ZEP Technology Matrix

Zero Emission Platform
CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) – Matrix of Technologies
« Technology Blocks »
15 October 2008 FINAL (V9)
Agenda
• Overview of CO2 value chain
• CO2 capture technologies
• Efficiency improvement
• Transport & Storage
• Conclusion
• Appendix
2
CO2 capture, transport and storage
value chain
Transport Storage
Power plant
infrastructure infrastructure
Power
CO2 CO2
production &
Purification Compression
CO2 capture • Onshore • Enhanced
pipeline Oil/Gas
Recovery
• Offshore
• Several • CO2 stream pipeline • Depleted
technologies cleaning oil/gas fields
• Ships
– Pre-combustion • Deep saline
– Post-combustion • Rail/road aquifers
– Oxyfuel tankers
3
CO2 capture technology principles
CO2 capture CO2 capture Combustion

Power plant definition
technologies principle principle
High concentration
O2 combustion of Oxy-firing plant
Oxyfiring Coal CO2 stream
coal/gas (Boiler-based)
production
Pulverised Coal (PC) or

Coal
Post- Exhaust gas CO2 Air combustion of Circulating Fluidised Bed (CFB)
combustion scrubbing coal/gas Natural Gas Combined Cycle
Gas
(NGCC)
Integrated Gasification
Coal
Inlet gas CO2 Air combustion of Combined Cycle (IGCC)
Pre-combustion
cleaning H2 Integrated Reforming Combined
Gas
Cycle (IRCC)
Note: Coal includes all types of coal and biomass co-firing

Other technologies are not assessed due to low technical maturity or limited market potential (see appendix for details)
4
value chains
Power production & CO2 capture Downstream
Land/sea EOR/EGR
Oxy- O2 Oxy-firing
Purification Compression pipeline Depleted fields
fuel separation plant
Ship Saline aquifers
Land/sea EOR/EGR
Post-combustion PC / CFB / CO2
NGCC Capture
Ship Saline aquifers
Pre- Land/sea EOR/EGR

O2 CO2 IGCC /
combu separation Capture IRCC
stion Ship Saline aquifers
Power
generation
5
Agenda
• Conclusion
• Appendix
6
Overview of CO2 value chain
Validation status definition
Validation status Principle
Not tested / Less advanced than pilot

Not validated
scale
Partially validated Ready for large demo project
Fully validated Commercially available
7
Oxyfuel technology blocks (boiler-
based) – current validation status
nt s
u rre s ta tu CO2 compression
C gy CO2 purification
lo
hno
te c Steam cycle
700°C cycle
Fuel preparation
Lignite drying
Overall
process
Validation integration
status
Fully
Partially Flue gas recycle and O2 Flue gas treatment and
ASU
mixing cooling
Not Fuel oxy-
Source : Vattenfall combustion
Significant R&D and demonstration work required
8
Oxyfuel technologyblocks
Oxyfuel technology blocks
– –
current validation
Current validationstatus
status
O2
Oxy power plant Purification & Compression
production
CO2
ASU CO2 purification
compression
Fuel preparation Flue gas Steam cycle Flue gas

Fuel oxy-
recycle and treatment
Lignite drying combustion 700°C cycle
O2 mixing and cooling
Overall process integration
Validation status
Fully
Significant R&D and Partially
demonstration work required Not
9
Oxyfuel technologyblocks
Oxyfuel technology blocks– –
Expected performance
expected performance improvement
improvement
Current Expected by
validation 2012
ASU
Fuel preparation Major steps on

Lignite drying lignite drying, oxy
combustion and flue
Fuel oxy-combustion gas recycle and
Flue gas recycle and treatment
O2 mixing
Steam cycle Advances to be
700°C cycle done mainly on high
Flue gas treatment rank coal and gas
and cooling
Overall process
integration Validation status
Fully
CO2 purification Partially
Not
CO2 compression
10
Post-combustion (boiler-based) –
current validation status
Steam cycle CO2 compression
700°C cycle
CO2 purification
Fuel combustion
Validation
Fuel preparation status
Flue gas treatment and heat
Fully
Lignite drying recovery
Partially
CO2 capture
Source : Vattenfall Not
Overall process
integration 11
CO2 capture technologies – Post-combustion
Post-combustion (GT-based) –
CO2 compression
CO2 capture CO2 purification
Flue gas treatment and

heat recovery Overall process
integration
CO2
enrichment in
flue gas
Steam cycle
Fuel
combustion Validation
status
Fully
Partially
Source : Vattenfall Not
12
Post-combustion technology blocks –
Upstream Power production & CO2 capture
PC / CFB /
- Purification Compression
NGCC
CO2
CO2 purification
compression
Fuel preparation Coal PC

Steam
Lignite drying Lignite PC cycle Flue gas
treatment
CFB CO2 capture
and heat
CO2 recovery
Gas turbine enrichment in 700°C cycle
flue gas
Capture blocks to be validated (Amines, Validation status
Ammonia…) Fully
Partially
Boiler-based process more advanced Not
13
Current Expected by
validation 2012
Fuel preparation Work on power island
Lignite drying
technology blocks
Gas turbine mainly on low rank fuels
bustion
Com-
Coal PC
Lignite PC and steam cycle
CFB performance
CO2 enrichment in
flue gas
enhancement
Steam cycle Main focus to be put on

700°C Cycle
validation of capture and
process integration
Flue gas treatment
and heat recovery blocks
CO2 capture
Overall process Validation status
integration Fully
Partially
CO2 purification
Not
CO2 compression
14
Pre-combustion technology blocks –
CO2 purification &

CO2 capture and compression
Gasification (coal)
desulphurization
Gasification (Lignite)
Reforming (gas) H2 coproduction
Dust removal
Fuel handling
(Lignite/Biomass)
Validation
status
Fully
CO shift H2 gas turbine Partially
Not
ASU
Source : Vattenfall Overall process
integration 15
Upstream Power production & CO2 capture
O2
IGCC / IRCC Purification Compression
production
CO2
compression
Reforming
CO2 capture
Fuel handling Gasification Dust and H2 H2 gas
CO shift
(Lignite/Biomass) (coal) removal desulphu- coproduction turbine
Gasification rization
(Lignite)
Validation more advanced than on Oxyfuel or Post- Validation status

combustion capture Fully
Validation of high efficiency H2 GT desirable Partially
Not
Future focus on integration and scale-up of already
proven blocks 16
Current Expected by
validation 2012 Validation more advanced
ASU than on other technologies
Fuel handling – Lignite/Biomass

Reforming (gas)
fuels only partially
Gasification (coal) validated for the
Gasification (Lignite)
different technology
Dust removal
blocks
CO shift
Limited validation expected
CO2 capture and
desulphurization by 2012
H2 coproduction Focus to be put on process
H2 gas turbine
integration
Overall process Validation status
integration Fully
Partially
CO2 purification
Not
CO2 compression
17
Current validation initiatives –
Oxyfuel
Upstream Power production & CO2 capture Purification
Purification& Compression
CO2
compression
250MW PC / 250MW PC/ 250MW PC/
150MW CFB 10MW 150MW 10MW 150MW
CFB CFB
Fuel preparation Fuel oxy- Flue gas recycle Steam cycle Flue gas treatment
Lignite drying combustion and O2 mixing 700°C cycle and cooling
Lacq (10MW)
250MW 250MW
Vattenfall (10MW)
250MW PC / PC / PC /
Ciuden (10 MW) 10MW 10MW
150MW CFB 150MW 150MW
250MW PC / 150MW CFB CFB
CFB

250MW PC / 150MW CFB
All capacities are expressed in MW Gross electrical
Validation status Industry initiatives
• A few validation initiatives operating or (existing or potential)
Fully
under construction. Partially Required large scale
• Need for a set of large demos for ASU, Not Demo projects
boiler and components scale-up and
integration 18
Post-combustion (boiler-based)
Upstream Power production & CO2 capture Purification Compression
CO2
CO2 purification
compression
10MW 100MW 10MW 100MW
Fuel preparation Coal PC Flue gas

Steam
Lignite drying Lignite PC 700°C cycle treatment and CO2 capture
cycle
CFB heat recovery
100MW COMTES Castor/Esbjerg (2MW)
Amines 10MW 100MW

Ammonia 10MW 100MW
Others 10MW 100MW

100MW
• A few validation initiatives operating or Fully (existing or potential)
under design and construction. Partially Required large scale
• Need for a set of large demos for capture Not Demo projects
scale-up and integration
19
Post-combustion (GT-based)
CO2
CO2 purification
compression
10MW 100MW 10MW 100MW
Steam Flue gas

CO2 cycle
Gas turbine enrichment in treatment and CO2 capture
flue gas 700°C
cycle heat recovery
E.ON Karlshamn (2MW)
Irsching (H-Class) 10MW 100MW 100MW
Mongstad (10 MW)
Amines 10MW 100MW
Ammonia 10MW 100MW
Others 10MW 100MW

100MW
• A few validation initiatives operating or Fully (existing or potential)
under construction. Partially Required large scale
• Need for a set of large demos for capture Not Demo projects
scale-up and integration
20
Pre-combustion
CO2
compression
450MW 450MW
Reforming CO2 capture

Fuel Gasification Dust and H2 H2 gas
(coal) CO shift
handling removal desulphu- coproduction turbine
Gasification
(Lignite) rization
450MW 450MW 450MW 450MW 450MW

450MW
450MW is based on diffusion technology

(existing or potential)
• No further validation initiatives for the Fully
moment Partially Required large scale
Not Demo projects
• Need for a set of demos to validate
integration and components scale-up
21
CO2 capture – synthesis
• Difference in validation status within the different CO2

capture technologies
– Pre-combustion technology blocks more advanced than
for Post-combustion and Oxyfuel
– Overall integration is the less advanced technology block
• Additional work needed on non-capture technology
blocks to enhance plant performances and ease
integration of CO2 capture systems
• A number of large demonstration projects are under
evaluation in the industry
Need for a large number of demo projects

to validate technology blocks and integration
22
Agenda
Agenda
• Conclusion
• Appendix
23
Efficiency improvement
Target
Increase steam parameters (350 bars, 700/720°C)

Steam cycle
New Ni-based alloys to be tested
Performance increase Validation initiatives
Turbine COMTES
New material
Cooretec
Boiler COMTES
New material testing and manufacturing
MARCKO
Plant COMTES
New material identification and testing
AD700
Demo
Efficiency improvement through steam Validation status projects
parameter increase should ease CO2 Fully
Partially
capture validation in Post and Oxy Not
24
Overview of CO2 value chain
Efficiency gains potential
Potential efficiency gains compared

Impact on CO2 emissions
Technology blocks to current state-of-the-art*
and/or CCS efficiency
(Additional % points)
ASU + 0,5 to 2 points IGCC & Oxy Medium
Gas turbine + 0,5 to 2 points Low / Medium
Boiler
+ 2 to 4 points Strong
Steam Cycle
Fuel preparation IGCC & Oxy Strong

+ 1 to 4 points
Lignite/Biomass Post Medium
Plant integration + 1 to 4 points Strong
Focus to be on Boiler/Steam cycle and Plant integration

Notes: *Combining several potential sources of gains does not necessarily lead to the addition of % points
4pts of efficiency is equivalent to 10% gain in overall performance 25
Agenda
Agenda
• Conclusion
• Appendix
26
value chain
Transport Storage
Power plant
Pipelines Ship Rail/truck tankers

• Onshore pipeline • Comparable to ship • Already operational
(already operational) transportation of (CO2 for beverage)
liquefied petroleum
• Offshore pipeline gas (LPG)
(already operational)
• Already operational
Difficult option for Not considered as

Preferred options large-scale attractive option for
operation large-scale transport
27
Transport processes explanation
Booster/Pumping
stations
Pipelines
From plant Injection
Pipeline
compression site
Onshore
unloading
terminal
Offload Onshore
system Temporary injection
buoy or storage site
Shipping Temporary other
storage Loading Ship
terminal Offshore
Offshore
injection
platform
site
28
Pipeline transport technology blocks –
Booster/Pumping
stations
From plant Injection

Pipeline
compression site
Pipelines Cortez (US) Bati Raman (Turkey)
Sheep Mountain (US) Snohvit (Norway)
Val Verde (US) Croatia EOR
Canyon Reefs Carriers (US) South Arne (Denmark)
Bravo (US) Lacq (France)
Weyburn (US/Canada)
Integration with CO2 capture power plant and injection site
• Mature technology Validation status Commercial/Demo

• Only work on integration with Fully projects
large power plant required – all Partially
Not
else proved
29
Ship transport technology blocks –
Onshore
unloading
terminal
Offload Onshore
Temporary system Temporary injection
storage Loading Ship buoy or storage
site
terminal other
4 ships in
Shipping operations
Offshore
Offshore
platform injection
site
LPG chain
Integration with CO2 capture power plant and injection site
Commercial/Demo
• Less mature technology, although close to LPG projects
• Strong work on integration with capture and storage Validation status
required Fully
Partially
• Ship flow vs. CO2 generated from large plant Not
30
Transport processes work flow –
Design Construction Operation
Design basis Conceptual design Monitoring Maintenance

Pipelines
• Network design • Mechanical design • External • Daily maintenance
• Safety review • Stability design monitoring • Scheduled
• Protection against • Instrumentation inspecting and
corrosion and control repairing
• Trenching • Cleaning

Ships
• Design/construction close to LPG carrier • CO2 carriers fleet
Shipping • 4 small CO2 carrier already in operation management not experienced

Terminals
• Design/construction/operation close to LPG terminals
Validation status
• Workflow of transport options well-advanced Fully

Partially
• Main work will be on network definition Not
31
CO2 transport – synthesis
• Technology blocks more advanced than capture

– Pipeline transport is commercially mature
– Shipping transport already operating but at small scale
• Main challenge will be network definition and transport
infrastructure organisation
– Pipeline network (backbone) in densely populated areas
– Ship fleet management/integration with capture and
storage
• No validation initiative on ship transport
Need for validation initiatives in shipping

and CO2 pipeline network definition
32
value chain
Transport Storage
Power plant
Depleted Oil and Gas Enhanced Coal Bed Enhanced Oil or Gas
Deep saline aquifers
fields Methane Recovery (EOR/EGR)
• Onshore or • Permeable • Coal Bed • Already

offshore depleted sedimentary rock Methane operational
oil and/or gas formation extraction (several large
field saturated with through injection projects, US,
water of CO2 Brazil, Turkey…)
In development,
Options in development Mature option
limited potential
33
CO2 storage process explanation
Depleted fields/Deep saline aquifers
Transport Storage
Power plant
Basin Site Baseline

Operatio Site
wide maturation monitoring
n closure
screening and testing and verification
• Ranked list of • Identification • Definition • Design and • Closing down

potential and test of monitoring location of injection and
storage sites one or more and injection wells facilities
viable storage verification leaving only
Outcome
• Identification sites process • Drilling and monitoring

of data and completion equipment in
knowledge • Barrier wells place
gaps modelling
• CO2 injection • Post-injection
• Well integrity monitoring
assurance
34
CO2 storage overall validation status
Depleted fields/Deep saline aquifers
Transport Storage
Power plant
Basin Site Baseline

Site
wide maturation monitoring Operation
closure
Technology
Tools &
Work flow
Validation status
• Tools and technology almost ready Fully
• Work on workflow definition required Partially
Not
35
CO2 storage detailed validation status
Depleted fields/Deep saline aquifers (1/5)
Transport Storage
Power plant
Basin wide Site maturation Baseline monitoring

Operation Site closure
Identification of Compilation Screening of Screening for Storage system Storage system

sedimentary basin of data storage prospect storage system interaction interaction
Tools &
Technology
Work flow
Validation
UK competition for CCS demos, EU Demo network, CENIT CO2, Ciuden
initiatives
Validation status
• Tools and technology ready Fully
Not
36
Transport Storage
Power plant

Storage Baseline monitoring Site

Storage Validation of Baseline Existing well
licence and verification maturation
features Barrier surveys survey
parameters requirements plan
Tools &
NA
Technology
Work flow
IEA risk EU CO2 IEA risk Vattenfall Sleipner IEA wellbore
Validation
assessment storage assessment Work Danemark CO2Sink integrity
initiatives Work Group directive draft Group demo In Salah network
• Tools almost ready except for existing wells Validation status

• Strong work on workflow required for almost all Fully
blocks except for monitoring and verification Partially
Not 37
Transport Storage
Power plant

Economical Requirement
Health, Safety Forward model Regulatory
Containment Verification screening of for forward
& Environment leakage requirement
monitoring modelling
Tools &
NA
Technology
Work flow
In the remit of
Proposed IEA In the remit of IEA regulators
Validation proposed IEA
IEA monitoring Work Group modelling Work IEA monitoring network in the
initiatives Group group making
modelling
group
• Strong work on workflow required for containment, Validation status
economical screening of monitoring and regulatory Fully
Partially
requirement Not
• Validation initiatives more on theoretical definition 38
Transport Storage
Power plant

Well Cement Dense Near

Old well Near Temp. & CO2 Well
Well Well drilling & integrity & phase end-life
reme- wellbore press. input integrity
design location comple- zonal CO2 well
diation clean-up mgt mgt assurance
tion isolation injection selection
Tools &
Technology
Work flow
Proposed IEA IEA wellbore
Validation
IEA wellbore integrity Work Group modelling Work integrity, monitoring
initiatives Group and modelling WG
• Strong work several workflow Validation status

• Validation initiatives more on workflow Fully
Partially
definition, to be adapted on real projects Not
39
Transport Storage
Power plant

CO2 plume History Definition of Regular CO2

position & matching and criteria for Observation monitoring & containment Terminal Relinquish-
monitoring forward operator’s wells verification monitoring & procedure ment
parameters modelling obligations performance verification
Tools &
Technology
Work flow
Validation
Sleipner Sleipner Ketzin
initiatives
Validation status
• Strong work on workflow required
Fully
• More limited validation initiatives Partially
Not
40
CO2 storage process explanation
ECBM
Transport Storage
Power plant
Monitoring &
Pattern Upgrade Closure Post closure
New facilities validation
test Facilities methodology M&V
(M&V)
• Evaluation • Well site • Drilling and • Detection • Closing • Post-injection
of ECBM space completion of of leakage down monitoring
production identification wells both injection
concentra- and
• Proof of • Prevention • Integration of tion and facilities
Outcome
long-term of corrosion compression flux leaving only

injectivity of site and well monitoring
CO2 site designs • Detection equipment
of CO2 / in place
• Assessment CH4
of CO2 presence in
effect on water
ECBM
41
CO2 storage overall validation status
ECBM
Transport Storage
Power plant
Monitoring &
Pattern Upgrade Closure Post closure
New facilities validation
test Facilities methodology M&V
(M&V)
Technology
Tools and
Work flow
Validation status
• Tools and technology almost ready Fully
Not
42
CO2 storage – synthesis
• Technology and tools are well advanced

– Very few are not validated at all
– Focus is more on adaptation and capability
enhancement
• Main challenge will be work flow definition
– Safe process definition
– Adaptation of standard to CCS
– Monitoring, verification requirement and operator’s
obligations definition
• Majority of validation initiatives are not backed by
practical demo projects
Need for basin wide screening
and practical validation projects
43
Agenda
Agenda
• Conclusion
• Appendix
44
demo project requirements
Coverage of validation gaps by existing validation initiatives

Power production Purification &
Transport Storage
& CO2 capture compression
Oxy Very partial None

Very partial Workflow
on pipelines development
Pre None
None on Very partial in
shipping terms of projects
Post Very partial None
5-6 projects with

Demo project 1-2 projects per
13-15 projects priority on saline
requirements transport options
acquifer and DOGF
10-12 demo projects, potentially combining capture,

transport and storage as a means of addressing
80% of technological validation gaps 45
Agenda
Agenda
• Conclusion
• Appendix
46
value chain
Combustion reaction Principle
Coal C + Air => CO2

Post-combustion Exhaust gas CO2 cleaning
Gas CH4 + Air => CO2 + H2O
C + O2 => CO
Coal
CO + H2O => CO2 + H2
Pre-combustion C-free syngas burning
Gas CH4 + H2O => CO2 + H2
Coal C + O2 => CO2

High concentration CO2
Oxy-firing
stream production
Gas CH4 + O2 => CO2 + H2O
47
Not selected CO2 capture technologies
CO2 capture technologies Rational for exclusion
Natural gas-fired boiler Very limited market
Oxy GT
Oxy-firing
Chemical looping
High pressure oxy reactor

Not mature enough, require
additional R&D and pilot testing
Membranes
to qualify for large-scale
demonstration by 2012
Anti-sublimation
Post-combustion
Enzymes
Algae
48
Oxyfuel – detailed expected evolution
of validation status
Current validation Expected by 2012
Petcoke/ Bio- Natural Off- Petcoke/ Bio- Natural Off-
Coal Lignite Coal Lignite
Anthracite mass gas gases Anthracite mass gas gases
Air Separation Unit
Fuel preparation
Lignite drying
Liquid/Gas
combustion
Fuel Pulverized
combustion fuel firing
Circulating
Fluidized Bed
Flue gas
Flue gas recycle system
recycle O2/Fluegas
and O2 mixing system
mixing O2 supply to
burner
Flue gas Traditional
treatment pollutants
and flue Flue gas
gas cooling condenser
CO2 purification
CO2 compression
Overall process
Validation status
49
Fully Partially Not
Oxyfuel – capacity and performance (1/3)
Performances
Technology
Technology Scope Proven Expected Flagship
blocks Parameters
performance by 2012 demo
O2 flow (t/d) 4,300 7,000 3,500
Power consumption (kWh/t) 250 >220 200
Power consumption O2
Cryogenic Integrated 50 50 10-15
compression (kWh/t)
ASU train multi-train
(for PC) Pressure out (Bar abs) 5 5 1.3
Temperature out (°C) Ambient Ambient Ambient
Gross PG level (MWe) One train One train 250MWe
Membranes Membranes assumed not available in Flagship demo timeframe
Drying for low
Fuel preparation grade fuels
Dryer throughput (t/h) 80 200 n x 200
With Steam
Liquid/Gas
w/o flue gas 5MWe 70MWe 250MWe
combustion
recycle
Including mill,
commercial
Fuel oxy- Pulverized size burners
0.5-1MWth 30MWth 250MWe
Gross PG level (MW)
combustion fuel firing (>40MWth),
O2 mixing/ flue
gas recycle
Circulating With flue gas
Fluidized recycle and 0.1-1MWth 10sMWe 150MWe
Bed O2 mixing 50
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Increase steam Scoring factor

Steam cycle cycle efficiency (% LHV, without CCS)
43 46 Scoring
Flue gas recycle

Flue gas fan, reheat
recycle depending on T of Gross PG level (MWe) 0.1-1MWth 30MWth 250MWe
system recycle, O2
preheater
O2/Fluegas eq.
Gross PG level (MWe) eq. 30MWth eq. 250MWe
mixing system 0.1-1MWth
Flue gas Different
recycle technologies are
and O2 under development
mixing for O2 supply to
burner and burner
(for PC) gas streams.
O2 supply to
Differences are due
burner or Gross Power (MWth) - eq. 30MWth eq. 40MWth
to technology,
grid
different design
philosophy
depending on
supplier. Different
designs to be
tested 51
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Current
technology to
DeNOx
be improved
with respect to
needs of
Flue gas Flue gas downstream
treatment desulphuri- steps for NOx, 0.1-1MWth 30MWth 250MWe
and zation SOx, dust, Gross PG level (MWe)
cooling trace elements
ESP and/or
(for PC) Particle
baghouse
removal before
depending on
recycle
fuel
Flue gas Water
0.5MWth 30MWth 250MWe
condenser separation
CO2 Depending on compression technology, transport (corrosion?), storage option (geology),
CO2 purification different limits to be considered (N2, O2, NOx, SOx, H2O, trace elements, dust)
treatment
Compression Supercritical
(for PC) train compression
Gross PG level (MWe) - 30MWth 250MWe
Plant flexibility to increase positive commercial & technical impacts : e.g. enabling dual
Flexibility air & oxy modes
Overall Process Load change flexibility, start up, shut down and partial load behaviour of all components
process integration which are highly dependent on each other
Low grade
heat use Recovery of waste heat from ASU or CO2 compression in steam cycle
52
current validation status and expected evolution

Fuel preparation
Lignite drying
Gas turbine
Fuel
Pulverized
combustion
CFB
Steam cycle Current
efficiency 700°C
CO2 enrichment in flue gas
Flue gas Power
treatment Traditional
and heat pollutant
recovery removal
Amines
Ammonia
CO2 capture
Others
Regeneration
CO2 Purification
treatment Compression
Overall process
Validation status
Fully Partially Not
53
Scope of technology blocks for Post-combustion –
capacity and performance (1/6)
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Fuel Lignite Capacity (t/h) 15 c.100 c. 100

Drying
preparation Biomass Share of cofiring by mass (%) ? 20 20
SC Gross power (MWe) 266

FGR system
should be
SC Gross efficiency (%) 36.6
working in the
scope of
CC Gross power (MWe) 418
actual GTCC
products, GT
CC Gross efficiency (%) 57.5
Flue gas efficiency,
recycle (FGR) lifetime and
Lifetime vs. corrosion (kEOH) 24
dynamic
CO2
response;
enrichment Flue gas recycle ratio (%) 30-40
FGR
in flue gas
connection to System pressure loss (mbar) 20
GT blowers
and piping Operating window (ratio) [0;40]
Supplementar Exhaust O2 mol fraction Proven 3-8

y firing to use
Supplemen-
all O2 Exhaust temperature (°C) Proven >1500
tary firing
available
before HRSG Turbine exhaust mass flow Proven
54
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Liquid/gas
fired air Gross power (MWe) 266 340 340
Gas turbine combustion,
GT combustor Efficiency (%) (NGCC) 36.6 (57.5) - -
Fuel chamber
combustion
Dry/Raw lignite Gross power (MWe) 200/1,000 200/1,100 200/1,100
Pulverized fuel
Bit. coal Gross power (MWe) 900 1000
CFB - Gross power (MWe) 340 460-600 460-600
Highest
available Efficiency for lignite (% LHV) 43 43 48
Steam
efficiency is
generator
recommended Efficiency for coal (% LHV) 46 (50% if
43 45 700°C)
Steam cycle for CCS
LP steam
extraction to 600/620
Steam turbine Steam temperature (°C) 580/600 600/620 (700 ?)
supply CO2
scrubber
55
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
For amine capture

technologies needs, Gross power Adjusted to
Power usage of optimum 660 1,000
(MWe) techno
desulfurization
technology required (for
economic reasons)
Desulfurization down to <1
Flue Gas De- the measurement limits SOx concentration (increased <1 (optimized <5 (optimized
in flue gas (ppmv) pressure pressure pressure
sulphurization (c.1ppm) has been drop) drop)
Flue gas demonstrated with drop)
treatment 660MW. DeNOx
and heat <0.5ppm has been
recovery demonstrated as well.
Particulate For Alstom chilled Particulate matters
10-20 10-20 -
removal ammonia scrubbing level (mg/Nm3)
state-of-the-art is (more
than) sufficient. Current
state-of-the -art NOx
levels are sufficient for
CO2 scrubbing. NOx concentration Adjusted to
DeNOx in flue gas (ppmv) <0.5 <0.5
Particulate levels as techno
after Wet ESP are ok.
56
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Basic Removal rate (t/d) 25 75 (NGCC);
assumptions: -
(400MWe appr. 7500tpd) (CASTOR) 200+ (coal)
1)removal
Amine
rate for coal: Removal rate (%) - 90% >90%
c.20t/d and
MW, removal Gross power (MWe) 2 10 >100
rate for gas 60 (NGCC);
c.10t/d and Removal rate (t/d) - -
200+ (coal)
MW, 2)min
Ammonia power level Removal rate (%) - 90% >90%
calculated on
this basis, Gross power (MWe) 0.25 10 >100
CO2 capture 3)Power level
defined for Removal rate (t/d) 10 - -
Other physical CO2 capture
process can Removal rate (%) - - >90%
absorption
also be
slipstream Gross power (MWe) ? ? >100
Scrubbing with
solids
(carbonate
loops, others) Assumed not available in Flagship Demo time frame, need further RD&D
Membranes
57
Performances
Technology
Technology Scope Proven Expected by Flagship
blocks Parameters
performance 2012 demo
Depending on
compression
technology, Capacity (t/d) 3,000 6,000 >1,000
transport
(corrosion?),
CO2 storage option
purification (geology),
different limits to
be considered
(N2, O2, NOx, Food grade Directive
CO2 Quality Legal limits
SOx, H2O, trace quality s.2012
treatment elements, dust)
to produce
supercritical
CO2 CO2; for 100MW Adapted to
Capacity (kg/s) 85 170 plant
compression coal plant
25kgCO2/s is
sufficient
58
Performances
Technology
Technology Scope Proven Expected by Flagship
blocks Parameters
Net power Loss
Compensation
and flexibility
Level of integration None Partial Fully
can be
discussed to
increase
Power loss
positive
compensation
commercial
and technical
impacts. Ex: Penalty of retrofit (%) 30 - -
Enabling dual
Overall oxy and air
process combustion.
Load change
flexibility, start
Minimum Load (%) - - 70 per train
up, shut down
and partial load
Process behaviour of all
integration components Emergency shutdown
- - No impact
which are behavior
highly
dependent on 50% of non
Load change velocity (%) - -
each other capture plant
59
Pre-combustion – detailed expected
evolution of validation status
Air Separation Unit
Fuel handling
Gasifier
Reformer
Dust removal
CO shift
CO2 capture and
desulphurization
H2 coproduction
H2 gas turbine
CO2 purification
CO2 compression
Process
integration
Validation status
Fully Partially Not 60
Scope of technology blocks for Pre-combustion –
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Demos will
Single train integrated with F stick to
class turbine proven. Capacity single train
Air and N2 integration levels (t/d) concept. (2
determine ASU concept and or 3 turbines
overall efficiency. 0% - 50% air on one ASU
Air Cryogenic Development required for side - not proven.
4,300 7,000
Separation train higher distillation & Oxygen integration But is a
Unit pressure levels. considered. matter of
Fuel independent. Higher levels RAM vs,
Integration of compressor of integration CAPEX.
drive system to be feasible. Start up part
considered load may be
an issue)
Membranes Membranes ASU assumed not available in Flagship demo timeframe
Fuel pre-treatment
particularly for fuels with high 2500-7000
WTA pilot
water content or difficult to t/d
Fuel drying, plant 600t/d
Fuel grind to size required for Capacity Improvement
grinding and DWT test 600t/d
handling feeding to gasifier (lignite, (t/d) in integration
mixing plant for
biomass). to enhance
lignite
For more variable fuel feed efficiency
online fuel analysis required. 61
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Fuel dry Relevant for high overall Capacity
2,500-7,000 - 2,500-7,000
feeding efficiency. (t/d)
Energy and cost optimized
system targeting high carbon Capacity
- 7,000 -
conversion rate and CO shift. (t/d)
Very fuel specific - e.g. ash
Gasifier Gasifier melting point, ash content, raw gas dry feed
system with
optimized for reactivity. cooling or partial or full
CCS Steam integration to be full quench - water
adapted in CCS layout. Type both not - quench
Operational flexibility for 100% suited optimised for
efficient
capture and non capture for process integration of
mode. with CO-shift CO shift
Capacity proven. Integration in water steam

Reformer Integration in Water Steam Cycle
cycle is relevant and very IRCC specific
Depending on gasifier concept.
Venturi wash, ceramic filter or metal filter.
Relevant are primarily availability, then Operating
Dust removal CAPEX, O&M and pressure loss. temperature ~250-300 - ~250-300
Availability issues with some types. (°C)
Adsorbents for mercury capture may gain
importance.
62
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Optimized plant integration of steam
Advanced
production and steam / water demand. Proven in full scale in
thermal
Size for F-class engine supply is chemical industry,
CO shift integration
proven. Sour or sweet shift - depending advanced integration to be
concepts to
on concept for desulphurization and proven
be proven.
specification for delivered CO2.
Can be combined with desulphurization MDEA, RECTISOL,
or separate. Selecsol,
Based on absorbtion. Membrane Genosorb, ... (other
processes not expected to be processes not
commercially available until 2015. expected in full
Optimized for IGCC application (heat scale) CO2 capture
CO2 capture Integration in
integration, pressure levels). Optimization with not proven in
and de- - IGCC to be
Rest sulphur content dependent on GT regard to heat IGCC
sulphurization proven
requirements and NOx limits (SCR requirement, environment
fouling from SO3 based aminosalts). presure loss,
CO-Shift requirements relevant. consumtion of
Some fuel specific aspects: sulphur catalysts, aux.-
content, chlorides, hazardous power. Quality of
compounds. delivered CO2
Avoid N2 and steam feed into the fuel downstream for Very few
H2 gas stream.Adapted fuel feed system. 99,999% purity references
coproduction Meet pressure requirements for H2 PSA required - based on
process. proven solid fuels
63
Performances
Technology
blocks Parameters
Syngas and hydrogen rich
gases are diluted with waste
nitrogen and/or steam to small GT
comply with combustion <50 MW are
requirements. High dilution proven with
Modern higly
levels have been proven Hydrogen
F class efficient F-
already in the nineties. contents up
H2 GT gas - - class
However there is some to 80%.
turbine turbines
rationale for reduced dilution F-class
>300 MW
levels in terms of efficiency engines are
and cost. Optimization efforts proven with
are under way for high dilution.
availability, efficiency, low NOx
emissions.
Depends on CO2 capture process on one
hand and requirements from compressor Final
According to
train and transport and storage purification
ENCAP WP
infrastructure on the other hand. Can be a could be
Depending on 1.1
major issue depending on solvent required for
CO2 requirements: requirement
technology. Uncertainties with regard to - some
purification H2O, SO2, s are fulfilled
regard to requirements. Topic is common to contaminant
H2S, CO, ... in per-
oxy-fuel and post-combustion. However it s according
combustion
should be easier to comply in pre- to CO2
capture
combustion with upstream purification in specification
place.
64
Performances
Technology
Scope Proven Expected Flagship
blocks Parameters
Weyburn
Multi stage compression. Pressure ratio project:,
validated. Considerable upscale required single train Single train
(factor 3-4). Plant integration of intercooling. multi shaft compressor,
Corrosion resistance. Control concept. Drive compressor, high
CO2 Pressure level
concepts other than electrical to be ebd - efficiency,
compression 100 - 200 bar
considered. Topic is common to oxy-fuel pressure high
and post-combustion. However it should be 187 bar, availability,
easier to comply in pre-combustion with 60000 low O&M.
upstream purification in place m^3/h, 13,5
MW
Target of the
entire
Overall plant not be scaled below 350 MW Flagship
Must not be
net - has to match F-class gas Proven in full program is
judged on
turbines.Optimised balance of degree of scale in to reduce
Integration basis of net -
integration and redundancy to achieve low chemical risk premium
efficiency, but
life cycle cost and high availability.Covers industry in EPC and
on LCC.
multiple areas such as heat, N2, air, steam thus foster
market
penetration
65
Scope of technology blocks for efficiency
improvement – capacity and performance (1/3)
Technology/ Performances
Technology
Main Scope Proven Expected by Flagship
blocks Parameters
function performance 2012 demo
Turbine inlet pressure
275 350 350
Overall efficiency could be (bar)
increased by increasing steam Temperature
Steam cycle Main steam/Reheat (°C) 600/620 700/720 700/720
parameters from category C to
Category D
Efficiency (% LHV) 46 50 50
Increasing efficiency would permit Coal consumption X 95% X 95% X

Fuel
to decrease fuel consumption and
combustion
CO2 emissions CO2 emissions Y 95% Y 95% Y
Pulverized coal Gross power (MWe) 1,000 500

Boiler efficiency Efficiency (%) 95 ? ?
Higher temperature
into steam path 100,000 hours of creep
Water wall 90-100 90-100 90-100
requires new material rupture strength (Mpa)
for enclosing walls,
Boiler heating surfaces,
header and piping Resistance against high
Superheater
(e.g. Ni based alloy temperature corrosion
materials). Tubes
made out of ferritic or
austenitic steel Resistance against
Reheater cannot withstand steam oxidation
higher temperature
66
Performances
Technology Technology/
Scope Proven Expected by Flagship
blocks Main function Parameters
Welding of pipes
with different
Material
Boiler material grade Welding qualification
welding
(P92, T24,
A617…)
Reaction Reaction Gross power (MWe) 1,000 500
HP module
High steam temperature require Ni-based Alloy for inner casing and rotor. Rotor welding
with different material grade is required
Turbine IP module
HP bypass
valve
Start-up valve High steam temperature require the use of Ni-based Alloy is needed
Stop valve
67
Performances
Technology Technology/
Scope Proven Expected by Flagship
blocks Main function Parameters
Overall plant Gross power (MWe) 1,000 500
Material High steam
identification temperature
Material requires new 100,000 hours of creep
material for main 90-100 90-100 90-100
qualification rupture strength (Mpa)
steam path and hot
Plant Piping design reheat steam path.
HP bypass Using Ni-based
valve Alloy is needed
Piping High steam temperature and pressure require high thickness Ni-based Alloy material.
flexibility Flexibility must be taken into account piping routing
High cost Ni-based alloys require optimisation of the plant layout to limit the use of those
Plant layout
materials
Load change
flexibility, start up, Cold 5
shut down and
partial load
Start up
Overall Process behaviour of all
length Warm 3-4
process integration components which
(hours)
are highly
dependent on each
other. Full Hot 2
integration required 68
Main technology options to transport
CO2 captured in power plants
CO2 transportation
Onshore pipelines Offshore pipelines Shipping Rail/truck tankers
• Already operational • Offshore pipeline • Comparable to • Already

(>3,000 km worldwide, technology ship transportation operational (CO2
mainly in the US for operational, as of liquefied for beverage)
EOR) large natural gas petroleum gas • Not considered
• CO2 pipelines very pipelines have (LPG) as attractive
similar to existing been built at • 4 small CO2 ships option for large
natural gas pipelines depths over already active, scale transport:
2,000 meters transporting
• CO2 transported in • Costly
supercritical phase liquefied CO2 for
– Non compatible
(100-150 bar) food usage
with GHG
• Densely populated • Limited capacity reduction goal
area deployment – Very limited
issues capacity
Source: IPCC, O&G Journal, IEA GHG, L.E.K. Analysis 69

Pipeline transport process explanation
Booster/Pumping
stations
Process
Initial Injection
Pipeline
compression site
• CO2 is • Optimal CO2 state is supercritical • Additional

compressed – Minimizes volume compression may
over – Most “fluid” state: minimizes friction losses be needed for
supercritical storage,
pressure (i.e. 75 • Within pipelines, friction causes pressure depending on
bars), generally loss: 4 to 15 bars per 100 km in most formation
Description up to 100 to conditions characteristics
150 bars • However, for large diameter pipelines, and CO2 usage
• Compression losses are limited and should not require (e.g. EOR)
also increases booster stations
temperature to – Weyburn (14 inches) loses 7 bars per 100
about 150°C km
• Cooling needed – In normal conditions, larger pipelines should
before transport have limited losses
70
Significant CO2 pipelines already exist
CO2 flow Length Year Origin of

Pipeline Location Operator
(Av. 000 t / d) (km) finished CO2
Mc Elmo Dome
Kinder
Cortez USA 53 808 1984 (largest known natural
Morgan accumulation of pure* CO2)
Sheep Mountain
Sheep
USA BP Amoco 26 660 - (smallest CO2 source field serving
Mountain the Permian Basin)
Bravo Dome
Bravo USA BP Amoco 20 350 1984 (natural CO2 source with
225 Bn m3 reserves)
Canyon Reefs Kinder Shell Gas plants
USA 14 225 1972 (natural gas processing plants)
Carriers Morgan
Val Verde Gas plants
Val Verde USA Petrosource 7 130 1998 (purification operations at 4
natural gas plants**)
Turkish Dodan Field
Bati Raman Turkey 3 90 1983 (natural resource of carbonates)
Petroleum
Gasification plant
USA & North Dakota
Weyburn 5 328 2000 (Synfuel Plant, which manufactures
Canada Gasification Co. synthetic natural gas from lignite)
Gas plants
Snohvit Norway Statoil 2 160 2006 (purification operations)
Note: *98% purity level; **This CO2 contains H2S contamination and is thus only suitable for use in sour gas fields
Source: Statoil, Sonatrach, IPCC, IEA GHG, DTI, DOE, L.E.K. Analysis 71
Pipeline construction process
Preparation Pipe welding / coating / bending Completion
• Pipeline itinerary is planned • Pipeline is lowered in the

and permits granted • Pipes are welded along the trench
pipe route
• Right of way is cleared and • Trench is filled and vegetation
terrain prepared • Coating is applied at the end restored
of the pipes
• Pipe sections are brought • For offshore pipelines, pipes
along the pipe route • Pipeline is bent to match are welded to the end of the
geographic characteristics of pipeline on a barge, then
• A trench is excavated the route (hills, curves, etc) lowered down to the seabed as
(generally 1m deep) the barge advances
• Process well-mastered, potential issues in densely

populated areas 72
Technical aspects of pipeline CO2
• With appropriate CO2 drying and purification,

regular carbon steel can be used
Materials
• Stainless steel can be used in some specific
pipe sections to avoid corrosion
Equipment and
• Natural gas is generally transported around processes very
90-100 bars in large “backbone” pipelines
(lower in small distribution pipelines)
comparable to
Pressure
natural gas
• Pressure range is comparable to what would
be required for CO2 transport (100-150 bars) pipeline
transportation
• Pipeline monitoring consists in supervision by
personnel (on the ground or by air), by
metering devices (pressure, temperature,
Monitoring etc) and periodic inspection by robotic “pigs”
• Comparable for CO2, with possible increase
in frequency depending on local regulations
73
Transport processes explanation
Onshore
unloading
terminal
Offload Onshore
Temporary system Temporary injection
Process
storage Loading Ship buoy or storage site
terminal other
Offshore
Offshore
injection
platform
site
• Liquid CO2 (-50°C • Liquid CO2 is transported • Special offloading

and 7 bars) is in ship technology is developed
temporary stored for safe on- and offshore
• Heat transfer from the
in tank to align operations
environment through the
continuous capture
wall of the tank will boil
with discrete flow • Unloading of the liquid
Description CO2 and raise pressure
of ships CO2 in temporary storage
– Necessity to refrigerated
• Liquid CO2 is charged this gaseous CO2 to or directly on
to the ship with pump liquefy it underground storage site
adapted to high – Additional compression
• Return to loading terminal
pressure may be required
with tank filled with dry
CO2 gas 74
Technical aspects of CO2 transportation
– ships
Characteristics of ship
Comments
transportation
CO2 phase and • Comparable to semi-refrigerated LPG ships, but unlike large
Liquid state at LNG tankers, which are around -160°C and atmospheric
purity
-50°C and 7 bars pressure
requirements
230,000 tonnes • This would only cover between 20 and 25 days of CO2 from
Maximum ship
in a 200,000 m3 one high-efficient 800MW coal plant
capacity
supertanker
4 active ships • 4 small ships are in operation today, bringing food-grade

Technical CO2 from plants to terminals in consuming regions
(20,000 m3)
maturity of ship
Comparable to LNG • Latest LNG tankers carry over 200,000 m3; the same yards
transport
tankers could build CO2 tankers
Construction 2 years for • Building time estimated between 1 and 2 years depending
timing of a ship large tankers on ship size (closer to 2 years for supertankers)
CO2 transportation ships built

on the model of LPG tanker 75
Depleted oil and gas field storage
process explanation
Schematic drawing of a depleted oil/gas
field CO2 storage site (In Salah project)
Processing facilities
Depending on
acceptable injection
rates and field
characteristics, more or
less injection wells will
As for other storage options, be required
minimum depth of the field is
about 800m for CO2 to remain
in supercritical phase over Site preparation and
31°C monitoring are
particularly important
The CO2 is injected in for depleted fields,
supercritical phase in the because oil production
water, saturating the depleted and abandoned wells
oil and gas field can have created
leakage risks
76
EOR/EGR process explanation
Schematic drawing of an EOR system

(followed by permanent storage) using CO2 Part of the CO2 stays
in the oil formation, the
Oil production well rest being re-extracted
CO2 injection well with the oil and partly
CO2 is injected in a recycled.
specific well, Quantity of CO2
separated from the staying in the formation
oil extraction well. depends on CO2 and
Minimum optimal oil characteristics
depth of the field is (20%-70%).
CAPROCK
about 800m for CO2
2 EOR mechanisms:
to remain in
• CO2“chases” the oil by
supercritical phase
(natural earth flooding the formation
• In optimal temperature
temperature above
and pressure
31°C at that depth).
conditions, part of the
CO2 also dissolves in
the oil (miscible zone),
making it more fluid.
77
Deep saline aquifers storage
process explanation
Schematic drawing of Sleipner Utsira

Formation deep saline aquifer storage site
CO2 is injected in supercritical phase in

the saline water of the aquifer.
Surface equipment, injection equipment
and wells are comparable to EOR and
depleted field storage.
The number of required wells depends on
geological characteristics.
A deep saline aquifer is a

permeable sedimentary rock
formation saturated with water.
Depth is generally between
Significant uncertainty exists on the share of 800m and 3 km.
aquifer volume that can be filled with CO2 Thickness and geological
(between 2 and 70% estimates), because the characteristics of aquifers (in
speed and importance of CO2 dissolution and particular permeability, which
precipitation is not yet well known. defines how “easily” CO2 can
enter) are highly site specific.
78
Scope of technology blocks for storage
(1/19)
Expected for
Capacity and
Expected Flagship Work
Technology Block Performance
Technology Scope Proven proven by Demo Tools
function (specification flow
2012 (minimum
parameters)
perform)
Basinwide Screening (site options)
Outcome: ranked list of potential storage sites; ident of data and knowledge gaps
Identify Standard Identify the components that support storage Having access Tools proven and Alignment of Documented but
sedimentary basin, industry systems (reservoir, seal, structure) to data that in common peer reviewed and published derestricted
stratigraphical allows an industry use. work flows for screening data access
sequence evaluation of Adapted screening procedures (e.g.
the principal workflows are for each Norway,
Compile DATA Seismic, wells, license, geography, components of emerging at a flagship demo Canada) is
petrophysical, fluid, pressure, current a storage project level but Motivates the a
regulatory constraints; identify data system and require peer funding of the prerequisite
availability and gaps preferably a review and AQUACO2 for
Screen for For each storage site screen for capacity, ranked alignment to project screening
STORAGE injectivity and containment through structure, assessemt of move to proposal activities
PROSPECT faults & fractures, cap rock, reservoir, storage sites standardised and under beyond
pressure, fluids, mineralogy, legacy wells, within a bsain. accpeted assesment by Flagship
Screen for sorrounding ressources, pottable aquifers, practices (e.g. as EU pgm.
STORAGE surface features in reserves commission Restricted
SYSTEM assessment for data access
petroleum and delays CCS
Storage System Define the storage system in the context of minerals). . implementa
INTERACTION other economic interst tion, and
(Hydrocarbons/minerals), potable water, increases
biosphere/marien biosphere, atmosphere project risk.
(environmental, HSE, population)
Shortlist of potential Rank potential storage sites against capacity,
storage sites injectivity and life-cycle containment criteria
and demonstrate viable linkage to source
79
(2/19)
Capacity and Expected for
Technology Performance Expected proven by Flagship Demo Work
Technology Scope Proven Tools
Block function (specification 2012 (minimum flow
parameters) perform)
Site Maturation (preferred sites)
Evaluate DATA avalibility is a Confirm that the Adapted workflows
Storage key issue for all storage sites (s) is are emerging at a
features activities below large enough to project level but
hold full life-cycle require peer review
Seal Standard industry Evaluation the primary and ultimate CO2 volumes. and alignment to Improved industry Focus data
systems Improve lab sealing capacity of cap rock for CO2 Sustained injection move to standardised capability to evaluate acquisition
experiments and rates over the life- and accepted cap rock properties strategies on
numerical modelling time of the project practices. Need to and predict sealing improved
capacity can be achieved. improve capability to potential an lateral undesrtanding
Model and predict predict caprock continuity of cap rock
distribution of CO2 properties/continuity properties and
in the subsurface in areas with sparse begin shared
and demonstrate data (charateristic for database
Faults and Standard industry Assessment of safe operation credible many aquifers). Need Alignment of peer Focus data
Fractures systems Improve pressure envelope including safety mechanisms for to be able to build a reviewed work flows. acquisition
capability to model margin for fracture propagation long term complete well model Geomechanical strategies on
CO2 flux through pressure, fault reactivation containment. describing the capabilities become improving
faults and fractures pressuree, fault valving pressure and wellbore integrity and an integral part of geomechanical
seal capillary entry pressure which flux rates. Reactive project evaluation modelling
govern maximum safe bottomhole flow: Need modelling capability
injection pressure tools that fully couple
all processes or can
Well integrity Full wellbore integrity Identify all old wells, location and interface to Industry capability to Test emerging
(existing model; numerical condition of wells. Review well specialised reactive build full wellbore modelling
wells) model of wellbore completion & abandonment reports, flow modelling tools model for integrity capability and
geomechanics;tools surveys, cement practice & zonal (e.g. Petrel, PVTsim and to incorporate acquire real
to assess integrity of isolation. Summarise basin-wide well which supply input to CO2 fluw rates into data to mature
old/abandoned wells failure data (frequency and causes). flow models) risk project capability
Identify potentiall to re-enter to repair asessement further.
or abandon old wells.
80
(3/19)

Expected Work
Technology Performance Flagship Demo
Technology Scope Proven proven by Tools
Block function (specification (minimum flow
2012
Reservoir Standard industry Thorough estimation of primary Confirm that the Adapted workflows are Alignment of Quantification of
capacity systems and subsequent storage capacity storage sites (s) is emerging at a project level peer reviewed storage
including assement of structure, large enough to hold but require peer review and work flows redundancy
distribution of rock prpoerteis, full life-cycle CO2 alignment to move to requirement and
flow behaviour and trapping volumes. Sustained standardised and accepted CO2 storage
mechanisms (single phase CO2, injection rates over practices. Need to improve impact on regional
dissolution, residual trapping and the life-time of the capability to predict caprock aquifers
mineral trapping) project can be properties/continuity in
achieved. Model areas with sparse data
and predict (charateristic for many
distribution of CO2 aquifers). Need to be able
Normal flow Standard industry Static and dynamic model of in the subsurface to build a complete well Alignment of Defining key
systems plume migration with time within and demonstrate model describing the peer reviewed sensitivities that
primary reservoir and model credible wellbore integrity and flux work flows constrain plume
migration within secondary mechanisms for rates. Reactive flow: Need migration and
containment system as part of long term modelling tools that fully pressure
risk scenarios. Assess flow containment. couple all processes or can modelling.
sensitivities on plume extent and interface to specialised Publishing
pressure distribution by varying reactive flow modelling workflows for
input data (e.g. reservoir tools (e.g. Petrel, PVTsim operational and
heterogeneity, fracture which supply input to flow extended time
distribution, PVT. Assess models) scales for
potential for impact onto regional modelling.
aquifer.
81
(4/19)
Capacity and
Expected for Work
Technology Performance Expected proven by
Technology Scope Proven Flagship Demo Tools
Block function (specification 2012 flow
(minimum perform)
parameters)
Reactive flow Standard industry Predictive modelling of time Confirm that the Adapted workflows Emerging consensus Assess for reactive
(CO2 + any systems need dependent processes and their storage sites (s) are emerging at a on key reactive flow flow issues prior to
contaminants) integration with impact on flow, capacity and is large enough project level but issues and in which site selection and
emerging modelling containment (chemical and to hold full life- require peer review geological settings acquire data during
codes/databases to physical rock-fluid and fluid-fluid cycle CO2 and alignment to these may be field demo
handle complex interaction) volumes. move to significant. Improved operation and post-
geochemical/geomec Sustained standardised and interfaces between operation phase to
hanical processes. injection rates accepted practices. flow modelling validate reactive
Lab experiments with over the life-time Need to improve simulators and flow components
critical liquids at of the project can capability to predict specialised modelling
operating conditions. be achieved. caprock tools.
Diffusion Standard industry Establish mechanisms and rates Model and properties/continuity Alignment of peer Focus data But
systems of diffusion through cap rock, predict in areas with sparse reviewed work flows. acquisition on cap cores
faults/fractures wellbore annuli distribution of data (charateristic for More cap rock cores rock cores and missing
CO2 in the many aquifers). availabe for diffusion analysis
subsurface and Need to be able to measurements and
demonstrate build a complete well modelling
Injectivity Standard industry Geo-system: Assesment of credible model describing the Alignment of peer
systems for natural potential for sustained injectivity mechanisms for wellbore integrity reviewed work flows.
injectivity - advances into the reservoir through long term and flux rates. Increased data
in compression and asessment of critiacl pressures, containment. Reactive flow: Need available on injectivity
pumping technology reservoir heterogeneity, modelling tools that into aquifers
required for some compartmentalisation, brine fully couple all
projects displacemnet, reactive flow and processes or can
wellbore imparement. interface to
Engineered system: Sustained specialised reactive
injectivity requires high up-time flow modelling tools
for compression/pumping (e.g. Petrel, PVTsim
equipment, pipeline, capture which supply input to
plant flow models)
82
(5/19)
Capacity and
Expected for Work
Technology Performance Expected proven by
Block function (specification 2012 flow
(minimum perform)
parameters)
Evaluate Confirm that the storage Risk assessment Alignment of peer Full perfromance
Leakage sites (s) is large enough methodologies are reviewed work flows. assessment of each
Potential to hold full life-cycle emerging at a Consensus on main demonstration
CO2 volumes. project level that principles that project to include
Sustained injection rates require regulatory underpin robust risk life-cycle
Risk analysis Adapted systems are Iterative assesment over the life-time of the consensus to move assessment. containment risk
emerging but as yet of major leak project can be achieved. to standardised and Emerging regulatory assessment
immature features that can be Model and predict accepted practices frameworks. including risk
avoided through distribution of CO2 in mitigation strategies
design and the subsurface and and clear linkage to
Features identification of demonstrate credible monitoring and
residual risk to mechanisms for long verification
Events design a monitoring term containment. programme.
and verification plan
Processes and mitigation
strategy. Agree
performance with
regulator.
83
(6/19)
Technology Performance Expected Flagship Demo Work
Block function (specification proven by 2012 (minimum flow
Define Storage Identify a site or a combination Defining the Within Europe all current Increased Documented and
License sites which can contain the full boundaries of the activities operate license project base published criteria
Parametres life-cycle project CO2 volume. storage complex exceptions from existing with agreed for regulatory
Identify Interplay Define and agree vertical and and agreeing regulations on a project-by- license definition of
containment between lateral boundaries for a operating project basis.. Only some of parameters and project
boundaries Regulations licensed containmnet complex performance with these projects have defined emerging boundaries for
(emerging) wirth regulatory authorities regulatory bodies lateral and vertical national each flagship
and storage boundaries prior to regulations demo in order to
Define Define spatial and temporal
system commencement establish first
separation separation margins between
modelling regulatory
distances CO2 plume and identified leak
practice
features or sensitive zone
(e.g. potable water, other
licenses or national
boundaries)
Define operation Agree licensed volume and
volume pressure with regulator.
Define operation
pressure
Define baseline Standard Demonstrate geological Defining the Not yet consensus on Alignment of Integrate M&V Ok for But need
M&V industry storage of CO2 is effective baseline work and definition of a baseline for baseline procedures and weismic, integratio
requirements systems and poses no unacceptable the monitoring & CO2 M&V. Extensive and definition of plans as part of wellbore n with
combined HSE or economic risk. To be verification mature toolkit exists, but no storage system, full storage and definition
with standard effective this has to be programme, standards for M&V particularly system petrophysi of
surface against an agreed baseline. including requirements (accuracy, around approach, cal, not for threshold
monitoring Setting external conditions thresholdts for areal extend, frequency)'. threshold. Need showing clear surface s and
technologies informed by a combination of monitoring and Criteria for definition of post- for consensus linkages to risk baseline & project
and emerging risk assessment, regulatory inventory. Set the closure phase poorly regarding the assessment, CO2 economic
technologies requirements and external criteria for closure defined. Different M&V key parameters containment, monitoring s
(e.g. marine stakeholder expectation and agree post- requirements for storage for monitoring safe operation
biosphere) (NGO, public). closure monitoring security, HSE and ETS and verification and CO2 credits.
with the regulator. credit.
84
(7/19)
Expected for
Technology Block Capacity and Performance Expected proven by Flagship Demo Work
function (specification parameters) 2012 (minimum flow
perform)
Site Testing
Site Maturation Plan
Data acquisition As per 'Evaluate Iterative loop of Confirm that the storage Adapted workflows Lack of subsurface data Will take place
Storage Features' site maturation sites (s) is large enough to are emerging at a will limit maturation of on data rich
maturation above activities to hold full life-cycle CO2 project level but some potential sites by sites/areas or
planning close data gaps volumes. Sustained require peer review 2012 sites with
and mature injection rates over the life- and alignment to accelerated
prefered site(s) time of the project can be move to data acquisition
achieved. Model and standardised and and appraisal
predict distribution of CO2 accepted practices. activities
in the subsurface and
demonstrate credible
mechanisms for long term
containment.
Baseline surveys (MMV)
geosphere Standard industry Establish initial Determine the parameters Tools exist today Application of tools Agreed baseline
systems combined conditions for all and thresholds of for general modified to CCS executed and
hydrosphere with standard surface storage system measurements per domain application, but activities. Convergence shared for all
biosphere monitoring components and to establish the project CCS thresholds on thresholds and key flagship
technologies and and map fluxes reference baseline which and parameters parameters, and projects;
atmosphere emerging technologies (if any) for each will be used for future have yet to be recognition of matching
(e.g. marine biosphere) domain performance validation. established technology gaps. thresholds and
parameters to
regulator
expectations
85
(8/19)
Capacity and
Technology Performance Expected proven by Expected for Flagship Work
Block function (specification 2012 Demo (minimum perform) flow
parameters)
Storage site and CO2 source ability to model variability
integration
CO2 flow stream # CHECK Matching of time Constraining the time # CHECK # CHECK # CHECK
variability dependent variable dependent flow rate
CO2 output (rate of CO2
CO2 composition # CHECK and composition) to Constraining the time # CHECK # CHECK # CHECK
transportation and dependent
storage facility, composition of CO2
including flow and contaminants
regime, phase
CO2 phase # CHECK Establishing the # CHECK # CHECK # CHECK
envelopes,
behaviour operating envelope
compression/pumpi
for transport,
ng and operating
compression and
envelope.
storage
Existing wells
survey/monitor Existing technologies Identify any wells Establish a basis for Toolkit for Numerical modelling Gather data that will support
for leakage & for live/suspended or zone that might evaluation of leakage live/suspended capability for full full wellbore modelling and
corrosion wells with a need for be impacted by potential from old wells wellbore and improved provide reference welbore
more sensitive and injected CO2 and wells. Setting downhole diagnostics integrity data. Need to share
diagnostic tools for establish a standards for for wellbore integrity. experience between
wellbore integrity. Lack workover/abanonm remediation and/or Emerging consensus on demonstration projects (i.e.
of full wellbore ent plans abandonment. whether to remediate through IEA Wellbore
modelling technology. poorly abandoned wells Integrity network)
or design site to avoid
plume contact.
remediate or Existing remediation Industry Revised standards for Review and update For
abandon and abandonment standards for CCS activities corporate standards for CCS
standards require production adressing extended CCS activities, providing
updating for CCS /injection storage life requirement input for updated regulatory
operations standards and practices.
(hydrocarbon
development)
86
(9/19)

Technology Performance Expected proven Flagship Demo Work
Block function (specification by 2012 (minimum flow
Baseline Monitoring and Verification
Identify M&V parameters and thresholds for each domain for a specific storage system
HSE Standard industrySafeguarding the Agree with regulators

systems combined environment, population and the parameters and MV programme
with standard work force thresholds and agreed with
Containment surface monitoring
Setting performance frequency of regulator.
technologies and standards and operating measurements. Application of tools executed for all
emerging Tools exist today
practices with regulatory modified to CCS flagship
technologies (e.g. for general
bodies activities. projects;
marine biosphere) application, but
Verification Assuring credit under the EU Convergence on monitoring
CCS thresholds
ETS and any national thresholds and key results shared
and parameters
system. Verification that parameters, and amongst all
have yet to be
CO2 storage operation does recognition of ZEP
established
not expose operator to technology gaps. demonstrators For free
external liability (e.g (e.g. through phase CO2
contamination of ground IEA Monitoring
water, other operator's Network)
hydrocarbons)
Forward Model Leakage - 'what ifs' for
Atmosphere Standard industry Modelling plume migration Model and predict Adapted workflows Alignment of peer Forward model For For
systems beyond primary seal to distribution of CO2 in are emerging at a reviewed work leakage infividual primary
Biosphere identify leakage pathways to the subsurface and project level but flows that beyound the storage containm
Hydrosphere other domains. The intent is demonstrate credible require peer review demonstrate primary system ent but
to mature M&V programme mechanisms for long and alignment to leakage pathways containment to component not for
Geosphere and demonstrate storage term containment. move to and secondary fully identify but not for entire
system integrity. standardised and containment leakage whole storage
accepted practices. capacity (storage pathways and system system
security) so mature M&V
strategy.
87
(10/19)
Capacity and
Expected for Work
Technology Performance Expected proven
Block function (specification by 2012 flow
(minimum perform)
parameters)
Economical Work Place economic Site-specific Existing industry Formative Systematic
screening of process constraints on M&V requirements against approches to screening models economic
MMV programme in the corporate screening economic screening at a project-by- screening, shared
programme operation phase and to criteria and project require adaptation to project level through IEA
agree with regulator economics extended CCS constrained by networks
structures for M&V post- project time scales emerging
closure and to emerging EU regulations
and national
regulations.
Regulatory Regulatory Define MMV plans with Capability to work with Exist for oilfield Adapted Develop common
MMV dialogue regulators (features, regulators to shape operations but not procedures to fit approach to future
requirements and accuracy, time) for all regulatory requirements matured for CCS CCS and as CCS project MMV
approval phases of project for MMV incorporating licensed by requirements based
and adapting national regulators on experience from
experience from active deriving flagship programme
CCS and other relevant monitoring demos
projects (e.g. natural guidelines from
gas storage, waste CO2 Storage
water injection) Directive
Define Work Agree long-term Model and predict Modelling capability Increased Forward model But But only
requirements process modelling programme distribution of CO2 in proven today but modelling capacity leakage beyound modelling sparsely
for forward supported by M&V data the subsurface and modelling capacity for and alignment on the primary capacity applied
modelling that demonstrates demonstrate credible full storage system the requirement to containment to fully constrain to date
based on MMV performance (storage mechanisms for long limits capabilty model beyond identify leakage
data. security) against agreed term containment. primary pathways and so
baseline, to guide future containment mature M&V
choice of tools and strategy.
frequency of
measurements.
88
(11/19)
Capacity and
Technology Expected for Work
Performance Expected
Block Technology Scope Proven Flagship Demo Tools
(specification proven by 2012 flow
function (minimum perform)
parameters)
OPERATION
Design wells Standard industry systems Establish design criteria for Establish agreed design Industry Revised Review and update
working to revised injection (and observation) wells standards and standards for standards for corporate
standards. Increased (well geometry, completion contracting and production/injectio CCS activities standards for CCS
emphasis on material intervals, materials procurement practices n operations adressing activities, providing
selection, cementing choice,cement and cementing for sequestration wells (hydrocarbon extended input for updated
practices, zonal isolationpractices, contracting and development); storage life regulatory
and contracting and tendering procedures - in line emerging requirement standards and
procurement standards with life-cycle containment practices for CCS practices.
objectives. activities
Locate Standard industy systems Siting injection wells to allow Model injection patterns Industry Alignment of Documented and
injecton even distribution of CO2 in to assure an even standards for peer reviewed published work
wells + subsurface, providing separation distribution of CO2 in production/injectio work flows/criteria for
patterns distance from recognised leak the subsurface and n operations flows/criteria for each flagship demo
features and including manage pressure (hydrocarbon locating wells
redundancy injection capacity to distribution within development); and defining
optimise operational flexibility licensed limits injection
patterns
Remediate Standard industry systems Minimise risk of CO2 migration Workover and or Industry Revised Review and update
and/or working to revised outside containment system by abandon existing wells; standards for standards for corporate
abandon old standards. remediating and/or abandoning assure integrity to production/injectio CCS activities standards for CCS
wells old wells to a revised CCS revised standards. n operations adressing activities, providing
standard (hydrocarbon extended input for updated
development); storage life regulatory
requirement standards and
practices.
89
(12/19)
Technology Expected for Work

Capacity and Performance Expected proven by
Block Technology Scope Proven Flagship Demo Tools
(specification parameters) 2012 flow
function (minimum perform)
Drill & Standard industry Drill and Drill and complete wells to Industry standards for Revised standards for Review and update
complete systems working to complete revised standards; acquire production/injection CCS activities adressing corporate
wells revised standards. injection (and adequate baseline data to operations extended storage life standards for CCS
observation) monitor life-cycle integrity. (hydrocarbon requirement activities, providing
wells to revised development); input for updated
CCS standards emerging practices for regulatory
CCS activities standards and
practices.
Cement Standard industry Demonstrate Assure cement integrity and Industry standards for Revised standards for Documented and
integrity and systems working to wellbore zonal isolation to revised production/injection CCS activities adressing share cement and
zonal revised standards. material and standards operations extended storage life zonal isolation
isolation cement integrity (hydrocarbon requirement; revised practices for each
and effective development) - large regulatory requirements flagship demo
zonal isolation variations in operating for contracting and through appropriate
standards and practices procurement procedures networks
resulting in variable but for CCS activities
widespread well (integrity assurance not
integrity issues cost driven)
Manage Standard industry Maximise Clean-up the near well-bore Industry standards for Alignment of peer Documented and
near- systems working to injectivity region to: production/injection reviewed practices and share near-well
wellbore revised standards. without -optimise injection capacity operations work flows bore clean-up
clean-up compromising -minimise well integrity problems (hydrocarbon practices for each
wellbore -not compromise containment development); flagship demo
integrity -condition the near well bore emerging practices for through appropriate
region for CO2 injection (if CCS activities networks
required)
Inject dense Standard industry Initiate injection Inject dense phase CO2 within Capacity at the scale of Alignment of peer Document and
phase CO2 systems working to activities within licensed limits and across existing demonstrator reviewed practices and publish practices for
revised standards & the agreed selected injection intervals projects and within work flows each flagship demo
potentially operating restricted operating
extending existing envelope envelopes
operating
envelopes.
90
(13/19)

Technology Work
Performance Expected proven Flagship Demo
Block Technology Scope Proven Tools
(specification by 2012 (minimum flow
function
Manage Standard industry Maintain injection activities within Confirm and Industry standards for Alignment of Document and
injection P + systems working the agreed operating envelope maintain injection production/injection peer reviewed share PT
T within agreed within licensed operations practices and management
licensed limits limits and across (hydrocarbon work flows practices for
selected injection development); each flagship
intervals emerging practices for demo through
CCS activities appropriate
networks
Manage CO2 Standard industry Maintain CO2 flow within defined
input into systems adapted to operating envelope
reservoir the variable
throughput from
different CCS
projects
rate Standard industry Manage plant load variation as part Forward model Emerging practices for Selection of Not
systems working of reservoir management strategy to and CCS activities but not demos across a validated
within agreed maintain down-hole pressure manage/optimise yet across a wide- range of for specific
licensed limits and control. Model near-wellbore variations in CO2 range of operating operating demonstra
adapted to the effects. throughput into scenarios envelopes; totr types
variable throughput subsurface Alignment of document and with highly
from different CCS peer reviewed share variable
projects practices and subsurface CO2 throughput
areal and Standard industry Model plume distrubution and Monitor injection Emerging practices for work flows mangement
vertical systems manage injection patterns/intervals intervals and CCS activities but not practices for
distribution to ensure en even distribution of plume migration/ yet across a wide- each flagship
CO2 vertically (i.e. in layered pressure range of operating demo through
reservoirs) and laterally (i.e. even evolution within scenarios appropriate
distribution of plume under cap) reservoir networks
91
(14/19)
Capacity and Wor

Technology Performance Expected proven by Expected for Flagship k
Block function (specification 2012 Demo (minimum perform)
parameters) flow
Lifecycle well integrity assurance

logging Standard Logging Utilise sensitive and Standard industry logging Numerical modelling Gather data that will support
industry well/cement diagnostic downhole capabilty but with limited capability for full full wellbore modelling and
systems but integrity during tools for wellbore capability/experience in wellbore and improved provide reference welbore
with more the operational integrity, conduct modelling full wellbore downhole diagnostics integrity data. Need to share
sensitive and period to identify numerical model of integrity - including flux for wellbore integrity. experience between
diagnostic workover/mainten leakage for a full well rates demonstration projects (i.e.
downhole tools ance bore; develop a through IEA Wellbore
for wellbore requirements statistical basis for Integrity network)
integrity the evaluation of
wellbore performance
workovers Standard Execute workover Workover and or Industry standards for Revised standards for Review and update
industry activities and abandon wells; hydrocarbon development CCS activities corporate standards for
systems mangage assure integrity to and CO2 EOR; little/no adressing extended CCS activities, providing
working to simultaneous revised standards. experience for CCS storage life requirement input for updated regulatory
revised operations activities standards and practices.
standards. (SIMOP's)
maintenance Standard Manage existing Maintain existing well Industry standards for Revised standards for Review and update
industry well stock stock and ensure hydrocarbon development CCS activities corporate standards for
systems data quality to assess and CO2 EOR; little/no adressing extended CCS activities, providing
working to integrity against experience for CCS storage life requirement input for updated regulatory
revised agreed baseline activities standards and practices.
standards.
92
(15/19)
Capacity and
Technology Performance Expected proven by Expected for Flagship Demo Work
Block function (specification 2012 (minimum perform) flow
parameters)
Select wells Standard Determine Forward model plume Adapted modelling Emerging consensus Clarify and share license
near injection industry appropriate distribution and workflows are emerging at on key forward requirements/criteria for
end-life cycle systems number and determine appropriate a project level but require modelling issues and observation wells. Execute
working within distribution of wells to convert to peer review and alignment on emerging regulatory forward modelling prior to
agreed licensed wells to convert to observation wells to move to standardised requirements. selection of
limits obsevation wells and accepted practices; abandonment/observation
absence of regulatory wells. Aquire data late
definition of post-closure injection period to modelling
observation well standards and selection.
convert to Standard Workover Workover and convert Industry standards for Revised standards for Incorporate experience to
observation industry selected wells wells; assure integrity hydrocarbon development CCS activities date from active
systems and convert to to revised standards. and CO2 EOR; emerging adressing extended demonstrator projects.
working to observation wells experience for CCS storage life requirement Review and update
revised activities corporate standards for CCS
standards. activities, providing input for
updated regulatory
standards and practices.
abandon to Standard Abandon Abandon wells; assure Industry standards for Revised standards for Review and update
agreed industry remaining well- integrity to revised production/injection CCS activities corporate standards for CCS
standards systems stock to revised standards. operations (hydrocarbon adressing extended activities, providing input for
working to standard development); storage life requirement updated regulatory
revised standards and practices.
standards.
93
(16/19)
Expected for
Expected Work
Technology Capacity and Performance Flagship Demo
Block function (specification parameters) (minimum flow
2012
perform)
Storage Closing down injection and facilities leaving only monitoring equiment in place. It is anticipated that post-injection monitoring may be required for as
Closure long as the injection period (i.e. 30-40 years) or shorter if stability can be proven
Define at end-
of-injection
CO2 plume Standard industry Estsblish reference Establish Adapted workflows are emerging Alignment Defining key
position systems against which future CO2 refence point for at a project level but require peer of peer sensitivities that
dense phase plume is to future review and alignment to move to reviewed constrain plume
be held. comparison. standardised and accepted work flows migration and
practices. Reactive flow: Need pressure
modelling tools that fully couple all modelling.
processes or can interface to Publishing
specialised reactive flow modelling workflows for
tools (e.g. Petrel, PVTsim which operational and
supply input to flow models) extended time
scales for
modelling.
Establish Make full inventory of all

'baseline' for all monitored parameters
monitoring
parameters
94
(17/19)

Expected Work
Technology Performance Flagship Demo
Block function (specification (minimum flow
2012
Histrory Standard industry Match against Use Adapted workflows are emerging Emerging Assess for
matching and systems need performance histrory and accumulated at a project level but require peer consensus reactive flow
forward models integration with forward model plume performance review and alignment to move to on key issues prior to
emerging modelling behaviour and fate of experience over standardised and accepted forward site selection
codes/databases to CO2 dissolved in brine. 20-30 years for practices. Reactive flow: Need modelling and acquire data
handle complex Model 'what if' scenarios. history matching modelling tools that fully couple issues and during field
geochemical/geomecha and make all processes or can interface to on demo operation
nical processes. Lab predictions for specialised reactive flow emerging and post-
experiments with critical the post- modelling tools (e.g. Petrel, regulatory operation phase
liquids at operating injection PVTsim which supply input to requiremen to validate
conditions. monitoring flow models) ts. reactive flow
period as well as components
long term (100
to 1000's of
years)
Define criteria Regulatory dialogue and Define convergence and Define criteria Criteria for definition of post- Obligations
for operator's approval stabilisation criteria with for containment closure phase poorly defined. agreed with
obligations regulators; i.e. when can of CO2 within Different M&V requirements for regulator.
operator leave site storage system storage security, HSE and ETS executed for all
credit. flagship projects;
monitoring
results shared
amongst all ZEP
demonstrators
(e.g. through IEA
Monitoring
Network)
95
(18/19)
Capacity and
Expected Expected for
Technology Performance Work
Technology Scope Proven proven by Flagship Demo Tools
Block function (specification flow
2012 (minimum perform)
parameters)
Observation Standard industry Demonstrate wellbore Assure cement integrity Industry Revised Clarify and share
wells systems working to material and cement and zonal isolation to standards for standards for license
revised standards. integrity and effective revised standards production/inj CCS activities requirements/criteria
zonal isolation ection adressing for observation wells.
operations extended Execute forward
(hydrocarbon storage life modelling prior to
development) requirement selection of
; abandonment/observ
ation wells. Aquire
data late injection
period to modelling
and selection.
Perform Revised MV programme
regular MMV standards for agreed with regulator.
CCS activities executed for all
adressing flagship projects;
extended monitoring results
storage life shared amongst all
requirement ZEP demonstrators
(e.g. through IEA
geosphere Standard industry Review and updfate Repeatedly determine
Monitoring Network)
systems combined with regulators MMV monitoring parameters at
hydrosphere with standard surface activities (features, specified thresholds of
monitoring accuracy, frequency) measurements per
biosphere
technologies and and storage domain and compare to
atmosphere emerging technologies performance & establish the project
(e.g. passive seismic)) security against reference baseline for
agreed baseline. performance validation.
96
(19/19)
Capacity and
Expected Expected for Work
Technology Performance
Technology Scope Proven proven by Flagship Demo Tools
Block function (specification flow
2012 (minimum perform)
parameters)
Post Closure
M&V
CO2 Simplified standard Define with regulators Identify robust method Some
containment industry systems and certification for scientific monitoring procedures
M&V combined with agency need - if any - over the following emerging at
standard surface for long term decades pilot sites
monitoring monitoring to ensure
technologies and storage integrity and
emerging technologies collation of
(e.g. passive seismic)) documentation
Termination Standard industry Removal of all surface How to leave site Exists in oil Revised
procedure systems working to and monitoring and gas standards for
revised standards. equipment, including operations CCS activities
any observation wells. adressing
extended
storage life
Relinquishment Regulatory dialogue Specification of when Hand-over of liability to requirement
and approval and to what regulator
specifications the
operator can return
license area to the
regulators
97
Scope of technology blocks for storage –
ECBM (1/4)
Capacity and
Expected Expected for Flagship Work
Technology Block Performance Comm
Technology Scope Proven proven by Demo (minimum Tools
function (specification ercial flow
2012 perform)
parameters)
Pattern test
Evaluate 5 spot pilot In mature CBM field, which is in Increase of Technology to Commerci Successful pilot in
Enhanced CBM decline, a new injector is drilled or methane conduct pilot ally mature field (stop
production producer converted into an production in exists (Ref proven decline in production
injector to conduct a 5 spot pilot. producers pilots in San after pilot and ready for scale up)
Here the main objective is to Juan in 90s) successful
enhance the methane production ly
and postpone the decline of the completed
field. The CO2 storage is a in field
bonus. (ready for
scale up)
CO2 storage in injection A depleted CBM well is converted Prove long-term Technology to Commerci Successful injection in
coal test into an injector to test CO2 injectivity of conduct pilot al concept depleted field
injectivity and storage potential of CO2: reduction exists depends (continuous injection at
coal. The main objective is CO2 in injectivty may (RECOPOL on CO2 acceptable rate and
storage mean less CO2 pilot, etc.) credits ready for scale up)
can be stored) and
regulation
Flue gas injection lab The CO2 footprint of a CBM Establish effect not proven Prove Ready to conduct
evaluation operation is largely due to the of oxygen on concept of commercial field pilot +
followed by own use (fuel gas) for ECBM flue gas integration with
5 spot test compression. Capturing the flue injection compressor sites
gas and usage for ECBM may be
attractive option to reduce own
CO2 at compressor stations. The
effect of oxygen (in flue gas) on
ECBM is unknown. Need better
understanding before conducting
field trails
98
ECBM (2/4)
Capacity and
2012 perform)
parameters)
Upgrade
facilities
well site space for If producer is converted to injector sufficient space, proven
CO2 changes are required to well site footprint
equipment
prevention standard CBM gas already contains CO2, no corrision proven
corrosion tech but now more CO2 can be
expected in produced gas (low
CO2 separator standard pressure sep) efficiency proven
tech separation
process
New Facilities
CO2 injection standard Volumes injected per well are Completion of proven
CBM relatively modest so low tech well
drilling wells are sufficient
Well site standard If new injector is drilled, new site space, footprint proven
well site needs to be prepared
prep CBM
CO2 transport standard Need to evaluate whether low pipe capacity + proven
piping pressure (plastic) or high integrated
pressure (steel) pipes will be design with
used (compression at well-head compression
or central compression)
CO2 storage at CO2 CO2 storage buffer is required for Sufficient proven
site storage pilot storage space
tanks to conduct pilot
99
ECBM (3/4)
Capacity and
2012 perform)
parameters)
CO2 separation standard Extra separation may be required. efficiency proven
tech Separation is possible and separation
proven. Moreover, there are process
almost no compression losses,
because CBM gas is produced at
low pressure (few bars).
CO2 compression standard New compressors can be build at integrated proven
tech compression station or at well site design
depending on economics compression
site and well
site meeting
injection specs.
M&V operational
Well Standard Risk of leakage of CO2 detect leakage proven
Sensors comparable or smaller than risk of both
methane leakage. Monitoring concentration
similar as CBM, but include CO2 and flux
sensors. Also, there is standard
mining technology to monitor
methane and CO2 in mines.
Surface Standard In CBM field migration of detect leakage proven
Sensors methane to surface always poses both
a risk when de-watering. CO2 concentration
leakage is less likely because it and flux
adsorbs stronger to the coal.
Monitoring program in conjunction
with existing methane monitoring
program.
100
ECBM (4/4)
Capacity and
2012 perform)
parameters)
Ground water Standard Again risk of methane detect CO2 or proven
Sensors contamination due to CBM CH4
operation is higher, comparable contamination
monitoring techniques for CO2 of water
Closure
methodology
Facilities Standard Re-use of facilities (compressors proven
abandonm etc.) recommended
ent CBM
wells Standard RECOPOL showed that it is proven
abandonm difficult to get CO2 out of the coal
ent CBM
CO2 containment Standard Risk CH4 leakage due to CBM at proven
M&V monitoring well site larger than CO2 leakage.
techniques
Post Closure
M&V
CO2 containment sensors Similar to post monitoring mining proven
M&V surface areas (CH4 leakage)
and water
Termination
procedure
Relinquishment legal Mining rights: Coal needs to be legal issues
classified as storage medium to need to be
avoid conflict with future mining resolved
101
102

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Zero Emission Platform

CO2 Capture and Storage (CCS) – Matrix of Technologies

• Overview of CO2 value chain

• CO2 capture technologies

• Transport & Storage

CO2 capture CO2 capture Combustion

Pulverised Coal (PC) or

Note: Coal includes all types of coal and biomass co-firing

Power production & CO2 capture Downstream

Pre- Land/sea EOR/EGR

• Overview of CO2 value chain

• CO2 capture technologies

• Transport & Storage

Validation status definition

Validation status Principle

Not tested / Less advanced than pilot

Partially validated Ready for large demo project

Fully validated Commercially available

Fuel preparation Flue gas Steam cycle Flue gas

Overall process integration

Fuel preparation Major steps on

CO2 capture CO2 purification

Flue gas treatment and

Upstream Power production & CO2 capture

Fuel preparation Coal PC

Overall process integration

Capture blocks to be validated (Amines, Validation status

Steam cycle Main focus to be put on

CO2 purification &

Upstream Power production & CO2 capture

Overall process integration

Validation more advanced than on Oxyfuel or Post- Validation status

Fuel handling – Lignite/Biomass

Overall process integration

Fuel preparation Coal PC Flue gas

100MW COMTES Castor/Esbjerg (2MW)

Amines 10MW 100MW

Overall process integration

Steam Flue gas

Overall process integration

Reforming CO2 capture

Overall process integration

Validation status Industry initiatives

• Difference in validation status within the different CO2

Need for a large number of demo projects

• Overview of CO2 value chain

• CO2 capture technologies

• Transport & Storage

Increase steam parameters (350 bars, 700/720°C)

Performance increase Validation initiatives

Potential efficiency gains compared

ASU + 0,5 to 2 points IGCC & Oxy Medium

Gas turbine + 0,5 to 2 points Low / Medium

Fuel preparation IGCC & Oxy Strong

Plant integration + 1 to 4 points Strong

Focus to be on Boiler/Steam cycle and Plant integration

• Overview of CO2 value chain

• CO2 capture technologies

• Transport & Storage

Pipelines Ship Rail/truck tankers

Difficult option for Not considered as

From plant Injection

Integration with CO2 capture power plant and injection site