Vector SPace (Binary Composition) : Let A be a non empty set. Then a binary com. Position * on the set A is a mapping whichis defined as*: A x A-» A. Hence a binary composition assigns each order pair taken from A x A toa unique element of A. Note that all the four fundamental operations (i.e., addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) are the example of binary operations, External Composition Let A and B be two non empty sets. A mapping (*) is said to be an external composition when (*) is defined as : (*):AxBoB, In an external composition (*), every ordered pair taken from A x B assigns to a unique element in B. For example let (a, b, c) € R° be a vector and x be any real number. Then we can define one external composition (*) from R x R® ~ R° as below = (*) (a, b, c) = (xa, xb, xe) ‘Group Let G be a non empty set and * be a binary composition defined on G. Then the set G is formed to a group under the binary composition * if (i) Gis closed ie,a*be G,Va,beG (ii) G is associative ; i.e. a * (b *c) =(a*b) * c, Va, bce G (iii) 3 an identity element in G, ie,a*e=e*a=a, Vac Gande is the identity of G. (iv) 3 an inverse of each element of G i.e. a * b = b * a =e, where e is the identity element and 6 is the inverse of a € G.7 Fld group is denoted by (G, *) ‘Abelian group or commutative group: A group (G, *) is said to be s commutative group, if* commutes in G, ie, ifa* =6 * a, Va, be C. For example (2, +) (R, +) are the abelian group but (SR), .) is group although isnot an abelian roup, Where S,(R) is the set of all 2 x 2 real non-singular square matrices. ‘Ring Let R be a non-empty set and addition (+), multiplication (-) are the binary compositions, 7 Then (R, +, +) is said to be a ring if () (R, +) is an abelian group (i) (Ris a semi group (ii) - is distributed over + (both left and right), ie., a(b +c)=a-b + ac and (a + bc = ac + be, Va, bce R. @, +,), Q, +, ), ®, +, +), (Mg), +, +) all are the examples of ring. Field) Let F be a non-empty set and addition (+), multiplication (+) arethe binary compositions defined on F. Then (F, +, ») is said to be a field if i (, +) is an abelian group, (i) (F, -) is a commutative monoid, (iii) For every non-zero element of (F) (where zero is the identity of F with respect to addition) has multiplicative inverse i.e, a-b = b-a = 1, where 1 is the identity element with respect to multiplication. (iv) + is distributive over + (addition) ie., a-(b +c) =a-b +ac and (a + b)c =ac+be Va, bce F (R, +,-) is an example of a field. Vector Space over a Field Let V be a set of vectors, (P, +, +) be a field, @ be a binary composition defined on V and be an external composition of F on V. Then the set Vis said to form a vector space over the field F, if 1. /V, @) is closed ie, a@ Be V, Va, BeV 2 @ is associative in Vie,a@(B @y)=(aOP)Oy; Va Bye a Identity element of V exists ie., a@0=0@a=a,VaeV, In this case @ is known as the zero vector or null vector. 4, Inverse of each element of V with respect to oxists 1e., cUrresponaang to gpg a ¢ V, Jan element - ae V auch that a @ (-a)=9=-a0a 5. @ is commulative in Vie, a@f=fOa,V ape ¥. 6 aQaeV;Vae Vand vac BR 7. 10a=a,Vae V, where lis the multiplicative identity of F. 8. 29(bOa)=(ab)Oa, Vac Vand V a,b € F. 9. 20(a@f)=(a0a) O(a OP), Va, pe Vand VaeF. 10. (a +b)Oa=(a0a) Ob Oa), Vae Vand Ya, be F.The set R” is an n-dimensional vector space. We have R* = Rx Rx... R (n-times), Then if a, B, y be any three elements of R’, then the elements of a, B, y must be of the form (x1, xg) Sys Vy Yas oy Yq) and (24, 2g) Zn) respectively. Then we have, (i) + B= (ty +94, %0 + Yq) ty tq) E RY, VG, BER”. (i) Further we have, (+ )= Cay + 945 t2 + Y0) sn + Yn) (0+ B) + 7 = (ay +, + yyy HN + Zap Mn tn tn) B+) = 01 +292 #20 In tn) and, a+ (B + y) = (ty +91 + 2p, 2 +32 +20) oo En +n t Zn) Therefore (a + f)+y=a+ (B+), ¥ By ER". (iii) @ = (0, 0, ..., 0) ER" anda+0=O+a=a, VaR” (iv) For each a = (rp, 29) .») %q) ER", - = (tty tty ony ty) € RY such that a + (- s-atasd. (W) + B= (xy +94) %y tI Q) - Bn ty) +B + Ya, BER. (vi) For any real number a, we have, 1 = Oly, py ny Bq) = (Oty, Otay ny Ry) ER”. (vii) 1 €R and le = (x1, x9, «.., Xn) = &, Va ER”. (viii) For any two real numbers a and b we have, b a = (bry, bt, « bq) and aba = (abxy, abxy, .., abx,) Then a(ba) = (ab) a, V a,b € R and ae R". (ix) ala + B) = (ax, + ayy, Ary + B25.» A%q + BYn) = (AX}, AX2, -.., AXp) + (GY1, BY, ---) AYn) = a(x, X py ory Xp) + Aa) Yay vos Yn) =aa+appath) ae (a + dW, (a + diy, ..., (a + bdx,) = (AXq, AXg, «-.) AX) + (bXy, bx, = A(X], X gy +09 Xq) + H(xy, xX, is a vector space, _atare R"