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CHAPTER 1
Power System Representation and Per Unit System
Introduction
It is clear that a detailed representation of each of
the three phases in the system is cumbersome and
can also obscure information about the system.
two-winding
current transformer
transformer
two-winding
voltage transformer
transformer
generator capacitor
G2 Load B
Load A
One-line diagram
IEEE 30bus system
Impedance and Reactance Diagrams
1 T1 T2 3
2 Load B
Load A
E1 E2 E3
E1 E2 E3
actual value
per unit value =
base value
The per unit system values can also be expressed as per cent values.
Base value
Specify the base values of current and voltage,
base impedance, kilovoltamperes can be
determined
Quantities and base value selected
voltage, base value in kilovolts, kV
current, base value in ampere, A
Base values
Generally the following two base values are chosen :
The base power = nominal power of the equipment
The base voltage = nominal voltage of the
equipment
The base current and The base impedance are determined by
the natural laws of electrical circuits
Base values
Usually, the nominal apparent power (S) and
nominal voltage (V) are taken as the base values
for power (Sbase) and voltage (Vbase).
Sb
exercise
A generator has an impedance of 2.65 ohms. What
is its impedance in per-unit, using bases 500MVA
and 22kV
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits
Have the same per unit values for line to line and line
to neutral quantities.
Make everything look like a single phase circuit.
Balanced three phase circuits can be solved in per
unit on a per phase basis after converting delta load
impedance to equivalent Y impedance.
Base value can be selected on a per phase basis or
on a three phase basis.
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits (Voltage)
Consider Y connected: V = 3V
LL LN
VLL VLN
So: V pu
LL =V pu
LN ⇔ =
VB , LL VB , LN
∴ ⇒ VB , LL = 3VB , LN
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits (Power)
S3φ = 3S1φ
We know:
S3φ S1φ
S pu
3φ =Spu
1φ ⇔ =
S B ,3φ S B ,1φ
So:
∴ ⇒ S B ,3φ = 3S B ,1φ
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits (Current)
S3φ = 3VLN I LN
*
= 3VLL I LL
We know:
So:
S pu = V pu I pu
S VLL I LL
S pu
=V I pu pu
⇔ =
S B ,3φ VB , LL I B
S B ,3φ
∴ ⇒ IB =
3VB , LL
Per Unit system for 3- φ Circuits (Impedance)
VLN Z LN I LN
V pu
=Z I
pu pu
⇔ =
VB , LN Z B I B
VB , LL
∴ ⇒ ZB =
VB , LN
= 3 =
(V )
B , LL
2
IB S B ,3φ S B ,3φ
3VB , LL
Example 1
Given base kVA for 3 phase systems is 30 000kVA and
voltage base line to line 120kV. Find:
S B ,1φ
V pu
VB , LN
VLN
For actual line-to-line voltage 108 kV, the line-to-neutral voltage, VLN is 108/ √3 = 62.3
Per unit value - example
2
S new
V old
Z new
pu =Z old
pu
B
old
B
new
S B V
B
= 0.25 VBold = 18 kV B = 500 MVA
Sold
old
Z pu
VBnew = 20 kV S new
B = 100 MVA
Example 2
Z old
pu = 0 . 25 VB = 18 kV
old
B = 500 MVA
Sold
VBnew = 20 kV S new
B = 100 MVA
2
100 18
Z new
pu = X" = 0.25 = 0.0405 per unit
500 20
Exercise 2
Generator rated at 10MVA, 20kV
XS = 0.9pu on the basis of the generator rating
Given SB,new =100MVA and VB,new =20kV
Find: new
XS
Solution:
Exercise 3
Transformer rated at 10MVA, 33/11kV
Z = 10% and R = 1%
Given SB,new=200MVA and VB,new =22kV (HV side transformer)
Find: i. Zbase(HV and LV sides)
ii. actual Z and R referred to primary and secondary
iii. Transformer losses in kW, if 0.033 p.u (selected base) of current
flow through R
Solution:
Procedure for Per Unit Analysis
1. Pick S Base for the system.
2. Pick VBase according to line-to-line voltage.
3. Calculate Z Base for different zones.
4. Express all quantities in p.u.
5. Draw impedance diagram and solve for p.u.
quantities.
6. Convert back to actual quantities if needed.
Source
Vb1 Vb2
V1/V2
V2
Vb 2 = •V b1
V1
How to Choose Base Values ?
Divide circuit into zones by transformers.
Specify two base values out of I B ,VB , Z B , S B ; for
example, S Base and VBase
Specify voltage base in the ratio of zone line to line
voltage.
V1 :V2 V2 :V3 V3 :V4
Source
Vg = 13.2kV
Ig Z line = 10 + j100Ω
~ Z load = 300Ω
5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X 1 = 0.1p.u. X 2 = 0.08p.u.
5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X 1 = 0.1p.u. X 2 = 0.08p.u.
13.2kV 138kV
VB1 = x138kV = 13.8kV VB2 = x69kV = 138kV
132kV 69 kV
5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X 1 = 0.1p.u. X 2 = 0.08p.u.
Z B1 =
VB1
=
(13.8k )2
= 19.04Ω Z B2 =
VB2
=
(138k ) 2
= 1904Ω Z B3 =
VB3
=
(69k )
2
= 476Ω
SB 10 M SB 10 M SB 10 M
S B31Φ 10 M S B3Φ2 10 M S B3Φ3 10 M
I B1 = = = 418.4 I B2 = = = 41.84 I B3 = = = 83.67
3 VB1 3 ⋅13.8k 3 VB2 3 ⋅138k 3 VB3 3 ⋅ 69k
Step 4: All in Per Unit Quantities
Vg = 13.2kV T1 T2
Ig Z line = 10 + j100Ω
~ Z load = 300Ω
5 MVA 10 MVA
13.2 Δ – 132 Y kV 138 Y - 69 Δ kV
X 1 = 0.1p.u. X 2 = 0.08p.u.
+
-
⇒ Calculate Vg in per unit
⇒Calculate the new reactance for X1 and X2 in per unit
⇒Calculate the impedance in per unit
⇒ Draw the impedance diagram
Step 4: All in Per Unit Quantities
X 2, pu = 0.08p.u.
+ S B , new VB ,old
2
-
pu
Z new = Z old
pu
Z load 300Ω
S B ,old Z load,p.u. = = = 0.63
VB , new Z B3 476Ω
2
10 MVA 13.2k
X 1,p.u . = 0.1 = 0.183
5 MVA 13 . 8 k
Vg 13.2kV
Vg,p.u. = = = 0.96∠0°
VB1 13.8kV Z line 10 + j100Ω
Z line,p.u. = = = 5.25 ×10 −3 (1 + j10 )
Z B2 1904
Step 5: One Phase Diagram & Solve
+ Vg,p.u. = 0.96∠0°
- Z load,p.u. = 0.63
Vg,p.u. 0.96∠0°
I load,p.u. = = = 1.35∠ − 26.4°
Z total,p.u. 0.709∠26.4°
Vload,p.u. = I load,p.u. Z load,p.u. = 0.8505∠ − 26.4°
S load,p.u. = Vload,p.u. I load,
*
p.u. = 1.148
Vg = 13.2kV
Ig Z line = 10 + j100Ω
~ Z load = 300Ω
i. rated voltage,
ii. rated power,
iii. phase impedance,
iv. type of connection (either Wye or Delta connection).
Impedance diagram
Reactance diagram
Y Y
Y
Y Y
VL-base = 10 kV.
VA3Φ-base = 100 MVA.
Vbase = 10 kV
VAbase = 50 MVA
Vbase-new = 20 kV
VAbase-new = 10 MVA,
Then
Given the old base values for voltage and power and the
impedance based on these values,
For generator
For Line
For load