SECOND EDITION ah 1 VIhy AE t4Z => StL: re irLanguage & ay : R & ~ —, y y Christina Latham-Koenig CEG #75 h % ¥ ~*~! go ' 3 ® GO & y Clive Oxenden OXFORDAmerican ENGLISH FILE Christina Latham-Koenig Clive Oxenden m Aeted ob gras wast Megane od Sie ay Sad Oy Sale 9 BS ws ai sa nays 2 Sag Jol 9 Sad USN 9 tb AST Jay aS Pou Segson and Cve Oxenden are the eiginal co-authors of English Fe 1 and English File 2 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSContents Grammar Vocabulary Pronunciation 4A Questions a question formation feuring out meaning friendly intonation, from context showing interest 8B Doyoubelieve init? ‘auxiliary verbs; the..the. ‘compound adjectives, intonation and sentence + comparatives modifiers ‘hythm 12 BMT COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH Taking aboutintervews, On the street 14 A Callthe doctor? present perfect simple and illnesses and injuries ‘ih, 9, and fe word continuous stress 18 B Older and wiser? "using adjectives as nouns, Clothes and fashion ‘vowel sounds adjective order 22 REVIEWS CHECK 182 [IM Short movie The history of surgery 24 A Thetruth about aictravel narrative Lenses, past perfect air travel ‘regular and irregular past continuous; so/ such..that fois, sentence rythm 28 B Incredibly short stories, the position of adverbs and ‘adverbs and adverbial word stress and adverbial phrases Phrases intonation 32 MBM COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH 283 Tatking about books, On the street 34 A Ecoguilt Future perfect and future continuous the environment, the vowel sounds weather 38 B Areyouarisk taker? zero and first conditionals, future ‘expressions with take ‘sentence stress time clauses ‘and rhythm «2 (RVEWACIEDK=44 WM Shr rv he eteron 44.A Thesurivors cub ‘angel teens Feeings word stress in3-or ‘TSytable adectves = expressing fengs with sentence rhythm fersored/angadectves srdintonaton 4B it drives ny! structures after 52 MM COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH 485 Talking about waste, On the streetGrammar 4A. Music and emotion gerunds andinfinitives music ‘words that come from other languages 58 B SteepingBeouty ‘sed to, be used to, got used to sentence sess ond inking [REVENGE ht oe kn ne Bea oor CASES reer arse wed ee Should, can't, couldn't + have, ete wouldrather 68 B Actors acting — ‘verbs of the senses the body silent letters 72 (WH COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH 687 Talking about acting, On the street 74 A Beat therobbers.. {the passive (all forms}; its said crime and punishment. theletteru ‘and the burglars that... be is thought to.. etc. hhave something done 78 B Breakingnews Teparting verbs the media word stress © | RREWACIEEKIES Shrove nde 84 A Truthandlies clauses of contrast and purpose: advertising, business changing stress on whatever, whenever, et. ‘nouns and verbs 28 “B Megacities ‘uncountable end plural nouns word bulding: prefixes and ‘word stress with suffixes prefixes and suffixes 82 MM COLLOQUIAL ENGLISH 8&9 Taking about advertising, On the street 94 A Thedarkside ofthemoon —quantifiers:al, every, Doth, ete. science stress in word families 98 B Thepower of words articles ~~ ellocation: word pairs ‘pausing and sentence stress, sR KOA Sno tg 104 Communication 132 Grammar Bank 165 regular verbs 113 wiiting 152 Vocabulary Bank 166 Sound Bank - 120 “Ustening 164 Appendix - gerunds and infinitivesG question formation © Honnot thriledabout answering questions tke 'f you V figuring out meaning from context 1) Were being mugged, and you had a lightsaber in one P friendly intonation, showing interest pocket and a whipin the other, which would you use” Questions and answers 1 READING & SPEAKING ere ree Look atthe photos of Benedict Cumberbatch ‘chooses people who have been in the news and Elisabeth Moss and read their biographical recently and publishes a short interview info. Have you seen any of the TV shows or with them called Q&A. ‘movies that they have been in? What did you think of them? " ‘The actor Benedict Cumberbatech was born in b_ Nowread the interviews and match questions London in 1976. He has starred in many successful TV shows A-G with theiranswers and movies, including Sherlock, War Horse, Star Trek, and ‘A. How do you relax? ‘The Hobbit. B_ What don’t you like about your appearance? 1 What's one of your happiest memories? a ‘Sitting with the sun on my face the morning after I had been in a C What's your earliest memory? Seeeetieres. D What makes you unhappy? =z a 2 E Ifyou could edit your past, what do you rasta o WiaisincGaaekae = en I got stung by a wasp ina Greek market. think you would change? ‘A woman rubbed an onion on my bottom. F What was your most embarrassing moment? G Who would you most like to say sorry to? 3 What don’t you like about your personality? Tm impatient, but also indecisive. 4 What is your greatest fear? € Read the interviews again using the glossary Forgetting people's >mes. tohelp you. Answer the questions with BC 5 (Benedict Cumberbatch) or EM (Elisabeth ‘The size and shape of my head. People say I look like Sid from Moss). Toe Age. Won, © What costame would 1 (] hddan embarrassing experience as a child res see to a costume » finds it eg to make decisions ro s 2 areas mates Tenjoyed wearing s 3 [_) avoids answigring one of the questions § ¥ bandages around my face 4 [| had adangerous experience when they facths Uinddihle Masta : were travelingabroad the last oneI went to. © : 5 {hada dangers experience when they People got to know me = 3 ware peal fitout escogolsing mag 6] often hesitates when they're speaking 7 Which words or phrases ‘n 7 [was fond of'akind of flower when they do you most overuse? m were aghild say “Erm...” too much 8, hassifavorite decade 8 What one thing would u improve the quality of 4. Which ofthe questions in the interviews do you thinkis...? roe Better time management. + the most interesting 9 = + the most boring Tonight noc have called + t00 personal to ask a person who you don't ‘Trevor Nunn, the famous know well director, “Adrian” at my = first audition for him, © Choose six questions from Q&A toask your 3 partner. ‘iperrarrs~ x The actress Elisabeth Moss was born in California in 1982, She has been in several very successful US TV dramas, including The West Wing and Mad Men, for which she won an Emmy award. 1 a Going out into the backyard of my home in LA and pretending to build a vegetable garden with sticks and rocks. I must have been five. * Tis ket Sanco, oot one) iy, 3, Which living person do you most despise, and why? ae arp Lf 4 SS Not getting enough sleep. Z, 5 What is your favorite smell? %| Jasmine. I grew up in Los Angeles, inthe ills, and there” ‘was always jasmine growing, 6 as TToa really good friend who [lost touch with when I was little. T would love to see her again < If you could go back in time, where would you go? ‘To. 1930s music cub in New York City. Ilove the at deco period ~ the jewelry, the cloths, the music. Tam abigfan of getting a box set and watching the entire show in two or three weeks, [im watching The Sopranos at the ‘moment, because I when itficstcamecout ‘Whee Bae baa Glossary frightening experi Carjacking the crime of forcing the When I was little, I “river of ucaro take you somewhere on a lake in the US Exiny an ovadeisiar othe fot caught underneath (Oscars but for TV ‘rowing boat, That was | cheesy informal roo.motional pretty scary. forromantieina way thats tmbarrassing eg. cheesy love song | GRAMMAR question formation Now read the questions in Ib again and answer the questions below with a partner. 1 Which questions are examplesof...? *+ asubject question, where there is no auxiliary verb + aquestion that ends with a preposition + a question that usesa negative auxiliary verb 2. What happens to the word order in the question What would you change? when you add do you think after what? > p.132 Grammar Bank 1A. Learn more about question formation, and practice it PRONUNCIATION friendly intonation, showing interest 14) Listen to some people asking questions 1-S. Who sounds friendlier and more interested each time, a orb? 1 Doyouhave a big family? 2 What don't youlike sbout the place vereyoullve? 3 rts or gaMes are you —— 4 Doyou think you have shealthy diet? 5 What makes you feel happy? ‘1)5)) Listen and repeat the questions friendly intonation. Focus on sentence stress and linking. P Rescting to what someone says When you ask someone a question and they answer, itis normal to show interest by saying, 28, Realy? or How interesting! with a friendly intonation or by asking a question. 1.61) Now listen tothe questions ina conversation. Complete the expressions or questions that the man or woman use to react .0 the answers 1 Wow __! That's a huge family. 2 ? What's wrong with them? 3 !Wecould play a game one day. 4 ! How long have you been a vegan? 5 ____? can’t think of anything worse! 173) Listen and repeat the responses. Copy the ‘Ask and answer the questions with a partner. Use friendly intonation, and react to your [1]4 READING & VOCABULARY (P. Suessing the meaning of new words and phrases =| a Lookatthe photo with the article. What do When you are reading and fda werdorphraseyoudoitknow: || beat Se ee ee a Jouthinksapenig? Doyo nh afin lester rrii ne eine] question is one that someone might really '5 (eg. a verb, an adjective, etc}, whether itis similar to another askin chis situation? Why (not)? Enish wad youkoon owed isaac | guage. | Read the article once and find out. How 2 if youstillcart figure out what the word or phrase means, ether would you answer the question? ignore it and continue reading or use a dictionary (or a Myr anove he gue ors oes Ler HOME / NEWS / US NEWS / SOCIETY Extreme interviews WHAT kind of dinosaur are you? If you answered Tyrannosaurus rex, then the bad news is that you probably won't get the job you're applying for. Comment Print Welcome to the strange world of extreme interviewing, the latest trend in which nterviewers throw bizaFFe questions at candidates to see how they react. Iemay seem like a game, but extreme imerviewing is dealy serious The idea is to se how quickly job seekers thinkon‘their| feet and, at time when 25 percent of recent graduates are unemployed, it oflers employers se a new way of separating the brilliant candidate from the merely very good. This new approach to selecting candidates comes from Silicon Valle in California — Where else? Google famous for its demanding 1 interview process, asked a recent candidate: “You are stranded on a desert island. You have 60 seconds to choose people of 10 professions to come with you. Who do you choose? Got” (One ofthe early pioneers of extreme interviewing was Steve Jobs, cofounder of Apple, who could be 2» famously cruel with jobseekers. Faced once with a candidate he considered boring, Jobs suddenly pretended tobe a chicken, flapping his arms and making clicking noises around the unfortunate applicant, waiting to see what he would do. Infact, the secret to extreme interviewing is neither n the question nor the answer. tis in the candidate’ reaction, David Moyle, a headhunter with the reeruitment ageney Eximius Group, who admits to using the dinosaur 2 question when seleting candidates, sad: “Essentially, that kind of interviewing is used by us to give someone an opportunity to show they are smart and not easily usted.” ‘Silicon Valley che informal are forthe ca ineorthern Ciera where many che world gest technology corprtions abused headhunter a person whose pbiisto Findpeoplewithehe “Most candidates actually get something out oft, i's not about trying to erush them. We are trying to give | etsy sls ro work them an opportunity to show their personaly, rather than just showing how they perform in an interview” | @tscombasyandsa Ofcourse, getting the job is just the start. In the modern business world, survival will depend on what kind [MEcOmPHPY »» of dinosaur you really are Eo Ato he yes© Read the article again carefully. With 4 partner, try to figure out what the highlighted words and phrases might mean and how youthink they are pronounced. 4. Nowmatch the wordsand phrases with I-10. 1 ‘adj needing a lot of effort and Skill 2 ‘adj nervous and confused, ‘especially because you have been given a lotto do or are ina hurry 3 adj very strange or unusual ‘ [2 tobe able to think and Feacttothings very quickly withoutany reparation 5 noun away of doing or ‘thinking about something 6 phrase instead of 7 verb todestroy somebody's confidence 8 noun a specialist company that finds and interviews candidates to filljob vacancies in other companies 9 noun people who are looking forajob 10 verb moving something quickly up and down, e.g, wings € 183) Listen and check. Underline the stressed syllables. £ Using your own words, answer the questions with a partner. 1 Whatare extreme interviews? 2 What kind of companies first started using them? 3. Why do some people think that they are better than normal interviews? g Doyou think extreme interviews area good way of choosing candidates? Which of the questions below (used in real interviews) do you think would work well? Why? Ona scale of desk, or car 110, how weind) which TV which do you are you? character are clean first? ‘you most like? a Canyou Does life name three fascinate Lady Gaga va | Caeaatcar | 2m ‘would you be? 5 LISTENING a Haveyouever been toa job interview? What kind of questions did they ask you? Did you get the job? b_ 2,9)) Listen to five people talking about a strange question they were asked in job interviews. Complete the questions in the first column. ‘What strange question | How did they answer? | What happenedin were they asked? ‘the end? T Doyoustil_— | ? “Z What would make you | a? es ‘you? How much, you? a woul youlike tobe reincarnated as? “sNeyouplanning to 2 € Listen again and take notes inthe rest ofthe chart. d_ Which of the questions did you think were good or bad to ask at an interview? 6 SPEAKING ‘> Communication Extreme interviews A p.104B p.108, Ask your partner extreme interview questions. b Write three extreme interview questions of your own that you think might tell you something interesting about another person. © Askyour questions to as many other students as possible and answer theirs. 4. Which questions did you think were the most interesting? Why?G auxiliary verbs; the..the...+ comparatives For those who believe, V compound adjectives, modifiers Aoproof isnecessary. For those who P intonation and sentence rhythm dont believe, no proof is possible. Serene READING & LISTENING a Look at the beginning of two true stories. What do you think they might have in common? b > Communication Workin pairs A and B and read two stories. A read Noises in the Night on p.104. B go to p.109and read The Strange Object on the Hill HARD TO BELIEVE? BUT IT HAPPENED TO ME... Have you ever experienced a paranormal happening? Write and tell us about it. DS ha ae THE STRANGE OBJECT ON THE HILL bout sit mont ago, my husband Russ and moved is happened when | was 16, and ican stil remember it Avesess in the country. Our house is the middle vividly was a clear morning, sunny but with a breeze. one of three row houses and i's more than a hundred | was going to meet a schoo tend to go waking inthe years Ol. A young coupe Ives in the house on our ght but hils where there were some wonderful views. cl agreed to the house on our lt was empty and forsale. meet him at the top of one ofthe ils frucstory, Would youtvebcen REKOCageeRe grea Ne happy for Fatos to read your coffee went to Turkey a few years ago with a colleague named Chris. We'd been sent cup? Why (not)? there to train secondary school teachers in a school on the outskirts of Istanbul. hile was there, | decided to go and see anol fend of mine, young Turkish woman named Fates, who had sen for several years. lcaled her and we agreed tomeetin a hotel nthe center of stanbul Chis came oo, and the three of us Rad @ very rice ciner together. After nner we ordered Turkish coffe and we take fora whe unt ats sudéely asked me, "Would you ke me to read your coffee cup?” refused politely because, tobe honest, dot really believe in clavoyansand fortune tling. Gut Crs immediately seid he wouldbe happy forhertoreadhiscoffezcup,. Adamd_°10)) Listento the rest of The Coffee Cup Reading and answer the questions. ‘What were the first two things Fatos saw in Chris's coffee cup? Were they accurate? ‘What was the third ching she saw? How did Chris and Adam react to this? Who did Chris's mother live with? Where did Chris go the next morning? Who called Adam? Why? What was the bad news? How did Fatos react to what had happened? How does Adam feel about the experience? € (1,111) Listen to some extracts from the story and complete the missing words. Try to figure out what they mean. 1 Well, Carla, Chris’ friend atthe time, was blond, so that was __ too, 2 But Chrisis avery kind of person, and he didnt seem to be too worried by what shed sad. 3 Iewasaslightly fend to what had beena very enjoyable evening. 4 So, wasitjusta__ 5 Lalwaysusedto be very about fortune-telling, 2 SPEAKING Talk in small groups. Which ofthe three stories do you find the spookiest? Can you think of any possible explanation for what happened in each story? Have you (or anybody you know)..? + seen or heard something that cant be explained, eg. 8 UFO or aghost + visited afortune-teller, psychic, or faith healer + had a surprising coincidence DP Reacting tos story about something strange We sone sbi contig orgs of cfs we often react with thesephreses. How/ That's strange bizare; oda wei spooky 3 GRAMMAR auxiliary verbs a Look atthe dialogues and try to fillin the blanks with a or(=Jauxiliary (do, did, is, was, etc 1 A theardanoise in the middle ofthe night. “B You!__?What kind of noise? 2 hs ‘you? 3A Idontt believe you really saw a UFO. 'B 1___seeonellt couldrt have been anything ese. 4 pin afostuostaler 5 realy interesting! b 1.123) Listen and check. In ps auxiliary (I-5)is used. A toadd emphasis B (J tosay that you are different C.F tocheckinformation DLJ toshow surprise E [J tosay thatyou are the same © > p.133 Grammar Bank 1B. Learn more about using auxiliary verbs, and practice them. , decide which 4 PRONUNCIATION intonation and sentence rhythm a (1.14%) Listen to the dialogues. Notice the stressed auxiliary verbs that Saw a ghost last night did L How spooky! “Ridontbeleefortne-taling 8 1 _ Repeat the dialogues with apartner, copying the rhythm and intonation, © Complete sentences 1-8 so that they are true for you. Tdlove colivein, fa townor country) ‘as achild. (adj of personality) last night. (verb phrase) Iwas very Ididn't 1 imnotvery good at (activity) 2 I'mgoingto tonight. (verb phrase) 3 Hove (akind of music) 4 [don't like (akind of food) 5 I'veneverread (a famous book) 6 Z 8 d_ Workin pairs A and B. A read your sentences toB. B respond with areply question and then say whether you are the same or different. Then switch roles. € (1/151) Listen to another dialogue. Is do stressed in che bighlighted phrases? ‘A You don't like horror movies, YOU? B Idolikethem It's just that sometimes theyte too scary! £ Repeat the dialogue with a partner, copying the rhythm and intonation. g > Communication You're psychic, aren't you? A 1058 p.109, Make guesses about your partner. 5 116) SONG Unbelievable 0 ‘Online Practice J 18 |Ona piece of paper write the sentence I look forward to hearing from you. Then sign your name underneath and give the piece of paper to your partner. b_ Look atthe signatures of some famous people. Can youidentify any of them? Do you know anything about these people's personalities? : LISTENING & SPEAKING oa velaley 1)173) whats in your signature® © Read an extract froma book about graphology. Do you believe that our signature might say something about You use only initials either for your our personality? a. : first name or your last name There isa space between your name and last name. => What your signature says about you } “a ‘Your signature is the part of your handwriting that says | oo xX the most about your personality. It is common for your | signature to change during your life because it reflects | 2 how you develop and evolve as a person. You may have ae ‘more than one signature, for example @ more formal Vv et€tee signature (name and last name) when you sign a credit a card or your passport, and an informal signature (just your. | = — $$ first name) when you sign a birthday card. f _(2)289) The size of your signature ‘Our signature is very much part of the way in which | Yourfirstname’s bigger than we present ourselves to the world, so it can give some _-—_Yourast name important clues about the kind of person we are and how Your ast nameis bigger than ‘we feel about ourselves. | your First nam: TT LTTTos! Your whole signature big You sign in capital lett “Your signature is smal 4 117,18, 19, 203) Listento an expertin graphology talking about how to interpret somebody's personality from their signature. Complete the notes on the right. | ting notes Wie ton neadto tke notes when we ae ating forexampl to somebody ering tre you need tstsce notes when yur tateang someone Speaungm engl, vy towne downey nereor | Phrases becatae you won have tie owt colete eee eee fullsentences. €. Inpairs, interpret the signatures of the famous people. Doany of the interpretations coincide with what you already thought? £ Now look at your partner's signature and try to interpret it. Do you agree with your partner's interpretation of your signature? g Do you believe that you can learn anything about someone's personality by...? + analyzing their handwriting (graphology) 201) The angle of your signature + looking at their hands (palmistry) ‘rising signature = + analyzing the position of the sun, ‘Adescending signature ‘moon, and planets at the exact time of Dhorontal signature = al theirbirth astrology) Shame daegauraney another similar method change depending on.. alyh 7 MINIGRAMMAR a. Rewrite the sentences using the...the + comparative, the...the... + comparatives 1 Ifyou study alo, youlearn aot pistes 21 ee, PRE ere bree our ras od ist 2. Ifweleave soba, well get tere eater. parts of your personality. The athe The mare illegible your signature is, the less assertive you 3 Ifyouhave alot oftime, you do things slowly. probably are asa person. ibe =e Te, Use the-+ comparative adjective or aavero to sniow trist 4 Ifyouare in shape, you feel good. ‘one thing depends on anather, e¢., + Thesooner we star, the earlier wellfinish. =how soon ‘The __the. we wilfinish depends on when we stat. b_ Complete the sentences in your own words. + The colder itis, the more clothes you need to wear to keop warm. = how many clothes you need to wear 1 The more money you have, Ccepends on how cold is 2. The sooner you start your homework, 3 The aster Ispeak in Englis 4 Thelessyou seep, 8 VOCABULARY compound adjectives €. Read theinformation on adjective modifiers. a Look at some extracts from the listening in6.Canyou | PB Modifiers rememberwhat words go in the blanks? We often use modifiers with adjectives of personality. ‘suggests that they may be big ‘or even non ott: arrogant. Teall /incredibiy | 2 Adescending signature...suggests that you are the |__Withoegative characteris | kind of person who gets disheartened or depressed | alittie | ‘when you are faced with problems, maybe because you faithman At) Lo aenaedl are not very sel realy (incredibly | 3 Ahorizontal signature usually indicates a person who | is well- ‘and emotionally stable. b (4,210) Listen and check. Do the compound adjectives havea positive or negative meaning? P2 compound adjectives ] Compound adjectives are adjectives that have two parts. The second part often ends in -edor ing, eg. wel behaved, old feshioned. The words are usually inked by hyphens, The main stressis onthe second word | © With apartner, look at some more compound adjectivesto describe a person’scharacter. Use the two parts of the word to try to figure out their meaning, and say if they are positive or negative characteristics. £ Tell the partner about people with the characteristics bad-tempered good-tempered open-minded - oer dat on below. Give examples of their behavior. narrow-minded absentminded easygoing | ack tightfisted two-faced strong-willed self-centered Do you know somebody whois..? a rather bad-tempered alittle two-faced (ek bed conperedineans somebody extremely absentminded very good-tempered ‘who gets engy vary ovoly. alittle tight-fisted incredibly strong-willed — pretty laid-back really self-centered 4. 1,229) Listen and repeat the compound adjectives inc. ‘ne of my cousins is alittle two-faced She says one thing (tome, and then | find out she said the exact opposite to somebody else in the family.Read the biographical information about Jeff Neil. How do you think his previous experience helps him in his present job? ‘Jeff Neil is 2 US career coach and the founder of ‘a company called New Career Breakthrough in New York City His job involves helping people to > Communication First aid quiz A p.105B p.109. ‘what the highlighted words might mean. Use the Read the answers to half of the quiz and the reasons pictures to help you. why, and tell each other. 1b Now take the quiz witha partner. d_ > p.152 Vocabulary Bank ilinesses and injuries. Help save lives! turedcrossog Would you know what to do in these common medical emergencies? a | | 4 Msemeone is choking, you shou Which of these is the best way to treata nosebleed? a) hit them on the back 2) lean your head forward and pinch the soft part of the nose lean them backward b) [ean your head forward and pinch the hard part of the nose ©) le them on their side ©) lean your head backward and pinch the soft partof the nose | Whats the best thing to put on abum at rst? you ind someone collapsed on the ground, what should | €) warm running water you do first? ») cold running water a) put your jacket over them to keep them warm | 6) plastic wrap b) check if they are breathing | ©) run off to find someone else to help Q Mtomeone hes a cut that bleeding badly, you should first. If someone has fallen and you think they may have broken €) press on the wound their leg, you should. ©) cover the wound 4) try to move their leg into a straight position 2 sere cerry we Bee capt scentct trey eet cea |2 PRONUNCIATION & SPEAKING Wh, (d3), ‘tf, and /k/; word stress the correct ‘ache allergy ankle bandage choking pressure rash stomach temperature 'b (1/33) Listen and check. Pra words. g the © > p.167 Sound Bank. Look at the typical spellings for, (3, tf, and /k 4 Lookat some more words related to illness and injury. Which ones are similar in your language? Do you know what the other ones anftiifotics entbaranks/ symptom Pamptam” meféicine rmedasa! efmeren|cy madam obefation opares ashifin raspron! spefialist ‘spel afceltahnifpojphen fastsmmston! ‘xray rks rev cholesfteo Atestarat inecion anekiny CAT scan kat skeen! ¢ 1,34) Listen and underline the stressed syllable. Practice saying the words. £ Askand answer the questions with a partner. Wht inturies or toesses could you get when you are...? 2) cooking ) playing sports ©) eating in a restaurant Have any of these things ever happened to you? © Have you ever been in situation where you had to give first aid? Who to? Why? What happened? How much do you know about first aid? Where did you learn it? Has anyone ever had to give you first aid? What happened? Q What se you think you should do t.7 a) someone has a very high temperature 'b) someone is stung by awasp and has ‘an allergic reaction {) someone has very bad sunburn 3. GRAMMAR present perfect simple and continuous (4/381) Listen to a conversation between addoctor and patient. What symptoms does the patient have? What does the doctor suggest? 'b Listen again and fill in the blanks perfect simple or present perfect cor a verb in the present "Doctor Good moming, Mr. Blaine. What's the problem? Patient 12 ‘wall fora few days. keep getting headaches, and!# ‘lot, too. And! have a temperature. . ‘anything for the headaches? Yes, acetaminophen. But it doesnit really help. read on the internet that headaches can be the first symptom ofa brain tumor. How many tablets * soar today? P | took two this morning. fy D And have you taken your temperature this morning? Yes. 13 it five or sixties. bbe perfectly normal now. P I think Ineed a blood test. 1° ‘one for two months. 'D Well, Mr. Blaine, you know I think we should ‘wait for a few days and see how your ‘symptoms develop. Can you send the next patient in please, nurse? © 2/361) Listen towhat the doctor and nurse say after Mr. Blaine has left. What do they think of him? 4. Lookat the sentences and Girelé)the correct verb form. Check (/) if you think both forms are possible. 1 Haveyou been taking | taken anything for the headaches? 2. How many tablets have you been taking | taken so far today? € > p.134 Grammar Bank 2A. Learn more about the present perfect simple and continuous, and practice them, £ Inpairs, use the prompts to ask and answer the questions. The first question should be simple present or continuous, and the second should be present perfect simple or continuous. 1 [often get colds? How many colds /have 2_ [take any vitamins or supplements them? 3 [drink alot of water? How many glasses | drink today? 4 [ play any sports? What? How long | play them? 5 [eatalot of fruit and vegetables? How many servings | have today? {6 | walk to school (or work)? How far | walk today? 7 How many hours | sleep a night? | sleep well recently? 8 allergicanything? | ever havea serious allergic reaction? thelastthree months? now? How long | take 4 WRITING > p.113 writing An informal email. Write an emailtoa friend explaining that you haven't been well and saying what you've been doing recently5 READING & VOCABULARY “cheeses eyberchondriac fow weeks ago I was feeling under the weather. After days AS intensive Internet diagnosis, | finally went to see my GP. After examining me, she told me that my heartate was a Tite fast and sent me off to the ER to have some tests done. Di I go straight there? Of course not. First I took out my phone, logged on to ‘Google, and found out thatthe technical term fora fast heart rate is supraventricular tachycardia. Then [typed these two words into Google For example, wrongdiagnosis.com immediately scared me with al 407 possible causes. I raced to the hospital, convinced that I probably needed open-heart surgery. of Thad a chest infection... and a bad case of cyberchondria. The only consolation for the later condition is that I'm in good company. A “Microsoft survey of one million Internet users last year found that 2 percent ofall searches were health elated. Since my trp othe hospital, Thave been obsessively checking my pulse, swapping symptoms in chatrooms, and reading all about worst ase scenarios, What if the doctors go it wrong? What ifthe EKG machine was faulty? I's exhausting trying to convince yourself that you right have a lifethreatening illness. One in four ofall articles thrown up by an Internet search for “headache” suggested a brain tumor asa possible cause, Although itis true that this may be the cause, infact, brain tumors develop in Fewer than one in 50,000 people. People also assume that the first answers tha ‘come up in searches refer to the most common causes, sof you type in “mouth wleee” and see that “mouth cancer” has several mentions near | the tap you think that it must be very common, However, this snot the Semeur b Read thearticleonceand check. Then complete the paragraphs with topic sentences A-E, ‘Topic sentences Inawell-written article, each paragraph | eal usually begins with atopic sentence’ that | 5 tells you what the paragraph is about. ‘A recent study showed that 75 percent ofthe people who use the — — Internet to look up information about ther health do not check {RVARGARSY problems for eyberchondriacs is that ‘where that information came from, or the date it was created. “Once ‘online medical information may be from an ‘something has been put up on the Internet, even if it’s wrong, it's ‘unreliable source or be out of date. difficult to remove.” says Sarah Jarvis, a doctor. “This is a problem especially with scare stores, and also with some alternative remedies Bada peepee Google ba he that claim to be miracle cures, but that may actually do you harm.” = ‘Check the information? Sorry, I don't have time ~ I'm off to buy a heart © The Microsoft study also revealed another aie monitor! serious problem - that online information often doesn't discriminate between common and very rare conditions. ‘Glossary GF penctal practioner (= family doctor) IR emergency room of shosptl [XG machine lecrocardiogram machine ved rte people'sheat sate Scare stories tris in che news eg. "Cellphones give you cancer" ‘hatmake people worry abourthei Reale ‘Apt from Te Sendo Te D Unfortunately, once you have it, cyberchondria ccan be hard to cure. E Four hours later, I got a diagnosis. Do© Witha partner, look at che highlighted words and phrases and guess what they mean. Then match them with definitions I-11. 6 ‘More medical vocabulary 1 ‘adj something very serious that could kill you 2 ‘noun a small blister in the mouth that can be very painful, butis not serious 3 noun ways of curing illnesses that are not traditional medicine, e-g,,herbal medicine 4 (029 not feeling very well 5 ‘noun a serious illness in which malignant cells form in the body and kill normal body cells, 6 ‘noun an illness that is caused by bacteria or a 7 ‘noun the speed at which your heart beats 8 ‘noun the medical treatment ofan illness orinjury —b thatinvolvesan operation 9 ‘noun the number of times your heart beats ina 10 noun a group of cells that are growing in a place where they should not be u noun successfultreatments for illnesses that were thought to be impossible ro cure 4 1/40}) Listen and check ce. Read the article again carefully. Choose a,b, or. 1 The first thing the journalist did after leaving her GP was... 4 goandseea specialist b gototheER © find out what her condition was called 2 After realizing that she was a cyberchondriac, she. 1 stopped worrying, 'b worriedjust as much as before stopped visiting health-related websites, 3 One problem with health-related websites on the Internet is that... they make unusual illnesses seem more common than they really are b they often describe conditions that don’t realy exis they give moreinformation about rare illnesses than about, ‘common ones 4 Another problem with these websites is that. 4 they encourage people to go to the doctor more often, 'b they make people believe in miracle cures ¢ theinformation may not be right 7 LISTENING & SPEAKING 1) 41)) Listen to a radio interview with a doctor about cyberchondria. What's her {general opinion of patients using health websites? isten again. Then answer the questions with a partner. 1 What did a patient she saw recently thinkhe hhad? What did he really have? 2. What four things does she say that diagnosis depends on apart from symptoms? 3. Whatkind of website forums does she recommend? 4 Complete the three tips she gives to cyberchondriacs: i Only look online. ii Make sure thatthe website you are using is. jemember that common symptoms usually, With a partner, or in small groups, answer the questions. Ask for and give as much information as possible. 1 Which ofthe doctor's three tips do you think is the most important? 2. How often do you look up information about health and illness on the Internet? ‘What websites do you usually go to? How useful the information? 3 Doyou know anyone who you thinks a hyperchondriac or cyberchondriac? 4 Doyou think people in your country worry alotabout...? a their blood pressure b their cholesterol level © their eyesight Do they worry about anything else related to health? 1,42)) SONG Just Like a PillV clothes and fashion P vowel sounds 1 SPEAKING a Lookat some adjectives that are commonly used todescribe teenagers or elderly people. Witha partner, write them in the column where youthinktheybelong. Arethe majority of the adjectives positive or negative? ‘absentminded adventurous badtempered clumsy kind lazy moody narrow-minded self-centered stubborn unenthusiastic wilherable weak wise teenagers elderly people P older elder? ‘Old and elderty mean the same thing, but celderiyis only used for people andis more | polite b_Inpairs or small groups, discuss the questions. 1 Doyou think the adjectives in a truly describe most teenagers and elderly people or do you think these are stereotypes? 2. Inwhat way could these stereotypes be damaging? 3 Do you know people in these two age groups who a) conform to the stereotypes ») dont conform to the stereotypes? How? using adjectives as nouns, adjective order Wisdom doesn'tautomatically come with oldage. Nothing does - except wrinkies, 2 READING a Lookat the photos of Nick Sydney and Karoline Bell. What do you think has been done to them and why? b_ Read the first paragraph of the article once and check your answer. Look at the highlighted phrases related to the body. Witha partner, say what you think they mean. KAROLI experienced what it was like to be old.. Ittook five hours every morning to make Karoline and Wick ook like ‘elderly people nthele seventies. They were given synthellewrinkled skin, fale teth, and gray wigs. They also wore body sults tomake them lok fatter and contact lenses to make thelr eyes look older. The discomfort of ‘the makeup the heavy sults, and the contac lenses (which made their resight worse) gave them a smal arte of the physical probleme of old age. They were also coached to walkand speakiike people in thetrseventies. Then they had to |_ live each day, fora month, as an, > old person, with a video diary torecordthelr experiences and Iniddencamerasto record how ther people reacted to them. a7 € You are going to read about what happened during the program. Before you read talk to a partner. 1 In what way do you think people treated them differently because they appeared to beold people? 2 What do you think they learned about what ‘old age is really ike? 3 How do you think they felt after making the program? d_ Now read the rest of the article and check. erward, both of them described the invisibility” of being old Karoline was astonished to be ignored by some workmen, ‘who only hours before had been whistling ater + when she had been an attractive young woman. Nick SUG eh ool a oon ‘onwhat you look ike” On one occasion a bus driver treated him very rudely when he tried to pay his. fare with large bil. I was amazed. He wouldrt 1» have talked like that to my young self” Nick was nearly robbed when he was aking money out of ana, heres apointin the documentary when Karoline breaks down and cies. tcomes atthe end of 1» aday outwith her wo new senior ctizenfriends, ‘ety and Sy, who she met at acommunity center. Its partly because she feels gully that shes treking ‘hem, but mainly because she realizes hat they are individuals and not just members of what she had += previously thought of asthe elderly" “They were talking about ral things and felt unqualied. didithave hat life experience They had much. It made me realizehow ignorant was. twas a fl was seeing the young people inside them. Before would have jst seen the wrinkles” {the star ofthe documentary Karolinehad said that old people scared her, and that inspite of lovingher 86-yearold grandmother, wholives ina +» retirement home, she had found ithardtovsither. Boctiesedietoundmatinghe porte changing Ncksaid,"Td never thought about geting ld before” Karoline sai, “The whole experience of living as an old person helped me understand >» them fr better and also to understand mysele. One ofthe things that surprised memost washow | important relationships stil were to elderly people. | was shockedby the fac that older people could stil have their hears broken. After a while fl like 4 one of them. felt ina way that they were just young people nan old body trying to problems ofoldage.Timnotreadytobe73,butt'm ‘ot scared ike | wa € Read the article again and answer the questions with K (Karoline), 'N (Nick), or B (both of them). sical preparation for his | her role very ‘on how to move like an elderly person ised at not being noticed by people who had reacted to him her ed that people were less polite to older people shat plying the roleof an ler person made him her d people were very different from what he | lof old people r worried about what it would bellike tobe old dlove and friendship to be so important to £ Now lookatthe highlighted verb phrases and match them with their meaning. [be prepared (behave toward you Clexperienced J toses control ofhis /her feelings (sole a problem or doatask g How much contact do you usually have with elderly people? Do you think that they are treated well in your country? 3 GRAMMAR using adjectives as nouns, adjective order a Lookat the sentencesin 1 and 2 below and decide if you think they are right (/) or wrong (X). Compare with a partner and say why you think the ones with Xs are wrong. 1 a [-] Theoldhavea harder life than the young. ‘The old people have a harder life than the young people. Old people havea harder life than young people. 2.2 [] The man was ith ablond tall Canadian woman. ‘The man was witha tall Canadian blond woman. The man was with tall blond Canadian woman. b_ > p.135 Grammar Bank 28. Learn more about using adjectives as nouns and adjective order, and practice them. © Answer the questions in pait Why (nor)? ‘or small groups. Do you agree? + Paliticians should be at least 40 years old - younger people don't have enough experience for such a responsible job. “= Society doesr’t sufficiently value the wisdom that elderly people have. + Rich people are usually cheaper than poor people. + The government coud and should do more forthe unemployed ‘= Thehomeless shouid be allowed toliverentfeein empty apartment buildings and houses. imma El4 LISTENING a Lookar the photos. How old do you think these people € Listen again and take notes. Why do the journalists are? Do you like the way they are dressed? Why (not)? mention the following? b 4450) Listen to a radio program where two liza journalists are talking about “dressing your age.” Do + awarm sweater and slippers + menin their 20s who they agree that men and women should dress their age? Sualeathes rinks wear blazers and Complete their two fashion rules. + tees Rian oF SIS) + women who are 30* + menin thei 30s Liza Wear whatever you think and * very short shorts makes you eee ‘Adrian Dressfor__,notfor________.__@_ Who do you agree with most, Liza or Adrian? 5 VOCABULARY clothes and fashion ‘a Intwo minutes write down as many items of clothing or jewelry as you can that you can wear. + onyourhands and arms + around your neck + on your feet + on your head b> p.153 Vocabulary Bank Clothes and fashion. What are the opposites of these =) Complete the sentence you say if something, e.g., a sweater... Pree ee ker Take the quiz witha partner. pee ee ete) ee ene Rue Sue Lar} ete oa FO aid aaa eos eee Pie re a ene) eran) eres ae aia6 PRONUNCIATION 7 SPEAKING vowel sounds Talk in small groups. PP Vowel sounds 1 Arwharagedoyou thin Some Englsh vowel sounds are foity is OK for men or women to have...? sosrand aight be coyriaipipeee es ray or white hair vwerylon spin streaked distinguishing them. _aneartng in one ear piercing 4 (4)50)) Look at the pairs of sound pictures below. Purtwo words from the listin each column. Listen and check. ‘awful checked cotton dotted hooded jeans leather nen tong loose patterned sendals sleeveless slippers suit wool Be 8 e as a F Ithink pink streaked hair) (don't agree. think it looks boot | bull tre fish looks great at any age. ridiculous unless you're under 20. 2. Inwhat situations do you think itis nos OK to wear...? ripped denim jeans a baseball cap worn backward very short shorts large sunglasses _aminiskirt no 3 Do you agree or disagree with the following statements? Say why SST Ae ee eg cat | dock | sw Dee See EEE b> p.166 Sound Bank. Look at the typical furcou's should be banned spellings for these sounds. eee ey Practice saying these phrases. Cen eeu uci + aloose linen suit pink sik slippers 8 WRITING + apale gray suede jacket Imagine you were given two items of clothing for your birthday + agreen sleeveless T-shirt that you dont like. You have decided to sell them on eBay. Write a «+ a trendy denim vest detailed description, making them sound as attractive as possible. * blue suede shoes ‘Seta starting ps [For sale] Blue and white striped $12.99 Cotton skirt — never worn! Size six. = Would look great with white T-shirt one Perfect for the summer, = 7 b_ Now read some other students’ ads. Are there any things that you'd like to bid for? CIE, EEGRAMMAR ‘a Complete the sentences with one word. 1 What were you and Sarah talking, 2 Youdidn't like her latest novel, you? 3 My father loves opera and so____my mother. 4 A Ivebeentolndiatwice. B You____?T'dlovetogo. 5 What have you____ doing since last saw you? bore. T Gould you tell me what time _? a the busleaves b leavesthebus c doesthe bus eave 2. How many people ____ this computer? adouse b use c doesuse 3 You'renot eating much. likethe food? a Youdon't b Don'tyou ¢ Aren'tyou 4A. Whydidn'tyoucall me? B_[___, butyourphone was off adocall b didcalled c didcall 5 Theslower youwork, youl finish. a later b thelater_c thelaterthan three cups of coffee already this morning. ‘a Tvebeenhaving b Ivehad c Ihave 7 That was probably the worst movie__! aT'veeverseen b I'venever seen ¢ 've ever been seeing 8 Imet____ in my language class today. a aJapanese b the Japanese c a Japanese gitl 9 Some people think that__don't pay enough tax. a therich b therichpeople c rich 10 Igota__bag for my birthday. a beautiful leather Italian b Italian leather beautiful ¢ beautiful Italian leather VOCABULARY ‘a Complete the compound adjectives. 1 Mybossis verybad-__. Whenthingsgowronghe starts shouting at everyone. 2 T'mvery -back. Nothing really bothers me. 3 [think Paulis very tight-__ He never spends ‘money unless he absolutely has to. 4 Syliva won't have any problemsat the interview ~ she's very self. 5 That dress s very old-____Itooksike the kind of thing my grandma would wear. 1b Write words for the definitions. 1 bL___verb toloseblood, from a wound or injury 2 sw____adj_ bigger thannormal, especially because ‘ofan injury or infection 3 b____noun apiece of cloth used to tie around apart ofthe body that has been hurt 4 t___nown apainin one of your teeth 5 r___noun anarea of red spots caused by anillness orallergy (Gray the correct verb or verb phrase. T Thave feetalitle dizzy. need to sit down. 2. She burned sprained her ankle when shewas jogging. 3 twas so hot in the room that I nearly fainted | choked. 4 This skirt doesn't ft | suit me. I's too big. 5 Can goinjeans? Idon't eel like getting dressed | getting changed. the word that is different. T striped dotted plain —_patterned 2 silk cotton fur_——neat 3 collar sleeveless hooded long-sleeved 4 Lycra scarf vest «cardigan 5 fashionable scruffy stylish trendy e Complete with one word. 1 My mother had a very bad case of the flu last week, but she's beginning to get___ itnow. 2 Please lie____on the couch over there. 3 'm feeling sick. Ithink I'm going to_up. 4 Dowereally need to dress for the party tonight? 5 Please ___up your clothes inthe closet. PRONUNCIATION aC Gira the word with different sound. ds. ache choke change matches 2)yP unconscious rash fashion suede 3g injury striped silk blister +8 jas fetttieveiveet onion Sop cough fu suit ose 'b Underline the main stressed syllable. 2 big: headed 3 anti bio tics 5 fa shio na ble 1 in cee di bly 4 swim suitCAN YOUJNDERSTAND THIS TEXT? ‘a Read the article once. What do shamans do? 'b Read the article again and choose a, bo c. 1 According tothe article, shamans help people t.. a communicate with dead relatives b solve their health problems € enter parallel reality 2. Shamans heal people by. a curing their depression b helping chem to find something they have lost. dealing with their deep emotional problems 3. Hamam Sidhu and Shelly Khanna... b did not initially believe that shamanism could help them have both become more deeply interested in shamanism 4 According to Klinger-Paul, shamanism... requires time to work by only works if people believe init © may work only because of the placebo effect € Choose five words or phrases from the text. Check their meaning and pronunciation and try to learn them. (B{ CAN YOUJNDERSTAND THIS MOVIE? 41) 523) Watch or listen toa short movie on the History of Surgery and mark the sentences T (true) or F (false). 1 St. Thomas's hospital hada very early operating theater. 2 Imamodern operating theater there is amonitor to ‘measure a patient's brain activi 3 The room where the operating theater used to be is now a church. 4 The rooms where operations took place were called theaters because the publiccame to watch. ‘5 The theater was usually full for an operation. 6 Most operationsat St. Thomas's were done nich people. 7 Surgeons used primitive forms of anaesthetic. 8 9 Surgeons could cut off alimb very quickly. ‘When there was alot of blood during an operation, it was collected in a space under the floor. 10 {f patients died, their bodies were given back to their families. The rise of the shamans The sound of drumbeats reverberates in the small conference room as the shaman goes into a trance. ‘The others present, their eyes closed, focus on the rhythmic sounds of the drums. The shaman, in his trance, makes the journey to a parallel reality in search of solutions to the various problems the group has brought with it. For most people this may seem weird, but itis becoming 2 fairly common experience for others. People from many different professions ~ students, businessmen, housewives, leven former soldiers ~ are turning to shamanism, an ancient spiritual practice where the practitioner communes with “sprit ‘Quides” to gain access to information and healing. Cosima Kiinger-Paul, an Austrian who moved to India in 2000, land has started a school of shamanism, says that the interest inthe practice isnot surprising, “Shamanism has always bbeen there in every culture. isthe oldest healing method of mankind” How exactly does shamanism work? Shamans believe that all illnesses have a spiritual cause, which is reflected inthe physical body. Healing the spiritual cause heals the ;physical body. An important shamanic beliefs the concept of "soul loss.” Shamanic cultures around the world believe that whenever someone suffers an extreme physical or emotional ‘trauma, apiece of his soul “falls off” Soul loss manifests in mos people through feelings of emptiness and depression. Once the person gets the missing part of his soul back, shamans believe that the ost vitality and health also comes back. But sit really as simplistic as this?_ Those whohave Undergone shaman healing Sessions Seem to thinks. Haram Sidhu, 46-year-old marketing executive swearsby the practice. “ithelped reverse my disease he sys Sid was suffering from glaucoma - a degenerative condition that causes the los of optic nerves leading toblindness. Doctorshad told him twas amater of months before he went completely bind inthe bad eye Asa last resort he tied shamanism. After few sessions, when he went fora checkup, his doctor ol him that a miracle had happened ~his condition was starting toreverse Shell khanna, who took shamanic healing fora frozen shoulder condition, sys 0% of her pain vanished after the session “Iwentas a skeptic but was so amazed by the experience that | resolved tolarn shamanism myself” ‘Wasit really shamanism at work or simply the placebo effect? Believersstress that shamanic healing isan established tradition that has been tested time and again over centuries. "Shamanism isnota religion, but an adventure into one's own mind,” says Klinger-Paul. I takes time to become familiar and to deal withthe} spirit world. tend to say no to requests for quick healing Tiss ‘ota spiritual aspirin that you can take and be healed”V air travel P regular and irregular past forms, sentence rhythm 1 LISTENING & VOCABULARY air travel 222i) Listento some inflight announcements and match them passengers being given? \ Ae 3A The truth about air travel 1) Hidbrit have a fear of flying: Thave a fear of crashing b Listen again. What word or phrase do the flight attendants use to mean...? 1 small bags and suitcases 2 the storage area above your seat put on your seat belt phones, tablets, etc the doorswhere you can get out ofthe plane quickly ifthere isa problem 6 the thing you have to put on ifthe planeis going to land on water 7 toblow airinside something > p.154 Vocabulary Bank Air travel, 2 READING a Read the back cover of a book about ai ravel. Can you guess the answers to any of b_Nowread the extract from Air Babylor Whatare the answei according to the text? © Now read the extract again and mark the T (true) or F (false). Underline the part of the text that gave you the answer Most airline passengers believe that the life jacket could save their life 2 The passengers who inflated their life jackets too early didn’t survive. stoms officers ean see through the mirror in Customs. 4 Passengers are often caughtby customs officers because oftheir body language 5 Small birds ére more dangerous for planes than big birds. 6, Passengers get confused because what they can smell is not on the menu 7 ‘There aren't enough wheelchairs forall the people who need them. 8 One flight atendan sometimes makes sarcastic comments about passengers who dont really need awheelchaie 4 Did you find any of the information surprising? Which? Do you believe ita al?1 J\ fpostairline passengers think itis taughable nat a small yellow ie jacket with a whistle will make any ditference ifthe plane crashes into the water. However, in some cases, like when a + hijacked Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 767 landed = inthe Indian Ocean in 1996, it did. Despite. f instructions from the cabin crew not to pre- | | _ Inflate their ife jackets inside the plane, several | passengers did. They were unable to escape the ising water inside the plane. But others, who | followed the plot's instructions, survived. So. | | itis probably @ good idea to look up from your ‘magazine when the fight attendant is giving the safety demonstration. 1 % Chusoms ofc ae watching veer, They are watching you fom the moment youwalk off the plane, whileyou are standing in Baggage claim waiting for your bag, and { especialy when you come out the other side of 2 Customs, which is when people who are trying } ‘to smuggle something finally let their guard | own and get cought. The lage twoway miror | in Customs, (oehind which customs offers sit | and watch) spar of that process. As you walk | 2 past itmakes you Took taller and thinner. So you | feel good about yourself and you relaxand smile. | That's when a customs offce suddenly appears | and asks you to open your suitcase irds are one of the major problems for any x» Dairport when planes are taking off and landing, Any large bird can easily cause an | ‘accident. It fies into the engine, totally destroying itself and the machinery. Smaller birds are less ts of aproblem. In some cases they can do some | s damage, but usually they are just roasted. When | this happens, there is often such a strong smell of roasted bird that passengers on, ink that chicken is being coo ers, ‘Ladies and gentlemen! hracle, courtesy of the airline industry! ‘ter years in a wheelchair, he walks again!” The passenger is usually so embarrassed that he (and it's usually a “he") disappears as quickly as he can, From i Babylon by agen Eawardsdones 3 MINIGRAMMAR so / such..that " @ Look at these two sentences from the Air Babylon extract. |The passengers usualy solembarrassed that he disappears as quickly as he ar "When this happens, there is of roasted bird | that passengers on the plane think that chicken is being cooked. | We often use s0/ such.that to express a consequence. Use so + adjective The fight was s0 bumpy that) we allflt sick. + Use so+ adverb |” The tax driver crove so quickly (that) we ga to the airport on tim. | Use so much / so many+ noun "There was somuch traffic that we almost missed our fight: Use such + adjective + single countable noun fe was such agreat hotel (that) we want to goback there next yea. Use such + adjective + uncountable noun We hadsuch ternble weather that we didn't really enjoy our vacation, + Use such + adjective + plural noun ‘They were such uncomfortable seats (that) couldn't sleep a all | b_ Complete the sentences with so, s0 much | many, such, or such a. “1 The flight was ong that I got really bored. 2 Thad _noisy childsitting next tome that Icouldnt sleep atall. “My suitcase was hheavy that had to pay an excess baggage fe. slept. badly on the flight from New York that the jet lag was worse than usual. -'S Wewere served terrible food thar I couldn't eat a thing, 6 Therewere__people at check-in that we had tostand in Tine forever. | 7 Wehad luggage that we had to get another cart. "8 The people we met on vacation were nice people that we ic ees en 7 4 SPEAKING In pairs, ask and answer the questions. 1 How do you feel about flying? 2. How often do you fly? What for? 3 When was the last flight you took? Where did you fly to? 4 Have you ever. * been very delayed at an airport? How long for? + missed flight? Why? been stopped in Customs? Were you carrying anything that you shouldn't have? hhad very bad turbulence on a flight? How did you feel? ‘Was anyone on the light injured? taken a long-haul flight? Did you get et lag? flown or been upgraded to business class? What wasit like? *+ beenona flight where there was an emergency? What happened? * sat next toa screaming baby on alight (ora child that kept Heng you eae ee nm ELIE (5 LISTENING a You are going to listen to an airline pilot and an air trafficcontroller talking on a radio program. Before you listen, discuss questions 1-8 with a partner and imagine what the answers willbe. 1 What weather conditions are the most dangerous when you are flying a plane? 2 Isturbulence really dangerous? 3 Which is more dangerous, taking off or landing? 4 Are some airports more dangerous than others? 5 What personal qualities does an air traffic controller need? 6 Isthe job really very stressful? 7 Why is itimportant for air traffic controllers and pilots to speak English well? 8 Are there more men than women working as pilots and air traffic controllers? 'b (2:7) Listen to the program. How many of the questions did you answer correctly? € Listen again for more detail and take notes for each of the questions 4d. Which job would you prefer, to workas a pilot or as an air traffic controller? Why? 6 GRAMMAR narrative tenses, past perfect continuous a Read anewspaper story about an incident that happened during a flight. What exactly happened? Last updated at 0312 Nightmare over the Atlantic! ‘At 11:35 on January 13, 2012, British Airways flight BA 0206 400k off / was taking off trom Miami to London. It had been flying for about three hours, and was over the Atlantic, when suddenly a voice “came out / had come out of the loudspeakers: “This is an emergency announcement. We may shortly have to make an emergency landing on water.” Immediately panic *broke out / was breaking out. One passenger ‘on the fight said, “My wife and | looked at each other and we feared the worst. We imagined that we were about to crash into the Allantc, It was awful. Everybody “screamed / was screaming.” But about 30 seconds later, the cabin crew started to run up and down the aisle saying that the message *had been played / was being played by accident, and that everything was OK. By this time 4 lotof the passengers were in tears, and ®tried / were trying to get their life jackets out from under their seats. ‘Another passenger said, “The captain didn't even say anything about it until ust before we started to land and even then he didn't explain what “happened / had happened. It was very traumatic. Everybody was terrified. | can't think of anything worse than being told your plane’s about to crash. It ®was / had been the worst experience of my life” Later a British Airways spokesman Ssaid / had said, ‘A pre- recorded emergency announcement was activated by error on ‘our fight from Miami to Heathrow. We would like to apologize to passengers on this flight” ‘Adapter the Day Teles 'b Read the story again and(Girel9 the correct form of the verbs 1-9, € Now look at wo sentences about the story. What do you think is the difference between the two highlighted verbs? ‘The pilot was very experienced and had flown this route many times before When the announcement was made, the plane had been flying for about three hours. 4 > p.136 Grammar Bank 3A. Learn more about narrative tenses and the past perfect continuous, and practice them. € Inpairs or groups, try to complete the two sentences in four different ways using the four narrative tenses. 1 The police stopped the driver because he. 2 Icouldn’t sleep last night because.7 PRONUNCIATION irregular past forms, sentence rhythm ‘a Writethe simple past ofthe following verbs in the chart according to the pronunciation of the vowel sound. ‘become catch cut dive fall fly hear hide fight hold hurt keep leave lie read ride say sleep fe i cal became b Lookatthe verbs ina ag participle that is different fr ‘Write these past participle Which ones have a past the simple past form? in the chart. 2/101) Listen and check. Then listen and repeat. _ (2)21)) Listen ton extract from a narrative. Notice which are the stressed and unstressed words. Wewereon flight toLe6n, and we'dbeen flying for about five hours. was reading and my wife “was watching a movie wen suddenly we heard ‘avery loud noise. sounded asif an engine had exploded. te pilot didn't tell us what had happened unti half an hour later. fe. Practice reading the extract with the right rhythm. 8 SPEAKING a> Communication Flight stories A p.105 8 p.110. Reada newspaper story. Then imagine you were a passenger on the plane, and ell your partner the story. b Youare going to tell an anecdote. The story can either be true or invented. Ifits invented, try to tell tin such aconvincing way that your partner thinks i's true. Choose ong of the topics below and plan what you're going to say. Use the language inthe Telling an, ‘anecdote box to help you, and ask your teacher for any other words you need. Talk about a time when you. had a frightening experience when you were traveling or on| zs i Z To A ea ell got sick or had an acident while traveling ——f > arrived home from a trip and had a surprise DD Toling on anecdote Setting the scene This happened tome when! was.. Iwas.cing when... Lubecause had /hadn.. Idecided to.because.._Sothen|.. | Suddenly /At that moment... ‘What happened in the end Intheend/Eventually.. I felt.. © Inpairs, A tell B your story. B show interest and ask for more details. Then decide whether you think the story is true or not. Then change roles. This happened to me a few years ago when \, | was on vacation in Florida. was swimming in the ocean one day when lament 7 —_ Realy? How big wasit? 9 212)) SONG The Airplane Song. Es aIncredibly short stories G the position of adverbs and adverbial phrases V adverbs and adverbial phrases P word stress and intonation lf ypu want ahappy ending that depends, Of course, on where you stop your story, 1 GRAMMAR the position of adverbs and adverbial phrases a. Read the four fifty-word stories, The story of my life Generation gap In the cards Jing the glossary to help you. Match each one to its title. Good intentions fittywordstories.com Fiftywordstories.com oN ‘She recognized the writing on the envelope immediately. The fortune-teller had warned her that shelhad no future with him, yet here he was = five lonely years after theirlast meeting, begging her to jin himin New York She felt unbeevably happy as she stepped on board the Titanic My house looks as it’s been hit by a bomb. Since m terrible at organizing, bought anew book, Key Organizing Your Life fl s0 proud. | started cleaning the bookcase Five minutes late, {couldnt believe my eyes bought the same book tas year. ‘a website to which people from all over the world cont He was woried. Unfortunately since hs wifes death his teenage daughter had become extremely difficult. They had agreed 200 aim. as the latest retum time from clubs. Now itwas3:30. He prepared himself for confrontation as the door opened, “Dad” she shouted angrily. “ive been frantic. Youte late again” Stage one: Fee fat. Goon: fabulous. Buy new clothes. Stage two: Eat normally but controling intake, Look fabulous. New clothes slightly tight. Stage three: Eat and drinknormally (potatoes, bread, pasta, AND smoothies).New clothes dont fit. Old clothes thrown away. Back to stage one. Lose weight. Fee! te fifty-word stories in English. Glossary A beg verb ask somebody very srongy or anxiously tomethlng c Frante ajvery worried ° Fabulous aj wondefal intake nom he smount of food and dink hay ae ter your body ‘mnodthe soma drnk ide of far face tse with wlcorieb Look atthe highlighted adverbs or adverbial phrasesin the stories. Think about what they mean and notice their position inthe sentence. Write them in the correct place in the chart. ‘Types of adverbs Time (when things happen, e.g, shorty) ‘Manner (how you do something, e Degree (descriting / modifying an adjective, eg. very) Comment (giving an opinion, eg, luckily) © With a partner, decide where the bold adverbs should go in these sentences. 1 He speaks Chinese and Spanish. fluently 2 Luse public transportation. hardly ever 3 Ithought!'d lost my phone, but it was in my bag. fortunately 4 Ie’simportantthatyou arrive on time. extremely 5. Assoon as know, 'll tell you. right away _ > p.137 Grammar Bank 38. Learn more about adverbs and adverbial phrases, and practice them. € (2/149) Listen to some sound effects and short dialogues. Then use the bold adverb to ‘complete the sentence. 1 Whenshe got tothe bus stop, thebus. just 2 They werehavinga party when. suddenly 3 He thought he lost his boarding pass, but... luckily 4 The woman thought Andrea and Tom were ends, butin fact... hardly 5 The driver couldn’ see where he was going because... hard 6 Juan couldn't understand the man because... incredibly VOCABULARY adverbs and adverbial phrases Read another fifty-word story. Who is it about? Exam nerves twas nearly 4 a.m. and she could hardly keep her eyes open. She had been wor ince lunchtime, but the exam was near. ‘Wiould she be able to finish on time? Atri the next morning she was in the classroom. "OK: she said “You can startnow Look atthe highlighted adverbs. Whats the difference between...? a hardand hardly near and nearly > p.1S5 Vocabulary Bank Adverbs and adverbial phrases. PRONUNCIATION word stress and intonation 2/271) Undertine the stressed syllables in these adverbs. Listen and check. acitulally allmost alpparlentily balsically definitelly elven elvenitually fortuinatelly graldually ideally infereldibly lwickly oblviouslly _unifortuinatelly 2.181) Listen and repeat the sentences, copying the stress and intonation of the adverbs. ‘There was alot of traffic, and unfortunately wearrived extremely late. We definitely want to go abroad this summer, ideally somewhere het. le'sincredibly easy ~ even a child could do it Mark gradually began to realize that Lily didn'tlove him anymore. | thought Roberto was Portuguese, but actually he's Brazilian Apparently Jack has been offered a promotion at work, butt will mean moving to New York. 7 absolutely love Italian food, especially pasta. WRITING You are going to write fifty-word story. It must be 50 words exactly (not including the title) and you must include atleast two adverbs. Contracted forms (eg, 'd) count as one word. First, in pairs, choose two of the titles below. Asummer romance _A day to forget The lie Never again Brainstorm ideas for the two plots and each write a first draft without worrying about the number of words. Exchange your drafts. Then edit the stories, making sure they are exactly 50 words. Read two other pairs’ stories. Which do you like best? > p.l14 Writing A short story. Write a 120-180 word short story Online Practice Jy 38 |5 SPEAKING a Askand answer the questions in the Reading habits question naire with a partner, b How similar are your reading habits? free papers academic journals national newspapers local papers sports papers novels nonfiction, eg, self-help books classics short stories textbooks manuals, web pages academic or work-related websites blogs news websites chat forums song lyrics + Which of the above do you read? How often? + Do you ever read any of them in English? + Do you read anything specifically 1o improve your English? + Do you prefer reading on paper or on screen? + Do you read more or less than you used to (or about the same)? yes + What was theast book you read? + Why did you choose to read it? + What are you reading rightnow? + Do you have a favorite author or authors? + What's the best book you've read recently? NO + Would you read more ifyou had more time? + Did you use ro read more when you were ‘younger? When did you stop? Did you have a favorite children's book? + What do you do to pass the time when you are teaveling? Doyouever..? + listen toa Songand read the lyrics at the + watch movies or TV in English with English subsiles + read books and listen to them on audio at thesametime,e.g,, Graded Readers READING & LISTENING 2)191) Read and listen to Part 1 ofa short story. Answer the questions with a partner. 1 How did Dela save the one dollarand eighty-seven cents? 2. What details about che apartment tellus how poor Della and her husband are? 3. Why doyou think he author uses gray three times inthe third paragraph? 4. Does Della have enough ro buy her husband the special gift? 5. Guess the meaning of the highlighted phrases. The Gift of the Magi BY 0. HENRY PART 1 (pri selandcien seen cess Thar wal And iy cn oft was in pennies. Pennies saved one and two at time by bargaining with the grocer and the vegetable man and the butcher until her cheeks burned with embarrassment. Three times Della counted it. One dollar and eighty-seven. And the next day would be Cheistmas. “There was clearly nothing to do but sit onthe shabby litle couch and ery So Della didi. Della live with her husband ina furnished apartment at $8 2 week. Ar the front door, there was an empty mail box and a doorbell that no longer worked, and under the broken doorbell, there was a card with the name “Me. James Dillingham Young.” But ‘whenever Me. James illingham came home and reached his apartment. he was called “Jim” and greatly loved by Mrs. James Dillingham, aleady introduced to you as Della. Which is all very good. Della stopped crying and fixed her makeup. She stood by the window and looked out at a gray cat walking a gray fence in a gray backyard Tomorrow would be Christmas Day, and she had only $1.87 to buy Jim a present. She had been saving every penny she could for months, with this resuk. Twenty dollars a week doesn't go far. Expenses had been more than she calculated. They always are. Only $1.87 to buy a present fr Jin Her Jim. She had spent many happy hours planning something nice for him. Something ine and are. Something Jim deserved ‘Glossary pennies /penia/ noun usedso fmphatizesrnall amount of money irocer Farousar/ noun a person who Storksin sore elling food ‘shabby (fbi adj in poor condition because they have been used aloe'b (@20)) Look atthe glossary and make sure youknow how the words are pronounced and what they mean, Now listen to Part 2. ‘Then answer the questions with a partner. Glossary {garment /yormont/ apiece of clothing fear ‘i adrop ofliquidthat comes out of your eye ‘when you cry hesitate ict verb wo be slow w speak or act because you feeluncerain sparkle /2porkV noun a erie of flashes of ight Dont pot verb tobreathe quickly with short breathe fur sthinside out toturnhinnersurfaeof th ‘ourward 1 Whatare jim and Della's prized possessions? 2. What idea comes to Della’s mind as she looks at herself in the mirror? 3 How does Della feel just before she puts on her jacket and hat, and when she is leaving. theapartment? Why? 4 How much does Mme, Sofronie offer Della forher hair? $ What does Della spendit on? 6 Why does she think it's so right for Jim? Glossary ceurlingiton (korg ‘ror noun too that is heated {nd used for curling hair horus git koro oor noun agi or young woman, ‘whos smemberof the chorusinamstea show ‘hops /ijeps/ nouna thicksic of meat with a bone Srachedtoie Glo © @21)) Read andlisten to Part 3. Answer the questions with apartner. hen Della reached home she got out her curling irons and ‘went to work repairing the damage to her hair. Within forty ‘minutes her head was covered with curls that made her look ‘wonderfully ike a naughty schoolboy. She looked at her reflection in the mirror long, carefully and critically “If Jim doesn’ kill me,” she said to herself, “before he takes a second look at me, he'll say [look like a chorus gil. But what could I do oh! What could I do with a dollar and eighty-seven cents?” ‘Atseven o'dlock the coffee was made and the frying pan was on the back of the stove, hot and ready to cook the chops. Jim was never late. “Please, God, make him think Iam still pretty.” Della whispered. ‘The door opened and Jim stepped in. He stopped inside the door. His eyes were fixed on Della, and there was an expression, in them that she could not read, and it terrified her. It was not Anger, nor surprise, nor disapproval, nor horror, nor any of the sentiments that she had been prepared for. He simply stared at her with a peculiar expression om his face. “Jim, darling,” she cried, “don’t look at me that way. Ihad sy hair cutoff and sold it because I couldn’t have lived through Christmas without giving you a present. I'll grow again - you ‘won't mind, will you? I just had to do it. My hair grows awfully fast. Say ‘Merry Christmas!” Jim, and le’s be happy. You don’t know what a nice — what a beautiful, nice gift I've got for you.” “You've cut off your hair?” asked Jim, as if he could not ‘understand the fact. ““Cutit off and soldi,” said Della. “Don’t you like me just as ‘well, anyhow? I'm me without my hai, aren't?” ‘Jim looked about the room curiously. *You say your hair is gone?” he said, with an air almost of idiocy. 1 Why does Della curt her hair? 2. Whatis she worried about? 3. How does Jim react when he first sees Della? 4 How does Della try to convince jimnot to worry abouther shorthair? 5 What do you think is going to happen next? (222) Look atthe glossary and make sure youknow how the words are pronounced and what they mean. Then listen to the end ofthe story. What happens? Whatis the irony about the two presents? Do you like the way the story ends? sary Tourn! noun afla piece of plasticor meta with arow ofthin your th along one side, used for making shale neat {ong for sth to want something badly dant vy Pde adj very good223 -Colloquial Engl 1 @4 THE INTERVIEW Part 1 ‘a. Read the biographical information about Marion Pomeranc. In what way are the two parts ofher career connected? Marion Pomerancis the manager of literary programs at ‘a non-profit organization in New York City called Learning Leaders. The programs involve encouraging children toread by providing books forchildren who don't have much access tothem, and getting adults to come in and read to them, and ‘See what your score means, Do you agree with it? Day*,a day that invites people to think about their eco-sins. | ‘turned on the shower, intending to get in right away even though the water takes a while to warm up. But then I decided to brush my teeth, and suddenly the water had been running for over two minutes. By the time | got in, Iwas drowning in eco-guilt! | had wasted water... | ‘committed a crime last Tuesday, which just happened to be Earth SS SS en Should you feel eco-guilty, RUNNING WATER too? Take the test. Gi Iinever leave the water running aS when Ibrush my teeth, nor befOre Ete ++ getting into the shower. 6 (+2) O thave a reusable shopping bag C. Imallergic to cold water, so! have made of recyclable materials that! toler sho shower run fora while always use when 'm shopping. before | get in 00 (2 BGOG (+4 eco-points) erent: C Lown several reusable shopping bags, but | often forget to bring them with me. 8G (3 eco-points) always ask fr plastic bags because they/re convenient. They can be recycled, can't they? 8000(4) WASHING TOWELS CT Tash my towels immediately after Luse them. 206.00 (5) Gi tse a towel for several days before I putt in the washing machine. Se) L) That reminds me, | need to wash iy towels! GG (+3) i thate showers. I need a hot bath every day torelax. 20.0 (3) BUYING FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 1 (never buy fruit and vegetables at supermarkets. | buy organic fruit and vegetables in markets or at farm stands. O36 (+3) CO Ibuy some fruit and vegetables in ‘a market, but the supermarket is ‘more convenient. G& (2) Ci [shop at the cheapest places - who cares about eco-guilt, | feel guitier if | spend too much money on food! BOGG0 (5) | ‘earth Day an annual day (April22) onwhicheventeare held worldwide to Increaseawarenessand appreciation ofthe 7 Vehrow everything in the same can 660000(5 C. I sometimes recycle glass bottles, ‘especially after a party! But that's probably al. GOGO (4) C1 Irecycle all my newspapers, bottles, and plastic containers. GOGO (+5) GETTING AROUND 1 Iwalk, use public transportation, or ride a bike because cars pollute the planet. 8000615) C1 Iwalk, use public transportation, or ride a bike because | can't afford to buy a car ou Vroom vroom here | come! 6666015) So how guilty should you feet? Below 0: You should feel very guilty. (0-12 points: You should feel alittle guilty. ‘Above 10: You are to0 good to be truel ‘Adapted fom thehicago Temes2 GRAMMAR future perfect and future continuous = ¢ sa cht a a chet predictions. Which ones refer to...? a. Read some predictions that have been made about the next 20 joan. Whitvonesdavyou think? aan action or situation that will be finished in the future 1 arealready happening b anaction or situation that will be in 2 arelikely tohappen progressin the future Sipsctebiy cont Earre d_ > p.138 Grammar Bank 4A. Learn more about the future perfect and the continuous, and practice them. Ho 20 years... (or will we?) € Talk toa partner and say if you think the following predictions will happen. Explain At home ‘why (not). Most people will have installed solar panels or wind turbines on their houses or apartment buildings to generate their electricity. IN TWENTY YEARS... People will be recycling almost 100% of their waste (and those '+ Most people in office jobs will be working from who don't will have to pay a fine} home Tratiporeation + Atprivate winning poolsand gl couses Cars that use a lot of gas (e.g., SUVs) will have been banned and ay a ene eee ‘+ Most people willbe using pubic transportation orbikes to get to work. Low-cost airines will have disappeared and flights will be much + People willbe taking more vacations in their ao Spee ‘own country and fewer abroad. The environment + People willbe retiring at 70 or evenlater Paper books will no longer be produced to save trees from being + The teaching of handwriting will have cut down, and all books will be electronic. isappeared from the school curiculum because students will only be writing on Fresh water willbe running out in many parts of the world and ‘ erator bettie oo tablets or laptops. we willbe getting much of our water from the ocean (through desalination plants). The weather Temperatures worldwide will have risen even further. Many ski resorts will have closed because of a lack of winter snow and some beaches and vacation resorts will have disappeared completely. PP definitely, probably, and tkely unlikely We often use definitely, probably, and likely / unlikely when talking about the futur ‘especially when we are making predictions Ithink itt definitely happen / \We willbe having even more extreme weather, and heat waves, it defintely wont happen hurricanes, floods, etc, willbe frequent occurrences. ‘etprobably happen it probably wor't happen af its (ven) tke Z bb Readthe predictions again, Which two would you most and least i6s (er) unthty toReppen) like to come true?3 READING & VOCABULARY the weather Look atthe cartoon. What does it say about ‘American weather? Woulditbe true about your country? eatly cs ae] wt b Read the article once. Where do the Santa ‘Ana winds blow? What affect do the Santa ‘Ana winds have on people? Read the article againand mark the sentences T (crue) or F (false). Underline the sentence or partof the article that gives you the answer. 1 Professor Palinkas is sure that the amount ‘of time spent in cold temperatures has the biggest effect on a person's mood. 2 People's hormones are easily affected by the weather. 3 1n2008, anumber of Canadians who committed crimes blamed them on the huge amount of snow that fll. 4 Thenumber of serious crimes decreases during a period of extreme heat. Some experts predict that global warming will increase the number of serious crimes ‘committed inthe US. 6 Spring weather can negatively affect a person's creativity _ Look at the highlighted phrases related to the weather. With a partner, say what you think they mean, € > p.156 Vocabulary Bank Weather. £ Does weather affect people's moods in your country? How? [ Glossary ‘ive someone nuts co make someone very angry orcraz ‘lecttal charge aunt of mater that expresses the artount ‘of electricity hed by an abject positive / negative ion an atom oragroup of atoms thathas Stelecric charge hot ir statements tha sound impressive buthave no real meaning or uth ‘Susceptible very likely tobe influenced, harmed, oralfeced by someone or eomething ful (of snow) the amounc that ashovelcan hold Cognition she proces Snlcrandinglegeroped nthe mind ag ‘ake tempers boil to cause people o become angry ‘which knowledge and Can the Weather Drive You Crazy? “There was a desert wind blowing.. it was one of those hot dry Santa ‘Anas that come down through the mountain passes and curl your hair ‘and make your nerves jump and your skin itch. On nights like that every pparty ends ina fight.” Raymond Chandler’s 1938 short story "Red Wind” captures the infamous “devil winds” of Los Angeles that at times ‘seem to drive people alittle nuts. But if you think that’s just alot of hot air, think again. “Human responses to the Santa Anas have been shown to be generally unfavorable ~ for example, people tend to become irritable," says Dennis Driscoll, a professor at Texas A&M University. “We don't know why. It may have something to do with the electrical charges and an increase in positive ions. At leas, that's the theory.” ‘What else can the weather do to your mood? Here's a forecast: Cold Snap: Lawrence Palinkas, professor at the University of Southern California, has studied the impact of extremely cold ‘temperatures on Antarctic researchers. “We've noticed an increase in anger and irritability after prolonged exposure,” he says, although he believes isolation and confinement play a part. “In addition, thyroid hormones are particularly susceptible to changes in temperature. People sometimes exhibit symptoms of depression, short-term ‘memory loss, and anxiety.” ‘And last year, some Canadian newspapers starced using the term snow “rage. “At the end of March 2008, we'd had over 6 feet of snow.” says Catherine Viel, with the Québec City Police. “During that month, we had several incidents — 911 cals, a guy punching a neighbor over a few shovelfuls of snow, a man who threatened his neighbor because someone had blown snow onto his lawn.” Hot-headed: Heat waves really can make tempers bol. Infact, from 1950 to 1995, rates of serious assaults were higher during hotter years, according to research inthe Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in 1997, The authors suggest that uncomfortably high temperatures increase annoyance-provoked crimes, in which the primary goals to hure someone. (Crimes like burglary, where the incentive ls money did not increase) They predicted atleast 115,000 addtional serious and fatal assaults a year in the United States due to global warming Spring Fever: "We studied about 600 people and found that in springtime, sunny days and warm weather seem to boost mood and hhave a broadening effect on cognition, basicaly opening the mind to new ideas,” says Matthew Kelle, assistant professor at the University of Colorado 3t Boulder. “You just have to get outside” ee 2