the rancher's field. Furthermore, we survey the absolute best

microbial items available today, investigate the explanations behind their

prosperity and diagram a portion of the significant difficulties engaged with

modern creation and commercialization of advantageous strains for boundless

horticultural application. General cycles related with commercializing practical

microbial items are examined in two general classifications, bio-fertility inoculants

and biocontrol items. In particular, we address what ranchers want in expected

 49

microbial items, how method of activity advises choices on item applications, the

impact of variety in lab and field study information, challenges with scaling for

large scale manufacturing, and the significance of reliable adequacy, item

solidness and quality. To have a huge effect on worldwide supportable

horticulture, the execution of plant valuable microorganisms will require a more

consistent progress among research facility and homestead application. Early

regard for the difficulties introduced here will improve the probability of creating

successful microbial items to improve crop yields, decline infection seriousness,

and help to take care of an undeniably eager planet (Parnell et.al., 2016).

Potential Uses of Beneficial Micro-organisms for increasing productivity of

Cotton Cropping Systems

There is a developing assortment of proof that exhibits the capability of

different microorganisms to upgrade plant efficiency and yield in editing

frameworks. Understanding the capability of helpful organisms requires a

comprehension of the job of microorganisms in development advancement,

especially regarding preparation and infectious prevention, the hidden

instruments and the difficulties in application and commercialization of plant

development advancing (PGP) microorganisms. This audit centers explicitly

around the utilization of PGP microorganisms in the cotton business and sums

up the business bioinoculant items as of now accessible for cotton; featuring

factors that should be considered for future improvement of PGP microbial items
 50

for the cotton business. Given the scarcity of data on useful microorganisms for

cotton creation frameworks in contrast with those for other trimming frameworks

(for example vegetables and grains), a depiction of the momentum research is

basic considering the expanded interest in cotton inoculants, predominantly in

non-industrial nations like India, and the generally expanded interest in PGP

applications as a feature of advancing practical horticulture. Plant development

and profitability is intensely affected by the cooperations between plant-roots and

the encompassing soil, including the microbial populaces inside the dirt. The

plant rhizosphere harbors microorganisms that may have positive, negative or no

noticeable impact on plant development. Albeit most rhizospheric organisms

have all the earmarks of being kindhearted, harmful microorganisms incorporate

microorganisms and microorganisms creating poisons that repress root

development or those that eliminate fundamental substances from the dirt.

(Pereg & McMillan, 2015)

Extended Effect of IMO solution on Basmati Rice

The Indigenous Microorganisms Extended Solution (IMO-ES) were

matured anaerobically in fixed plastic jug holders for seven days after which IMO-

ES were prepared for use. One (1) liter of IMO-ES were blended in 16 liters of

water and a rucksack sprayer was utilized as the instrument to apply the IMO-ES

straightforwardly on the rice by the day's end (4:00pm) when microorganisms are

most dynamic. The primary utilization of IMO-ES in the allocated medicines were
 51

seven days in the wake of relocating when the rice plant were completely

recuperated and the use of IMO-ES in alloted treatment were persistent until

grain filling. The portrayed technique by Ahmed et al. (2013) was accomplished

for essential cell culture of microbes by ten times weakening was utilized after

the spread plate strategy. The pipette was utilized to get 100 microliters of

weakening test unto the surface agar. The clean spreader was utilized to spread

the test on the whole agar surface. The plates were named and hatched at 37

degree celcius for 72 hours in a bacteriological hatchery. The disengagement of

unadulterated bacterial societies and was utilized for the streak plate strategy.

The sterile immunization circle was utilized to choose little measures of microbes.

This was to utilized clean supplement agar surfaces by streaking. Plates were

immunized and brooded for 24 to 48 hours at 37 degree celcius in a bacterial

hatchery. In light of province and cell morphology separated microorganisms

were described. The various microscopic organisms strains were shipped off the

University of the Philippines-Natural Science Research Institute for recognizable

proof utilizing BIOLOG GEN III. All the information assembled was dissected in

Statistical Tool for Agricultural Exploration (STAR) utilizing Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Huge outcome were

additionally tried utilizing the Least Significant Difference Test (Sanchez et.al.,

2018).
 52

Microbial Diversity of Indigenous Microorganisms (IMO) communities from

different agri-ecosystem in Soc Trang province, Vietnam

This study pointed to decide the nearness of a few distinctive major

bunches of organisms in IMO from diverse Agri-ecosystem environments like

microscopic organisms, organisms, actinomyces, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli,

and Coliform. 27F/1492R, 243F/1378R and ITS1F/ITS4R groundworks

separately. The numbers of microbes, parasites, and actinomyces were decided

by the plate checking strategy on TSA, PDA and Starch media, separately.

Besides, bacterial numbers were overwhelmed and extended from 106 to

109cfu/g IMO tests whereas the thickness of parasites and actinomyces were

lower and shifted from 105 to 107cfu/g IMO test. Interests, all studied IMO tests

did not contain any human malady pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella,

Coliforms and E. coli. These comes about suggest that collected IMO contains a

tall differing qualities of major bunches of organisms and can be utilized as

secure bio-stimulants for clean vegetable generation. (Le et.al., 2019).

 53

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter shows the methodology of the study and also the procedure and

the materials needed in conducting the researchers’ experiment. Another

significant portion of the research venture writing. Comprise of research plan

strategies, why the analysts chose a specific strategy, strategy of analysis, and

how they will plan to analyze their information.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study will use an experimental method in which the researchers are

going to make Indigenous microorganisms and add it to soil. They will compare

the IMO effectiveness in three vegetable plants: Okra, Tomato, and Chinese

Cabbage.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

Materials needed in making the IMO ( Part 1): Bamboo Pole, Steamed Rice

(Less moisture), Plastic Wrapper or Cellophane, Wooden Box, Manila Paper,

Rubber Band , Saw, Plastic Gloves.

(Part 2): Molasses/Jaggery/Brown Sugar (Unrefined Sugar), Electronic Weighing

Scale, Jar (or any plastic container), Cloth (for separating the rice and molasses)

Plastic Gloves.
 54

In Adding IMO to the Plants: They will need Okra Seeds, Tomato Seeds,

Chinese Cabbage Seeds, Fertilizer, Soil, Water, Garden Trowel, Indigenous

Micro-organisms (IMO).

PROCEDURE ( In Making the IMO)

The researchers are going to make Indigenous Micro-organisms (IMO) by

using a bamboo pole. They will be cutting a bamboo pole into 4 parts using a

saw, cutting the internode part where the researchers will be putting the steamed

rice inside. The steamed rice should be less in moisture so that there will be a

development of aerobic microbes which are effective in the plant’s growth.

Phase I: The researchers will cover it with Manila paper and then wrap it with

a plastic wrapper or cellophane to protect it from the rain. Phase II: they will

place the bamboo with steamed rice under where the bamboos grow, covering it

with dried leaves to avoid pests, animals, or anything that could harm or touch

the bamboo in any way, interfering with the development of the Indigenous

Micro-organisms (IMO). Phase III: The researchers will leave it for 3-5 days. The

micro-organisms will then be developed.

Phase IV: After the collection of Indigenous Microorganisms, the researchers will

need to cultivate it and one way of doing that is to feed them by adding molasses

or jaggery or brown sugar (The Agrillenial, 2020).

The sugar or molasses will keep the lactic acid bacteria in the plants alive at

room temperature. Lactic acid bacteria serum can be applied to plant leaves to

fortify phyllosphere microbes, to soil and compost (Business Diary, 2019).

 55

Phase V: the researchers are going to get the developed IMO and place it in

a clean jar or any container, weighing it to know how much jaggery or brown

sugar they will add to it. The ratio of the Indigenous Micro-organisms (IMO) and

the jaggery or brown sugar should be the same which is 1:1. The researchers will

then wait until 7 days for the IMO to be developed.

Last Phase: After 1 week, they will get the IMO and separate the rice and

molasses using the cloth as a strainer. Use another container, place the clean

cloth over it and then put the IMO and squeeze it to extract the liquid part of the

IMO. The liquid part can be used as a spray to the leaves of the plant. The rice

can be used as compost.

PROCEDURE (In Adding IMO to the Agricultural Plants)

The researchers will use the rice and then use it in the three vegetables plants:

Okra, Tomato, Chinese Cabbage. There will be three plants of each kind and the

researchers will be putting fertilizer in plant A’s, IMO in plant B’s, and water alone

in plant C’s serving as the controlled variable. The researchers will apply the

measurements in planting the vegetable plants and then observe the effects of

the indigenous microorganisms in the growth of agricultural plants.

 56

EXPERIMENT SET-UP OF THE STUDY

This study will observe 27 plants in 3 different types of species, as stated

in the data gathering they’ll use okra, Chinese cabbage, and tomato seeds. In the

picture above there are three independent variables namely the fertilizer (Amway)

IMO, and the water alone. These three I.V. are what researchers will apply in

nine each kind of plant with 3 plants for each medium and the dependent variable

is the growth of the plants that is depending in I.V. Growth is the main goal of the

researchers in applying an IMO, fertilizer and water alone to the plants.

 57

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF THE DATA

A one-way ANOVA is what the researchers will use to compare the means

of more than two independent groups. They will use the five step hypothesis

testing procedure. First step, the researchers will check assumptions and would

write the hypotheses. The assumptions for a one-way ANOVA are samples are

considered independent, response variable is approximately normally distributed

or all sample sizes are at least 30 and the population variances are equal across

responses for the group levels.

Given that the researchers will compare k independent groups, the null

and alternative hypotheses are: H0:μ1=μ2=⋯=μk Ha: Not all μ⋅ are equal.

Second step is calculating the test statistic. Statistical software will compute the

F ratio and will produce what is known as an ANOVA source table. The ANOVA

source table in figure 1.1 will give the researchers information about the

variability between groups and within groups. Figure 1.2 below gives all of the

formulas, The ANOVA source table also has three different degrees of

freedom: dfbetween, dfwithin, and dftotal the researchers were to look up

an F value using statistical software and would need to know two of these

degrees of freedom: df1=dfbetween and df2=dfwithin

Third step the researchers will determine the p-value given the p-value in

the ANOVA source table. If performing a one-way ANOVA by hand, they would

use the F distribution. Similar to the t distribution, the F distribution varies

depending on degrees of freedom. Fourth step they’ll make a decision

 58

if p≤α reject the null hypothesis. If p>α fail to reject the null hypothesis. Fifth step

or the last step is State a "real world" conclusion, based on the decision in Step 4,

they’ll write a conclusion in terms of the original research question

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2
 59

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Cheska Lorraine D. Gloria
Address : Centrio Tower, Corrales Extension, CDOC
Mobile : 09053714035
Email : gloria.cheskalorraine@lif.edu.ph

Personal Data
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Marital Status : Single
Date of Birth : March 29, 2004
Place of Birth : Manila City
Mother’s Name : Sol D. Gloria
Father’s Name : Federico H. Gloria Jr.
Education
Senior High School: Lyceum of Iligan Foundation
Strand : STEM
Year : 2020
Junior High School: Capitol University Basic Education Department
Year : 2016
Elementary : Naawan Central School
Year : 2011
Pre-School : Divine Angels Montessori of Cainta
Year : 2007
 69

Name : Kazzandra Ailes O. Taha

Address : Prk. Mapag-Unlad, Carbide Village Tubod, I.C
Mobile : 09534389656
Email : kazzandraailestaha@gmail.com

Personal Data
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Marital Status : Single
Date of Birth : June 20, 2004
Place of Birth : Mercy Community Hospital and Inc., Iligan City
Mother’s Name : Lalaine O. Taha
Father’s Name : Hadji Junaid B. Taha
Education
Senior High School: Lyceum of Iligan Foundation
Strand : STEM
Year : 2020
Junior High School: Iligan City National High School
Year : 2016
Elementary : Iligan City Central School
Year : 2011
Pre-School : NA
Year : NA
 70

Name : Laika D. Angagao

Address : Maranding Lala Lanao del Norte
Mobile : 09566374471
Email : angagao.laika@lif.edu.ph

Personal Data
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Marital Status : Single
Date of Birth : April 14. 2004
Place of Birth : Monkayo Butuan City
Mother’s Name : Aquiza D. Hassan
Father’s Name : Camlon B. Angagao
Education
Senior High School: Lyceum of Iligan Foundation
Strand : STEM
Year : 2020
Junior High School: Lala National High School
Year : 2016
Elementary : North Cabadbaran Elementary School
Year : 2011
Pre-School : Northern Mindanao Colleges Incorporated
Year : 2008
 71

Name :Esther Ruth Yanong

Address : Bugo, Villa Trinitas, Cagayan de Oro City
Mobile : 09956279057
Email : estherrocky05@gmail.com

Personal Data
Nationality : Filipino
Sex : Female
Marital Status : Single
Date of Birth : May 31, 2003
Place of Birth : Cagayan de Oro City
Mother’s Name : Reciel T. Sevilla
Father’s Name : Louie Geno J. Yanong
Education
Senior High School: Lyceum of Iligan Foundation
Strand : STEM
Year : Present
Junior High School: Iligan Capitol College and Capitol University Basic
`Education Department
Year : 2016
Elementary : Iligan Capitol College
Year : 2010
Pre-School : Wonder Years Kindergarten School
Year : 2007