JOHN DALTON

SEPT. 6, 1766 - JUL. 27, 1844

English Chemist,
Meteorologist &
Physicist born in United
Kingdom who is the first
to adapt Democritus'
Theory into the first
modern atomic model

SOLID SPHERE MODEL (1808)

The matter is made of small indivisible atoms.

Atoms can’t be subdivided, created or destroyed.

Atoms of the same element have the same property.

Atoms of different elements can form compounds.

LIMITATIONS:
Why and how do atoms combine together to form a
compound atoms
The nature of forces which hold atoms together in
compound atoms
Why atoms cannot exist in a free state and why
compound atoms can exist freely
ME H
N PALERO, RL RIVA B. ENGR. ROSEVELT M. LUAT
ER
SCA

BSED SCI 3A MODERN PHYSICS

E

HTTPS://MEDIUM.COM
 JOSEPH JOHN THOMPSON
DEC. 18, 1856 - AUG. 30, 1940

English Physicist born in

United States who helped
revolutionize the
knowledge of atomic
structure through his
discovery of the electron
(1897)

PLUM PUDDING MODEL (1904)

An atom is electrically neutral. It has no charge.

In an atom, both positive charges and negative

charges are equal

An atom is made out of a sphere of positive charges

with negatively charged electron embedded in it

LIMITATIONS:

It could not explain the result of the scattering

experiment explained by the Rutherford Experiment

It did not have any experimental evidence its

support

ME H
N PALERO, RL RIVA B. ENGR. ROSEVELT M. LUAT
ER
SCA

BSED SCI 3A MODERN PHYSICS

E

HTTPS://MEDIUM.COM
 ERNEST RUTHERFORD
AUG. 30, 1871 - OCT. 19, 1937

Physicist born in New

Zealand who became known
as "The Father of
Nuclear Physics". He
proposed the Gold foil
experiment to prove his
model of atom.

NUCLEAR MODEL (1911)

Atoms are mostly empty space.

Most of the mass is concentrated in the center

of the atom. This tiny, dense, positively
charged core is called a nucleus.

Electrons are located outside the nucleus in a

hollow sphere of radius 10^10m

LIMITATIONS:

Electrons revolving around the nucleus have

centripetal acceleration
Electromagnetic waves should be continuously
radiated by the revolving electrons
This model failed to explain the line spectrum

ME H
N PALERO, RL RIVA B. ENGR. ROSEVELT M. LUAT
ER
SCA

BSED SCI 3A MODERN PHYSICS

E

HTTPS://MEDIUM.COM
 NIELS DAVID BOHR
OCT. 7, 1885 - NOV. 18, 1962

Physicist born in Denmark

modified Rutherford's
model of the atom by
stating that electrons
move around nucleus in
orbits of fixed sizes and
energies.

PLANETARY MODEL (1913)

Electrons orbit the nucleus in orbits that have
specific sizes and energy.
The energy of the orbit is related to its
size. The lowest energy is found in the
smallest orbit.
Electrons reside in orbits. They move between
each shell when gaining or losing energy.
When gaining energy, electrons move to a farther orbit
from the nucleus. When losing energy, electrons move
to closer orbit from the nucleus.

LIMITATIONS:
No explanation for the spectra of the multi-
electron system

No explanation for a fine spectrum of atoms

No explanation for Zeeman and Stark effect

ME H
N PALERO, RL RIVA B. ENGR. ROSEVELT M. LUAT
ER
SCA

BSED SCI 3A MODERN PHYSICS

E

HTTPS://MEDIUM.COM