1) a) Installation Procedure of sand compaction piles

1) Initially casing pipe and vibro-motor placed at required

2) Drive the casing pipe with the help of vibromotor up to desired depth
3) Pour the sand through hopper up to some depth
4) While lifting, introduce the sand upto some depth through hopper
5) Compact the sand while the casing pipe driven down with the help of vibro-motor
6) Pour the sand in lift wise up to ground level
7) Compact the sand in each lift up to reach ground level

1) b)

1) c) Piezometer

2) a) Procedure
 Apply the water and air jets with high pressure and remove the soil up to deeper depth
 When withdraw equipment, introduce granular material and compacted using vibroflot.

Requirements :
 soil structure stable when undrained shear strength of clay between 20 to 50 kN/m2.
 No casing is done
 Jets are water and air
 (OR)

2) b) Advantages of PVD or Geo-drains over a sand drains

 Less disturbance to the substrata or minimize smear effect
 Up to a 60m possible of installation
 Possible of monitoring process
 High speed of installation rate 1000m/hr or fasrt process
 Close spacing is possible
 Better quality control
 Proven performance
 Continuity flow
 Cost effective, time, cheap
 Easily Transported and easily installed

2) C) Dynamic compaction

3) a)
 (OR)

3) C) Sand

4) a) Dewatering:
Remove the water from soil or Remove the water causing problems in various constructional
works

Purposes for dewatering

During construction stage

• Provide a dry excavation and permit construction to proceed efficiently
• Reduce lateral loads on sheeting and bracing in excavations
• Stabilize “quick” bottom conditions and prevent heaving and piping
• Improve supporting characteristics of foundation materials
• Increase stability of excavation slopes and side-hill fills
• Cut off capillary rise and prevent piping and frost heaving in pavements
• Reduce air pressure in tunnelling operations
 Post construction stage
• Reduce or eliminate uplift pressures on bottom slabs and permit economics from the
reduction of slab thicknesses from basements, buried structures, canal linings, spillways, dry
dock., etc.,
• Provide for dry basements
• Reduce lateral pressures on retaining structures
• Control embankment seepage in all dams
• Control seepage and pore pressures beneath pavements, side-hill fills, and cut slopes.
 7) a)

Systems of jet grouting

b) Post grouting test:

 Anchors in post grouting is improve the load carrying capacity in cohesive soils due to skin
friction in anchor grout body with the soil
 Anchor grout body used to support the vertical deep excavation.
Procedure
1) Drill a hole in soil and place a fabricated anchor in that.
2) Do the cement grout and cure it for one to two weeks
3) Do the pre-stressing and it develop the shrinkage cracks in the grout during drying. It will
reduce resistance
4) In post-grouting process, create the higher grouting pressure and next grout is develop
more strength due to more pressure on the soil and fill out cracks in the grout
5) In test results shows the, post-grouted anchors have a much higher resistance than the
anchors installed using conventional techniques.
 8) a) Grout Characteristics

• Groutability
• Stability
• Setting time
• Permanence
• Toxicity
Groutability
• To obtain satisfactory performance of a grout, its grain size distribution should be known
because it shall show the relationship between the suspended particles and the void
dimensions.
• Pumping pressure should not be large enough for particles of soil to be disturbed.
• Grouting pressure is limited to 20 kN/m2
• Quality of a grout must be sufficiently fluid to enter the soil quickly
• The movement should not be too fast
• Rate of injection of a grout depends on
• Viscosity of the grout
• Permeability of soil
• Shear strength of soil
Desirable properties of grout
 Suitable viscosity
• High Viscosity for Coarse and Moderately Permeable soils
• Low Viscosity for Fine grained soils of low permeability
 Correct setting time
 Maximum Volume with minimum weight
 Strength
 Stability
 Durability
Groutability Ratio
GR = D15 (Formation)
D85 (Grout )
D15 = Particle size at which 15% of the soil is finer
D85 = Particle size at which 85% of the grout is finer

 Stability
Capacity of grout to remain in a fluid state and not segregate into
separate components
 Setting Time
• Time required for the grout to set into cemented mass or gel
• Early setting causes difficulty in the grout reaching is destination
• Late setting causes the grout being washed away if seepage is occurring through soil

8) b) Circuit Grouting
 Based on the principle of grouting from the top downwards.
 A drill hole is bored to the depth of the bottom zone and grout is pumped down the grout
pile and returned up the drill hole.
9) a) Grab Tensile test
 Construction survivability test
 Especially for separator applications in pavements
 25 mm wide narrow grips used to perform the test
 Test result is force in Newton and rupture strain
 Loading at 300 mm per minute
10) a) Trapezoidal tear strebgth: