EDUC 85 (REVIEWER)

Lesson 1. Definitions of Educational Technology

What is educational technology?
Educational technology can be understood as a means for the development of a set of systematic
techniques and accompanying practical knowledge for designing, testing, and operating schools as
educational systems - Robert Gagne
Educational technology is concerned with providing appropriately designed learning situations, holding in
view the objectives of the teaching or training, to bring or bear the best means of instruction.
- Richmand (1970)
Educational technology involves the application of systems, techniques, and aids to improve the process of
human learning. - Collier et al. (1971)
Educational technology is the application of scientific knowledge about learning to practical learning
situations. - Bloomer (1973)
Educational technology is defined [in this paper] as a systematic way of designing, carrying out and
evaluating the total process of learning and teaching in terms of specific objectives and employing a
combination of human and technical resources to bring about more effective instruction.
- UNESCO (1974)
...is concerned with the overall methodology and set of techniques employed in the application of
instructional principles. - Cleary et al. (1976)
It is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and organization, for
analyzing problems, and devising, implementing, evaluating and managing solutions to those problems
involved in all aspects of human learning.
- Association for Educational Communications and Technology [AECT] (1977)
Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance
by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources. - AECT (2008)

Lesson 3. Cone of Experience

Theoretical Foundations of EDTECH
Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance
by creating, using, and managing appropriate technological processes and resources.
- Association for Educational Communications and Technology [AECT]
Educational Technology:
 It is based on scientific and technological advancements
 It combines theoretical and practical knowledge
 It is a dynamic field of discipline
 It is the science of techniques and methods
Material Educational Technology - is any collection of materials including animate and inanimate objects
and human and non-human resources that a teacher may use in teaching and learning situations to help
achieve desired learning objectives.
Non-material Educational Technology - includes the theories, laws, principles, methods and strategies of
teaching. They evolved as results of results of researches and studies in order to facilitate teaching and
learning.
Edgar Dale’s CONE OF EXPERIENCE

Why do we make instructional materials?

 IMs capture the learner’s interest
 IMs contribute to the realization of the learning objectives
 IMs motivate the learners to be engaged in the teaching and learning process
 IMs contribute in making difficult concepts easier to understand.
 IMs concretize abstract ideas or make concepts realistic to the learners
What is the Cone of Experience?
 Introduced by Edgar Dale
 The Cone of Experience is a visual model, a pictorial device that presents bands of
experience arranged according to degree of abstraction and NOT degree of difficulty.

“...continuity of learning experiences from schools into the real world”

Lesson 4. Principles and Standards in Selecting IM
Selection, Development, and Utilization of Educational Technologies
Ballado (2012) 5 Principles in Choosing Instructional Materials
1. Principle of Appropriateness
2. Principle of Authenticity
3. Principle of Cost
4. Principle of Interest
5. Principle of Organization and Balance
Corpuz and Lucido (2015) 12 Standards to Consider in Selection of IM
1. Accuracy of materials
2. Meaningfulness towards attaining objectives
3. Curriculum relevance
4. Culture-and-grades-sensitive
5. Cultural bias
6. Appropriateness for capabilities and age
7. Physical condition of material
8. Presence of teacher’s guide
9. Motivation of learners
10. Possibility of collaboration
11. Motivation of learners to self-study
12. General worth

Factors affecting the selection of educational technologies:

1. Human factors
2. Instructional method
3. Practical constraints
Human factors

Learners Teachers
 Individual differences (age, interest and  Instruction and Technology integration
abilities, past experiences, etc.) (How does the teacher intend to present the
 Class size lesson? How capable is the teacher in using
various instructional materials? ...)

Instructional method
• The method of instruction dictates and/or limits the choice of instructional material
For instance, many science topics are presented through exploratory activities. Meanwhile, mathematics is
presented using problem solving method that involves drills and board works.
Practical constraints
• Objectives
• Availability
• Time
• Resources

Overall, selecting instructional materials is a crucial part of the teaching process and can have a
significant impact on the quality of learning experiences for students.
Appropriate selection of instructional materials can enhance engagement, support diverse learners,
foster critical thinking, leverage technology to enrich teaching strategies, and promote a well-
rounded educational experience for students.