An Investigation of the Impact of PV Penetration

and BESS Capacity on Islanded Microgrids–A

Small-Signal Based Analytical Approach
Tat Kei Chau, Samson Shenglong Yu, Tyrone Fernando, Herbert Ho-Ching Iu
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

Michael Small
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

Emails: tatkei.chau@uwa.edu.au, samson.yu@uwa.edu.au, tyrone.fernando@uwa.edu.au,

herbert.iu@uwa.edu.au and michael.small@uwa.edu.au

Abstract—This study develops a comprehensive Small Signal
Stability Analysis (SSSA) framework model for solar Photo-
voltaics (PV) and Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) inte-
grated islanded microgrids. This model incorporates dispatchable
Distributed Generators (DG), and solar PV energy source and
BESS. The proposed SSSA analytical model investigates the
stability of a microgrid when varying PV output power and BESS
output power that are integrated into the microgrid system. The
development of this analytical model utilizes the latest microgrid
modeling methodologies where dynamics of power converters, dy-
namics of loads, primary (droop) control method and secondary
control method are systematically integrated. In this work, modal
analysis presents a full picture of the stability of the microgrid
with a diverse range of parameters. The proposed SSSA model
developed in this study, with great scalability and applicability,
can serve as a useful tool for microgrid establishment and
analyses in determining the optimal uptake of solar PV energy,
sizing of BESS, and also the control parameters for the purpose
of maximizing the stability of a microgrid.
Index Terms—Battery energy storage system, distributed gen-
eration, photovoltaics, small-signal stability.
I. I NTRODUCTION
With the electric power systems transforming into a more
sustainable state, an increasing penetration of renewable en-
ergy is being integrated into the electric grid. Generally speak-
ing, renewable energy power sources require power converters
to convert electricity from DC to AC to form distributed mi-
crogrids. The stability of the newly formed microgrids has be-
come the main concern of power converters designer. Among
different stability studies in power systems, Small-Signal Sta-
bility Analysis (SSSA), is a long-lasting and important topic
because of its close relations to power system damages [1].
Researchers have reported the impact of the penetration level
of renewable energy on the small-signal stability of power
systems. Extensive research efforts have been spent on the
This work is supported in part by Australian Research Council (ARC)
Discovery Project (DP) grant, DP170104426.
small-signal stability on power system integrated with wind
turbine generators [2]–[4]: authors in [2] analyzed the small
signal stability of Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
wind turbines under a range of operation modes; authors in
[3] studied the stability of Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator (PMSG)-based offshore wind turbines; and authors
in [4] investigated the low-frequency stability of grid-tied
DFIG wind turbines with a newly designed identification
method. Impact of solar PV energy has been explored in
[5], [6], where the authors assessed the small signal stability
of various penetration of solar PV energy on a large-scale
power system in the Western Interconnected power network
in the US. These are the only analytical and practical research
work on SSSA of diverse solar PV levels in a traditional
power system. However, for inverter-based microgrids with
solar PV energy, such study has not been carried out in the
existing literature. The difficulty in performing SSSA for PV-
BESS integrated, inverter-interfaced microgrids mainly lies in
a completely different and more complicated mathematical
model, compared to the model used in traditional power sys-
tems, which needs to be employed to accurately represent the
dynamics of microgrids. Authors in [7] are the first team that
proposed the modeling approach for inverter-based microgrids;
another major contribution following this original paper is [8],
where a reduced-order model is used for stability analysis of
islanded microgrids with droop control. Load models were first
incorporated into the inverter-based microgrid model in [9].
After that the nonlinear load model was introduced in [10],
where the ideal and dynamic constant power loads (CPLs)
were used in the dynamic model of an islanded microgrid for
stability analyses and parameters optimization. Most recently,
research team in [11] detailed the secondary control strategy
in inverter-based islanded microgrids.
Aiming to fill the void of this aspect in current microgrid
research, this study has the following contributions: (i) A

l-))) 
comprehensive microgrid model is built by means of utilizing
the latest useful microgrid modeling techniques in [7], [9],
[11]. The establishment of such microgrid model will benefit
future advanced studies on control methodology development.
(ii) A small signal stability analytical framework is established
based on the model built in (i) for PV-BESS integrated modern
microgrids, which has great applicability due to the fact that
the developed mathematical model can realistically represent
the real-world microgrids. (iii) Modal analysis is carried out
and presented in detail in this study, which will qualitatively
and quantitatively illustrate the effects of PV output power and
BESS charging/discharging capacity. This will help determine
the optimal uptake of a microgrids with solar PV devices, size
of BESS, and also control parameters.
The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. In
Section II, a mathematical model for inverter-based microgrids
is detailed. Section IV presents the SSSA formulation of the
1) Power Controller: Voltage and frequency references are
generated by the power controller based on the filtered local
active, reactive power, current and voltage measurements from
the LCL filter, which are obtained with (1)∼(2) and the droop
characteristics (3)∼(4) for active and reactive power sharing
of inverters.
As shown in Fig. 1, the calculated instantaneous active and
reactive output power, p̃o and q̃o , passes through a low pass
filter with a cut-off frequency ωc to obtain the power quantities
corresponding to the fundamental components, Po and Qo .
The instantaneous power quantities are calculated with the
measured output voltage and current from the LCL filter, vod ,
voq ,ido and iqo , using the following equations,
p̃o = ido vod + iqo voq , q̃o = ido voq − iqo vod , (1)
Ṗo = ωc (p̃o − Po ) , Q̇o = ωc (q̃o − Qo ) . (2)
”‡“—‡…›

microgrid. Simulation experiments shown in Section V where ߱ ே௅

௞మ

the effects of a range of parameters inside of the microgrids ௥௘௙

߱ெீ ‘Ž–ƒ‰‡

on the small signal stability are demonstrated through modal ߱ ே௅

௞భ
ȁܸȁே௅
௞మ

analysis. A conclusion is drawn in Section VI. ߱ ௗ௘௩

ெீ
ȁܸȁே௅
௞భ
‡…‘†ƒ”› ௥௘௙
ȁܸȁ௞
II. M ATHEMATICAL M ODELS OF AN I SLANDED ”‡•’‘•‡
‡…‘†ƒ”›
”‡•’‘•‡
M ULTI -I NVERTER M ICROGRIDS ܲீೖ ܲீ௠௔௫ …–‹˜‡’‘™‡”
ೖ െܳ௠௔௫
ீೖ ܳ ீೖ ܳ௠௔௫
ீೖ ‡ƒ…–‹˜‡’‘™‡”

In this section, detailed descriptions of the mathematical (a) (b)

model of each electrical component in a microgrid, from the
inverter controller to the network and loads, are presented.
Each subsection will present a general model of an electrical
component, and at the end the overall microgrid will be
described by a set of differential-algebraic equations in order
to conduct subsequent modal analysis.
A. DG Inverter with droop control
A typical DG-inverter structure comprises a power source,
voltage source converters, an LCL filter and internal con-
trollers for the power electronics converters. To simplify
the study without losing generality, we assume the power
source is able to produce the required amount of power for
the islanded microgrid under both steady-state operation and
transient operation caused by small disturbances. In this paper,
a multiple-stage control loop is adopted from [7], which is
illustrated in Fig. 1. This control scheme consists of three
controllers–the power, voltage and current controller.
Fig. 2: f − p droop and v − q droop
Droop control is adopted to mimic the governor character-
istic of a synchronous generator, which regulates the power
sharing between inverter-interfaced power sources. As shown
in Fig. 2, a change in active or reactive power will lead to
a corresponding change in power generation by the inverter-
based power sources, which will alter the inverter frequency
and voltage, based on the following relations,
ωk = ωkNL + Ωc − mpk Pok , (3)
vo∗d
k
= VkNL − nqk Qok , vo∗qk = 0, (4)
where subscript k is used to denote the number of node in
the multi-inverter microgrid in this study. Term ωk is the
inverter frequency, ωkNL and VkNL are the no-load frequency
and voltage, mpk and nqk are the f − p and v − q droop
coefficients. Term Ωc is the control command set by the
secondary controller for frequency restoration, which can be
calculated with the following equations,
˜‡”–‡”
‫ܮ‬௙ ‫ݒ‬ ‫ܮ‬஼
‘™‡”  ‫ݒ‬௜ ௢ Ωc = Kpfk (ω sp − ωk ) + Kifk xfk , (5)
•‘—”…‡  ݅௖
݅௜ ݅௢ ẋfk = ω − ωk . sp
(6)
‫ݒ‬௜‫כ‬ ‫ܥ‬௙ ‘†‡
—””‡– ݅௜ where Kpfk and Kifk are the proportional and integral gains
…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡” of the PI-controller in the secondary controller and xfk is a
݅ ‫כ‬௜ ‹…”‘‰”‹† intermediate variable that accumulates the frequency deviation.
‘Ž–ƒ‰‡ ‫ݒ‬௢‫כ‬ ‘™‡” ܲ௢  ‫ݒ‬௢ ݅ ௢
…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡” …‘–”‘ŽŽ‡” ܳ ‫݌‬௢ ‫ݍ‬௢ The input error of the PI-controller is the difference between
௢
the frequency setpoint ω sp and the inverter frequency ωk . The
‫ݒ‬௢ ݅ ௢ equation reduces to (7) for the inverters without secondary
Fig. 1: DG inverter schematic control mechanism,
ωk = ωkNL − mpk Pok . (7)


Since the microgrid is not connected to the grid, one of the line impedances will vary with the system frequency. The
inverters is selected as the reference node for the entire micro- following equations describe the relations between current and
grid, and the angle difference between the rotating reference voltage of transmission lines,
frames of the kth inverter and the common reference frame is
diDQ
linekj
denoted by δk , which is computed by Llinekj = vkD − vjDQ − Rlinekj iDQ QD
linekj ± ωLlinekj ilinekj ,
 dt
δk = (ωk − ωcom ) . (8) (10)
where Llinekj and Rlinekj are the inductance and resistance
2) Current and Voltage Controllers: As shown in Fig. 3, of the transmission line connecting node k and j, ilinekj is
both current and voltage controllers consist of two standard the current flowing from node k to node j, vk is the voltage
PI-controllers to individually control the d − q components of node k, and D − Q represents the direct and quadrature
of voltage and current. As mentioned earlier, reference values components of the common reference frame in the islanded
‘Ž–ƒ‰‡…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡” —””‡–…‘–”‘ŽŽ‡”
microgrid.
௤ ௤
߱௞ ‫ܥ‬௙ ‫ݒ‬௢ೖ ‫ܭ‬ி ݅௢ௗೖ ݅௜ௗೖ ߱௞ ‫ܮ‬௙ ݅௜ The following equations describe the relations between
‫ݒ‬௢ௗೖ ೖ
Ǧ Ǧ ൅ ݅௜‫כ‬ௗ Ǧ Ǧ current and voltage at load nodes,
‫ݒ‬௢‫כ‬ௗ
ೖ
ೖ
൅ ൅ ൅ ൅
൅
‫ݒ‬௜‫כ‬ௗ
ೖ diDQ
‫כ‬௤
˜‡”–‡” Lloadk loadk = vkD − Rloadk iDQ QD
loadk ± ωLloadk iloadk , (11)
‫כ‬௤ ൅ ൅ ൅ ൅ ൅
‫ݒ‬௜
ೖ
dt
‫ݒ‬௢ೖ
ൌͲ Ǧ ൅ ൅
‫כ‬௤
݅௜
ೖ
Ǧ ൅ where Lloadk and Rloadk are the inductance and resistance of
௤ ௤
‫ݒ‬௢ೖ ߱௞ ‫ܥ‬௙ ‫ݒ‬௢ௗೖ ‫ܭ‬ி ݅௢ೖ ௤
݅௜ ߱௞ ‫ܮ‬௙ ݅௜ௗೖ the load connected to node k, and iloadk is the current flowing
ೖ
into the load connected to node k. In microgrid modeling,
Fig. 3: Current and voltage controllers in DG inverter the current and voltage at each node also have the following
relation,
of the d and q-axis output voltage vo∗d and vo∗qk are generated
k 
N
by the power controller, and the outputs of the PI-controllers −1
vkDQ RN = iDQ DQ
oj − iloadj + iDQ
linekj , (12)
in the voltage controller are then added together with feed- k=1,k=j
forward terms KF idok and KF iqok , to generate the references
∗q where RN is the virtual resistance connecting each node to
of the inverter currents i∗d
ik and iik , where KF is the feed-
q the ground. The introduction of the virtual resistance is to
forward gain and iok and iok are the d − q components of the
d
ensure the numerical stability when conducting the simulation
output current of the LCL filter as shown in Fig. 1. Similarly,
experiments for the microgrid [7]. The value of RN is chosen
the generated current references are fed into current controller
to be sufficiently large, so that the calculated voltage at each
to generate the reference values for the inverter voltage vi∗d and
k node will not differ significantly from its actual value.
vi∗q
k
with the similar approach used in the voltage controller.
III. PV-BESS BASED V IRTUAL S YNCHRONOUS
B. LCL filter G ENERATOR
The following differential equations summarizes the dynam- A Virtual Synchronous Generator control method is imple-
ics of the output LCL filter connected to an inverter (Fig. 5 mented into the inverter connected to the PV-BESS system to
shows the topology), synthesize the frequency response from a synchronous genera-
dvodqk tor in order to provide inertia support to the islanded microgrid
Cf = idq
i k − i ok ± ω k C f v o k ,
dq qd
[14]. Fig. 4 depicts the working principle of the control system
dt
of the Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG), where local
didq
Lf ik = vidq k
− vodqk − rf idq
ik ± ωk Lf iik ,
qd measurements are fed into a VSG block together with the input
dt power set-point generated by the virtual governor to generate
didq
o the frequency reference of the inverter based on the swing
Lc k = vodk − vkdq − rc idq ok ± ω k L c i ok ,
qd
(9)
dt equation [15],
where vkd , vkq is the d − q components of voltage at kth node, dωrk
Lc is the coupling inductance in the LCL filter, and rf and rc ω rk J k = PkPV + PkBESS − Pok − D(ωrk − ωg ), (13)
dt
are respectively the parasitic resistance of the filtering inductor where ωrk is the frequency of virtual rotor, ωg , is the frequency
and coupling inductor. of the islanded microgrid and D is the virtual damping
C. Load modeling and Network Equations coefficient. The total power generated by PV and BESS,
PkPV + PkBESS , is the virtual shaft power determined by the
In this study, all electric loads are modelled as R − L virtual governor based on (14),
loads, instead of assuming constant power consumptions or
1
impedances as in large-scale power system studies, see [12], ṖkBESS = (ω NL − ωk ) − PkBESS , (14)
[13]; and the transmission lines are modeled with R − L mp k r g
impedances as well. Therefore, the loads and transmission which is adopted and modified from [16].


 ‘†‡ V. S IMULATION AND N UMERICAL R ESULTS
‘™‡” 
•‘—”…‡ ˆ‹Ž–‡”
In this study, a 6-node microgrid system is employed, which
is adopted and modified from [7]. Fig. 5 demonstrates the sys-
˜‡”–‡” ‫ݒ‬௜‫כ‬ௗ ƒ„… tem topology. Nodes 4, 5 and 6 are generator nodes, which are
ೖ
†“ 
…‘–”‘Ž ‫כ‬௤
‫ݒ‬௜ connected to a DG, BESS and PV-BESS respectively; nodes
ೖ
൅σ
‫ݒ‬௢‫כ‬ௗ
‫כ‬௤
‫ݒ‬௢ೖ ߠ௜‫כ‬ ‫כ‬ 1, 2 and 3 are load nodes (modeled as RL loads). TABLEs I,
ೖ
൅ ߜ௥ߠ௜ ൅ ߜ௥
Ǧ Ǧ ߱௚ II and III show respectively the line parameters, load and
‹”–—ƒŽ ‫׬‬ σ
”‘‘’
‰‘˜‡”‘” ൅ 
ܲ௢௨௧ generator settings, and the inverter and LCL parameters.
ܳ௢௨௧ ߱௥
ܲ௜௡
Ͷ ͳ

˜‡”–‡”
ˆ‹Ž–‡”

ܴ ௟௢௔ௗభ ‫ܮ‬௟௢௔ ௗ
భ
Fig. 4: PV-BESS based Virtual Synchronous Generator ܴ ௟௜௡௘భర ‫ܮ‬௟௜௡ ௘భర
ܴ ௟௜௡௘భమ

ˆ‹Ž–‡” ͷ ʹ ‫ܮ‬௟௜௡ ௘భమ

˜‡”–‡”

IV. S MALL S IGNAL S TABILITY A NALYSIS M ODEL ܴ ௟௜௡௘మఱ ‫ܮ‬௟௜௡ ௘మఱ
ܴ ௟௜௡௘మయ
In this section, a brief discussion on SSSA model for- ‫ܮ‬௟௜௡ ௘మయ
 ˆ‹Ž–‡” ͸ ͵

˜‡”–‡”
mulation will be presented, where a Differential Algebraic
Equation (DAE) formulation is used, and system linearization 
ܴ ௟௜௡௘యల ‫ܮ‬௟௜௡ ௘యల ܴ
௟௢௔ௗయ ‫ܮ‬௟௢௔ ௗయ
is performed to realize the SSSA for microgrids.
The nonlinear mathematical model describing a microgrid
Fig. 5: Multi-inverter microgrid with PV-BESS VSG
can be written in the following compact form [1], [7],
d
X = f (X, Υ, V, U) , TABLE I: Line parameters
dt
0 = g1 (X, Υ, V) ,
From To R(Ohm) L(mH) From To R(Ohm) L(mH)
0 = g2 (X, V) , (15) 1 2 0.43 0.318 1 4 0.3 0.35
2 3 0.15 1.843 2 5 0.2 0.25
where X is the dynamic state vector of the microgrid, includ- 3 6 0.05 0.05
ing the dynamics of the inverters, DGs, transmission lines and
loads; V is the vector containing the voltage magnitudes and TABLE II: Load and Generator Settings
angles of all nodes; Υ represents inverter algebraic variables;
Node mp nq ω NL |V NL | R L
and U is the control input vector comprising droop coeffi- (rad/s/kW) (V/kVar) (rad/s) (V) (Ohm) (mH)
cients, PV output power and no-load frequency and voltage for 1 - - - - 6.950 12.2
droop curves. Function f (·) is the system state-space function, 3 - - - - 5.014 9.4
4 9.4 × 10−5 1.3 × 10−3 120π 220 - -
g1 (·) = 0 is the inverter algebraic equation set, and g2 (·) = 0 5 9.4 × 10−5 1.3 × 10−3 120π 220 - -
is the network equation set. 6 9.4 × 10−5 1.3 × 10−3 120π 220 - -
System SSSA requires system linearization, with the com-
pact form in (15), the system matrix Asys can be calculated
symbolically as follows, TABLE III: Inverter and LCL filter parameters
ωbase 120π rad/s Vbase 220V Sbase 1kVA
d Cf 50μF rc
ΔX = Asys ΔX + Bsys ΔU, (16) 0.03Ω Lc 0.35mH
dt rf 0.1Ω Lf 1.35mH KF 0.75
Kpv 0.05 Kiv 390 Kpc 10.5
where Kif Kpf
Kic 16 × 103 10 1
ωc 10ω nom J 2s D 17p.u.
Asys = A1 − B1 · D1−1 · C1 − B2 · D4−1 · C2 , (17)
and A. Small Signal Stability Analysis with Varying Parameters
∂f ∂f ∂f ∂g1 1) Base Case: Using the proposed SSSA framework and
A1 = , B1 = , B2 = , C1 = ,
∂X ∂Υ ∂V ∂X applying to the microgrid model, the eigenvalues of the system
∂g2 ∂g1 ∂g2 can be acquired, which are shown in Fig. 6. This result is
C2 = , D1 = , D4 = , (18)
∂X ∂Υ ∂V for the microgrid with base-case settings, which are shown in
and the calculation of the input matrix of the linearized system TABLEs I ∼ III with P6PV = 1.5kW.
Bsys is omitted in this paper. With the acquired system matrix, TABLE IV demonstrates the eigenvalues associated with
the effects of varying parameters on the system stability can generators, controllers and LCL filters and of low damping
be observed and analyzed. See [1] for more details on the ratios in the microgrid with the base-case setup, where fre-
procedures of linearizing a power system, where the system quencies and dominant states of the modes are presented.
is significantly different from the one used in this study, but Combining TABLE IV and Fig. 6, it is safe to state that
the principles are similar. with the base-case setup of the microgrid, the SSSA indicates


 ·103 400

Imaginary part
0.74 0.6 0.48 0.34 0.22 0.12
2 0.88
Imaginary part

0.96 200
(b)
0
0
0.96 −500 −400 −300 −200 −100 0
−2 0.88
Real part
0.74 0.6 0.48 0.34 0.22 0.12 (a)
−3 −2 −1 0 40
Real part
·103

Imaginary part
20
Fig. 6: SSSA for the base case
0
TABLE IV: Eigenvalues of interest with base-case settings
−20
λ ξ f (Hz) Dominant states
−40
−117.0 ± j1573 7.41(ξcrit ) 250 vodq6 , iDQ
line23 −14 −10 −5 0
Real part
−144.0 ± j1934 7.43 307 vodq6 , iDQ
line23
−4.972±j44.68 11.05 7.11 ω6 and P6BESS (b)
−57.70±j465.8 12.29 74.1 vodq of inverter 4, 5, 6
−297.9 ± j2322 400

Imaginary part
12.73 370 vodq , idq
o of inverter 4, 5
−349.6 ± j2685 12.91 427 vodq , idq
o of inverter 4, 5
−3.463±j15.69 21.55 2.50 P6BESS , xdq v , δ of inverter 5, 6 200
(d)
0
a stable system. Now we are in the position to investigate how −400 −300 −200 −100 0
Real part
changing parameters affect the stability of the microgrid.
2) Impact of VSG parameters and PV-BESS sizes: With (c)
20
varying VSG parameters, including the Virtual Inertia Coeffi-
Imaginary part

cient (VIC) and the Virtual Damping Coefficient (VDC), the 10

movements of eigenvalue root loci are shown in Fig. 7, where
Fig. 7(a) corresponds to the root loci with increasing VIC, and
Fig. 7(c) corresponds to increasing VDC of the VSG. Fig. 7(b)
and Fig. 7(d) are the zoom-in figures of the circled areas in
Fig. 7(a) and Fig. 7(c) respectively. It is clear that when VIC
and VDC vary, some system modes approach to a more stable
region, some move towards the unstable region, and the rest
may make a turn with a particular VIC or VDC. Based on
the analytical process and numerical results, it is possible for
us to determine the best control parameters to maximize the
system stability.
System stability also has a close relation with the PV output
power and the charging/discharging capacity of the BESS
connected to PV. Root loci reflecting such variations are shown
in Fig. 8. The zoom-in figures of the circled areas in Figs. 8(a)
and (b) are depicted in Figs. 8 (c) and (d). Observing the root
loci, similar conclusion can be drawn, and some modes move
to the right-hand side, some to the left-hand side, and some
make a turn and move towards a different direction as PV
output power and BESS increase. This analysis can serve as
a tool in determining the optimal PV power and BESS sizes
for the purpose of maximizing the stability of microgrids with
distributed solar PV devices and BESSs.
VI. C ONCLUSION
In this study, we have developed a mathematical framework
for the small signal stability analysis of inverter-interfaced
microgrids with solar PV energy sources and battery storage
0
−10
−20
−20 −15 −10 −5 0
Real part
(d)
Fig. 7: Root loci of the system eigenvalues when increasing
(a) Virtual inertia constant (from 0.002 to 64s ), (c) damping
coefficient of VSG (from 0.0017 to 272 p.u. ). (b) and (d)
are zoom-in figures of the circled sections in (a) and (c)
respectively.
systems. Applying this analytical framework to a typical
islanded microgrid with multiple loads, distributed generators
and renewable energy sources, it has become possible for us
to qualitatively and quantitatively observe, interpret and test
the impact of changing parameters on the stability of the
microgrid. These factors include solar PV energy uptake in
a microgrid, virtual inertia coefficient, damping coefficient
of the VSG, and the charging/discharging capacity of the
energy storage system. Modal analysis has demonstrated such
impact, which has proven the applicability of the proposed
SSSA framework for microgrid research. Future work may
include expanding the proposed framework to a more complex
inverter-based microgrids with a variety of generation types,
and proposing feasible control approaches for microgrids with


 Imaginary part 400 400

Imaginary part
200 200
(c) (d)
0 0
−400 −300 −200 −100 0 −400 −300 −200 −100 0
Real part Real part
(a) (b)
20
20
Imaginary part

Imaginary part
10

0 0
−10
−20
−20
−40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 −15 −10 −5 0
Real part Real part
(c) (d)

Fig. 8: Root loci of the system eigenvalues when increasing (a) BESS charging/discharging capacity (from 0.0098 to 1000kW)
and (b) solar PV output power (from 0.0001 to 12kW). (c) and (d) are zoom-in figures of the circled sections in (a) and (b)
respectively.

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