Iron(II) sulfate

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula
FeSO4·xH2O. These compounds exist most commonly as the heptahydrate (x = 7) but are known for several values of x. Iron(II) sulfate
The hydrated form is used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications. Known since ancient times
as copperas and as green vitriol, the blue-green heptahydrate is the most common form of this material. All the iron(II)
sulfates dissolve in water to give the same aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry and is
paramagnetic. The name copperas dates from times when the copper(II) sulfate was known as blue copperas, and perhaps in
analogy, iron(II) and zinc sulfate were known respectively as green and white copperas.[14]

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic iron(II) sulfate, when dissolved in water
health system.[15]

Contents
1 Uses
1.1 Medical use
1.2 Colorant
1.3 Other uses
2 Hydrates
3 Production and reactions
3.1 Reactions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links

Uses
Names
Industrially, ferrous sulfate is mainly used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is a reducing agent, and as such is IUPAC name
useful for the reduction of chromate in cement to less toxic Cr(III) compounds. Historically ferrous sulfate was used in the Iron(II) sulfate
textile industry for centuries as a dye fixative. It is used historically to blacken leather and as a constituent of ink.[16]
Other names
Medical use Ferrous sulfate, Green vitriol,
Iron vitriol, Copperas, Melanterite,
Together with other iron compounds, ferrous sulfate is used to fortify foods and to treat and prevent iron deficiency anemia. Szomolnokite
Constipation is a frequent and uncomfortable side effect associated with the administration of oral iron supplements. Stool Identifiers
softeners often are prescribed to prevent constipation.
CAS Number anhydrous:
Colorant 7720-78-7
monohydrate:
Ferrous sulfate was used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until 17375-41-6
the end of the eighteenth century. Chemical tests made on the Lachish letters (c.588–586 BCE) showed the possible heptahydrate:
presence of iron.[17] It is thought that oak galls and copperas may have been used in making the ink on those letters.[18] It 7782-63-0
also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant. Harewood, a material used in marquetry and parquetry since the 17th century, is 3D model anhydrous:
also made using ferrous sulfate. (JSmol) Interactive image
Two different methods for the direct application of indigo dye were developed in England in the eighteenth century and ChEBI anhydrous:
remained in use well into the nineteenth century. One of these, known as china blue, involved iron(II) sulfate. After printing CHEBI:75832
an insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric, the indigo was reduced to leuco-indigo in a sequence of baths of ferrous sulfate ChemSpider anhydrous:
(with reoxidation to indigo in air between immersions). The china blue process could make sharp designs, but it could not
22804
produce the dark hues of other methods. Sometimes, it is included in canned black olives as an artificial colorant.
monohydrate:
Ferrous sulfate can also be used to stain concrete and some limestones and sandstones a yellowish rust color.[19] 56459
heptahydrate:
Woodworkers use ferrous sulfate solutions to color maple wood a silvery hue. 22804
ECHA InfoCard 100.028.867
Other uses
EC Number 231-753-5
In horticulture it is used for treating iron chlorosis.[20] Although not as rapid-acting as iron chelate, its effects are longer- PubChem CID anhydrous:
lasting. It can be mixed with compost and dug into to the soil to create a store which can last for years.[21] It is also used as 24393
a lawn conditioner,[21] and moss killer. monohydrate:
62712
In the second half of the 1850s ferrous sulfate was used as a photographic developer for collodion process images.
heptahydrate:
Ferrous sulfate is sometimes added to the cooling water flowing through the brass tubes of turbine condensers to form a 62662
corrosion-resistant protective coating. RTECS number NO8500000
(anhydrous)
It is used in gold refining to precipitate metallic gold from auric chloride solutions (gold dissolved in solution with aqua
regia). NO8510000
(heptahydrate)
It has been used in the purification of water by flocculation and for phosphate removal in municipal and industrial sewage UNII anhydrous:
treatment plants to prevent eutrophication of surface water bodies. 2IDP3X9OUD
It is used as a traditional method of treating wood panelling on houses, either alone, dissolved in water, or as a component monohydrate:
of water-based paint. RIB00980VW
dihydrate:
Green vitriol is also a useful reagent in the identification of mushrooms.[22] G0Z5449449
Hydrates heptahydrate:
39R4TAN1VT
Iron(II) sulfate can be found in various states of hydration, and several of these forms exist in nature. UN number 3077
InChI
FeSO4·H2O (mineral: Szomolnokite,[7]
relatively rare)
InChI=1S/Fe.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,
FeSO4·4H2O (mineral: Rozenite,[8] white, relatively common, may be dehydratation product of melanterite) 4)/q+2;/p-2
FeSO4·5H2O (mineral: Siderotil,[1] relatively rare) Key: BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-
L
FeSO4·6H2O (mineral: Ferrohexahydrite,[2] relatively rare) anhydrous: InChI=1/Fe.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;
FeSO4·7H2O (mineral: Melanterite,[9] blue-green, relatively common) (H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
Key: BAUYGSIQEAFULO-
NUQVWONBAS
The tetrahydrate is stabilized when the temperature of aqueous solutions reaches
56.6 °C (133.9 °F). At 64.8 °C (148.6 °F) these solutions form both the tetrahydrate SMILES
anhydrous: [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Fe+2]
and monohydrate.[4]
Properties
All mentioned mineral forms are connected with oxidation zones of iron-bearing ore Chemical formula FeSO4
beds (pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, etc.) and related environments (like coal fire
Anhydrous iron(II) sulfate Molar mass 151.91 g/mol
sites). Many undergo rapid dehydration and sometimes oxidation.
(anhydrous)
Production and reactions 169.93 g/mol
(monohydrate)
In the finishing of steel prior to plating or coating, the steel sheet or rod is passed through pickling baths of sulfuric acid. 241.99 g/mol
This treatment produces large quantities of iron(II) sulfate as a by-product.[23] (pentahydrate)
260.00 g/mol
Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2 (hexahydrate)
278.02 g/mol
Another source of large amounts results from the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite via the sulfate process.
(heptahydrate)
Ferrous sulfate is also prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite: Appearance White crystals
(anhydrous)
2 FeS2 + 7 O2 + 2 H2O → 2 FeSO4 + 2 H2SO4 White-yellow crystals
(monohydrate)
Reactions Blue-green crystals
(heptahydrate)
Upon dissolving in water, ferrous sulfates form the metal aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which is an almost colorless,
paramagnetic ion. Odor Odorless
Density 3.65 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
On heating, iron(II) sulfate first loses its water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a brown 3 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
colored anhydrous solid. When further heated, the anhydrous material releases sulfur dioxide and white fumes of sulfur 2.15 g/cm3
trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. Decomposition of iron(II) sulfate begins at about 680 °C (1,256 °F).
(pentahydrate)[1]
2 FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 1.934 g/cm3
(hexahydrate)[2]
Like all iron(II) salts, iron(II) sulfate is a reducing agent. For example, it reduces nitric acid to nitrogen monoxide and 1.895 g/cm3
chlorine to chloride: (heptahydrate)[3]

6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 → 3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2 NO Melting point 680 °C (1,256 °F;
6 FeSO4 + 3 Cl2 → 2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 FeCl3 953 K)
(anhydrous)
Upon exposure to air, it oxidizes to form a corrosive brown-yellow coating of "basic decomposes[5]
ferric sulfate", which is an adduct of iron(III) oxide and iron(III) sulfate: 300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
(monohydrate)
12 FeSO4 + 3 O2 → 4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 Fe2O3
decomposes
60–64 °C (140–147 °F;
See also 333–337 K)
(heptahydrate)
Iron(III) sulfate (ferric sulfate), the other common simple sulfate of iron.
decomposes[3][10]
Copper(II) sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate outside atitanium dioxide Ammonium iron(II) sulfate, also known as Mohr's salt, the common double salt of Solubility in Monohydrate:
factory in Kaanaa, Pori, Finland. ammonium sulfate with iron(II) sulfate. water 44.69 g/100 mL (77 °C)
Ephraim Seehl known as an early manufacturer of green vitriol.[24] 35.97 g/100 mL
(90.1 °C)
References Heptahydrate:
15.65 g/100 mL (0 °C)
20.5 g/100 mL (10 °C)
1. "Siderotil Mineral Data" (http://www.webmineral.com/data/Siderotil.shtml). Retrieved 2014-08-03. 29.51 g/100 mL (25 °C)
2. "Ferrohexahydrite Mineral Data" (http://www.webmineral.com/data/Ferrohexahydrite.shtml). Retrieved 2014-08-03.
39.89 g/100 mL
3. Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0. (40.1 °C)
4. Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: 51.35 g/100 mL
D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 343. (54 °C)[4]
5. Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "iron(II) sulfate" (http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=4387).
Solubility Negligible in alcohol
Retrieved 2014-08-03.
6. Sigma-Aldrich Co., Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate (http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/f8263). Solubility in 6.4 g/100 g (20 °C)[5]
Retrieved on 2014-08-03. ethylene glycol
7. Ralph, Jolyon; Chautitle, Ida. "Szomolnokite" (http://www.mindat.org/min-3859.html). Mindat.org. Retrieved
Vapor pressure 1.95 kPa
2014-08-03.
8. "Rozenite Mineral Data" (http://www.webmineral.com/data/Rozenite.shtml). Retrieved 2014-08-03. (heptahydrate)[6]
9. "Melanterite Mineral Data" (http://www.webmineral.com/data/Melanterite.shtml). Retrieved 2014-08-03. Magnetic 1.24 × 10−2 cm3/mol
10. "MSDS of Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate" (https://www.fishersci.ca/viewmsds.do?catNo=I1463). Fair Lawn, New susceptibility (χ) (anhydrous)
Jersey: Fisher Scientific, Inc. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
1.05 × 10−2 cm3/mol
(monohydrate)
 11. Weil, Matthias (2007). "The High-temperature β Modification of Iron(II) Sulfate" (http://www.crystallography.net/22 1.12 × 10−2 cm3/mol
16658.html). Acta Crystallographica Section E. International Union of Crystallography. 63 (12): i192. (heptahydrate)[3]
doi:10.1107/S160053680705475X (https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS160053680705475X). Retrieved 2014-08-03. +10 200 × 10−6 cm3/mol
12. Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate" (http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&i
d=459). Retrieved 2014-08-03. Refractive index 1.591 (monohydrate)[7]
13. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0346" (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0346.html). National (nD) 1.526–1.528 (21 °C,
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). tetrahydrate)[8]
14. Brown, Lesley (1993). The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles. Oxford [Eng.]: 1.513–1.515
Clarendon. ISBN 0-19-861271-0.
(pentahydrate)[1]
15. "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (19th List)" (http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/essentialmedicine
s/EML_2015_FINAL_amended_NOV2015.pdf?ua=1) (PDF). World Health Organization. April 2015. Retrieved 1.468 (hexahydrate)[2]
8 December 2016. 1.471 (heptahydrate)[9]
16. British Archeology magazine. http://www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba66/feat2.shtml Structure
17. Torczyner, Lachish Letters, pp. 188–95
18. Hyatt, The Interpreter's Bible, 1951, volume V, p. 1067 Crystal structure Orthorhombic, oP24
19. How To Stain Concrete with Iron Sulfate (http://www.stainedfloor.com/Iron_Recipes.html) (anhydrous)[11]
20. Koenig, Rich and Kuhns, Mike: Control of Iron Chlorosis in Ornamental and Crop Plants. (Utah State University, Monoclinic, mS36
Salt Lake City, August 1996) p.3 (http://extension.usu.edu/files/publications/publication/AG-SO-01.pdf) (monohydrate)[7]
21. Handreck, Kevin (2002). Gardening Down Under: A Guide to Healthier Soils and Plants (2nd ed.). Collingwood, Monoclinic, mP72
Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 146–47. ISBN 0-643-06677-2.
(tetrahydrate)[8]
22. Svrček, Mirko (1975). A color guide to familiar mushrooms. (2nd ed.). London: Octopus Books. p. 30. ISBN 0-7064-
0448-3. Triclinic, aP42
23. Wildermuth, Egon; Stark, Hans; Friedrich, Gabriele; Ebenhöch, Franz Ludwig; Kühborth, Brigitte; Silver, Jack; (pentahydrate)[1]
Rituper, Rafael (2005), "Iron Compounds", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH Monoclinic, mS192
24. Pryce, William (1778). Mineralogia Cornubiensis; a Treatise on Minerals, Mines and Mining (https://books.google.c (hexahydrate)[2]
om/books?id=CdBWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA33). London: Phillips. p. 33. Monoclinic, mP108
(heptahydrate)[3][9]
External links Space group Pnma, No. 62
(anhydrous) [11]
"Product Information". Chemical Land21. January 10, 2007.
How to Make Copperas (Iron Sulfate) from Pyrites C2/c, No. 15
Hunt, T. Sterry (1879). "Copperas". The American Cyclopædia. (monohydrate,
hexahydrate)[2][7]
P21/n, No. 14
(tetrahydrate)[8]
P1, No. 2
(pentahydrate)[1]
P21/c, No. 14
(heptahydrate)[9]
Point group 2/m 2/m 2/m
(anhydrous)[11]
2/m (monohydrate,
tetrahydrate,
hexahydrate,
heptahydrate)[2][7][8][9]
1 (pentahydrate)[1]
Lattice constant a = 8.704(2) Å,
b = 6.801(3) Å,
c = 4.786(8) Å (293 K,
anhydrous)[11]
α = 90°, β = 90°,
γ = 90°
Coordination Octahedral (Fe2+)
geometry
Thermochemistry
Specific 100.6 J/mol·K
heat capacity (C) (anhydrous)[3]
394.5 J/mol·K
(heptahydrate)[12]
Std molar 107.5 J/mol·K
entropy (So298) (anhydrous)[3]
409.1 J/mol·K
(heptahydrate)[12]
Std enthalpy of −928.4 kJ/mol
formation (anhydrous)[3]
(ΔfHo298)
−3016 kJ/mol
(heptahydrate)[12]
Gibbs free energy −820.8 kJ/mol
(ΔfG˚) (anhydrous)[3]
−2512 kJ/mol
(heptahydrate)[12]
Pharmacology
ATC code B03AA07 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS pictograms
 [6]

GHS signal word Warning

GHS hazard H302, H315, H319[6]
statements
GHS P305+351+338[6]
precautionary
statements
NFPA 704 [10]
1
2 1

Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median 237 mg/kg (rat, oral)[10]
dose)
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
REL TWA 1 mg/m3[13]
(Recommended)
Related compounds
Other cations Cobalt(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate
Manganese(II) sulfate
Nickel(II) sulfate
Related Iron(III) sulfate
compounds
Except where otherwise noted, data are
given for materials in their standard state (at
25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
verify (what is ?)
Infobox references

Salts and esters of the sulfate ion

H2SO4
(NH4)2SO
esters
− [N2H5]HSO
Li2SO4 BeSO4 B ROSO3
(NH3OH)
(RO)2SO2
NOHSO

Na2SO4 Al2(SO4)3
MgSO4 Si P
NaHSO4 Al2SO4(OAc)4

VSO4 CuSO4
K2SO4 Ti(SO4)2 CrSO4 MnSO4 FeSO4 CoSO4
CaSO4 Sc2(SO4)3 V2(SO4)3 NiSO4 Cu2SO4 ZnSO4 Ga2(SO4)3 Ge As
KHSO4 TiOSO4 Cr2(SO4)3 Mn2(SO4)3 Fe2(SO4)3 Co2(SO4)3
VOSO4 [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)]SO4
RbHSO4
SrSO4 Y2(SO4)3 Zr(SO4)2 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh PdSO4 Ag2SO4 CdSO4 In2(SO4)3 SnSO4 Sb2(SO4
Rb2SO4
Hg2SO4 Tl2SO4
Cs2SO4 BaSO4 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au PbSO4 Bi2(SO4
HgSO4 Tl2(SO4)3
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc
↓
Ce2(SO4)3
La Pr (SO4)3 Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm
Ce(SO4)2 2
U(SO4)2
Ac Th Pa Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md
UO2SO4

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