Topic:

 Define mean, mode, median, standard deviation, variance, and range.

 What is population distribution, sample distribution, and sampling
distribution?
 How you draw or select sample size in case of:
 Random sampling
 Non-random sampling
Question No 1:
Define mean, mode, median, standard deviation, variance, and range.
Answer:

1. Mean:
"Mean" is a statistical term that refers to the average of a set of numbers. It is calculated by
summing up all the values in the set and dividing the sum by the total number of values.
Formula:
The formula for calculating the mean is:
Mean = (Sum of all values) / (Total number of values)

2. Mode:
"Mode" is a statistical term that refers to the value or values that occur most frequently in a
dataset. In other words, it is the value(s) that has the highest frequency of occurrence.
Formula:
There is no specific formula for calculating the mode like there is for mean or median.
To find the mode, you simply need to identify the value(s) that occur with the highest frequency
in the dataset.

3. Median:
"Median" is a statistical term that represents the middle value of a dataset when it is arranged in
ascending or descending order.
Formula:
To calculate the median, you can follow these steps:
1. Arrange the dataset in ascending or descending order.
2. If the dataset has an odd number of values, the median is the middle value.
3. If the dataset has an even number of values, the median is the average of the two middle
values.

4. Standard Deviation:
"Standard deviation" is a statistical measure that quantifies the amount of variation or dispersion
within a dataset. It indicates how spread out the values are from the mean. A low standard
deviation suggests that the values are close to the mean, while a high standard deviation indicates
a greater degree of variability.
Formula:
The standard deviation is calculated using the following formula:

Standard Deviation = √ (1/n) * Σ (xᵢ - x̄) ²

In the formula, the variables represent the following:

n: The total number of values in the dataset.
xᵢ: Each individual value in the dataset.
x̄: The mean (average) of the dataset.
Σ: The sum of the squared differences between each value and the mean

5. Variance:
"Variance" is a statistical measure that quantifies the average squared deviation of values from
the mean of a dataset. It provides a measure of the spread or dispersion of the data points.
Formula:
The variance is calculated using the following formula:
Variance = (1/n) * Σ(xᵢ - x̄)²

In the formula, the variables represent the following:

n: The total number of values in the dataset.
xᵢ: Each individual value in the dataset.
x̄: The mean (average) of the dataset.
Σ: The sum of the squared differences between each value and the mean.

6. Range:
"Range" is a statistical measure that represents the difference between the maximum and
minimum values in a dataset. It provides a simple measure of the spread or extent of variation in
the data.
Formula:
The range is calculated using the following formula:
Range = Maximum Value - Minimum Value
Question No 2:
What is population distribution, sample distribution, and sampling distribution?
Answer:

Population Distribution:
Population distribution refers to the distribution of a specific characteristic or variable across an
entire population. In statistics, a population is the complete set of individuals, items, or data that
are of interest to a particular study. Population distribution describes how the values of a variable
are spread or distributed within the entire population. It can be represented graphically using
various charts or histograms.

Sample Distribution:
Sample distribution refers to the distribution of a specific characteristic or variable within a
sample taken from a larger population. A sample is a subset of the population that is selected for
analysis or study. The sample distribution describes how the values of a variable are spread or
distributed within the selected sample. It is important because it provides insights into the
characteristics of the sample and can be used to make inferences or draw conclusions about the
population.

Sampling Distribution:
Sampling distribution refers to the distribution of a statistic, such as the mean or proportion,
calculated from multiple samples of the same size taken from a population. It describes the
distribution of the values of a particular statistic across all possible samples of a fixed size drawn
from the population. The sampling distribution is important because it allows us to make
probabilistic statements about the population based on the observed statistic from different
samples. It helps in estimating population parameters and drawing statistical inferences.

Question No 3:
How you draw or select sample size in case of:
a) Random sampling
b) Non-random sampling
Answer:
 Random Sampling:
In random sampling, the sample is selected in a way that every individual or item in the
population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. The process of drawing a
sample size in random sampling typically involves the following steps:

1. Define the population:

Clearly identify the population of interest for your study.
2. Determine the desired level of precision:
Decide on the level of accuracy or precision you want in your sample estimates.
3. Choose a confidence level:
Determine the desired confidence level, which reflects the level of certainty you want in your
sample results.
4. Select a sampling method:
Determine the appropriate random sampling method to use, such as simple random sampling,
stratified random sampling, or cluster random sampling.
5. Calculate the sample size:
Use statistical formulas or online calculators to determine the required sample size based on the
desired level of precision, confidence level, and characteristics of the population (such as its size
and variability).
6. Randomly select the sample:
Use a randomization technique, such as random number tables or computer-generated random
numbers, to select the specified number of individuals or items from the population.

 Non-random Sampling:
In non-random sampling, the sample is selected in a non-random or subjective manner. Different
non-random sampling techniques include convenience sampling, purposive sampling, snowball
sampling, quota sampling, etc. The sample size in non-random sampling is typically determined
based on the specific objectives of the study, practical considerations, and available resources.
The process of selecting a sample size in non-random sampling may involve the following steps:
1. Define the population and research objectives:
Clearly identify the population of interest and determine the specific objectives of your study.
2. Choose a non-random sampling method:
Select an appropriate non-random sampling method based on the nature of the research and the
available resources. Consider techniques such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, or
quota sampling.
3. Consider practical constraints:
Take into account practical considerations such as time, budget, accessibility, and feasibility
when determining the sample size.
4. Seek expert advice or use prior knowledge:
Consult with experts in the field or rely on prior knowledge and experience to estimate an
appropriate sample size that is likely to provide meaningful insights or meet the objectives of the
study.
5. Conduct a pilot study:
If possible, conduct a pilot study or a smaller-scale trial run to assess the suitability of the chosen
non-random sampling technique and to make any necessary adjustments to the sample size.

It is important to note that while non-random sampling can be useful in certain situations, it may
introduce potential biases and limitations in generalizing the findings to the larger population.