Sand drains

 Sand drains having diameter 180 to 450mm

 In this steel pipe is inserted in to ground and later withdrawn as sand is poured from
top to fill the hole.
 Looses the soil by applying water jetting at bottom and soil will flow along with water
upwards around the jetting rod.
 The sand should not be fines and coarse sand. It should be uniform graded sand
 Uses:
Accelerating rate of consolidation, reduction in lateral transmission of excess pore
water Pressure

Impact Roller
Provides deeper (2-3m) compaction. e.g., airfield
Dynamic compaction:
 Suitable unsaturated or highly permeable saturated granular soil
 Technique involves repeatedly dropping a large weight (either steel or RCC blocks)
from a crane and at each point of 5 to 10 blows
 Depth of crator at each location is 1to3m meters
 Weight up to 5.4 to 27.2 tonnes
 Drop height (free fall) typically varies from 10 m to 40 m
Advantages of well point system
• Installation is very rapid
• Requires reasonably simple and less costly equipment
• Water is filtered and carries little or no soil particles.
• There is less danger of subsidence of the surrounding ground than with open-sump
pumping
Limitations of well point system
• A lowering of about 6 m (20 ft) below pump level is generally possible beyond which
excessive air shall be drawn into the system through the joints in the pipes, valves,
etc., resulting in the loss of pumping efficiency.
• If the ground is consisting mainly of large gravel, stiff clay or soil containing cobbles
or boulders it is not possible to install well points.

Deep wells
It consist of one or more individual wells, each of which has its own submersible pump at the
bottom of the well shaft.
Suitable : large volumes of water in highly permeable sand and gravel areas permitting rapid
recharging of ground water from surrounding areas exist.
The discharge pipe supports the pump to which it is attached.
Electrical wiring for the pump motor runs between the discharge pipe and the casing.
Benefits of grouting:
o To reduce water seepage
o Strengthening a formation
o To reduce porosity
o To stabilize sub grade soil
o To improve performance of slope stability
o To improve bearing capacity
o Ground water control during construction
o To create subsurface groundwater barriers
 Tests conducted for geogrids:
 Aperture opening & percent open area
 Thickness of rib and junction
 Number of ribs per meter length
 Mass per unit area
 Tensile strength
 Interface frictional strength Shear Pullout
 Connection strength between facing blocks and geogrids