Report

on
“The Challenges of Software Development in Modern Times”

Submitted by

1. Pranali Borkar (14) 3. Prachi Dhoke (12)

2. Prajakta Akojwar (13) 4. Papita Thakre
(11)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Mayur Tembhurney

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering,

S. B. Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research, Nagpur
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to RTMNU, Nagpur)
2021-2022

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering 1

 S. B. Jain Institute of Technology, Management and Research, Nagpur
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

Certificate

This is to certify that the report entitled “The Challenges of Software Development in
Modern Times” is successfully completed by Pranali Borkar, Prajakta Akojwar, Papita
Thakre, Prachi Dhoke under the guidance of “Prof. Mayur Tembhurney” as a part of Fifth
semester for the session 2021-2022. The detail report of work carried is submitted to the
Department.

Prof. Mayur Tembhurney Dr. Abhay Kasetwar

Guide Head of Department

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering 2

ABSTRACT :

In recent years, the software development productivity has been attracting higher atten -
tion by the professional community because of its increasing importance for the development of
complex software systems and applications. At the same time, component-based technologies
have emerged as a modern and promising aproach with a clear potential to improve significantly
the productivity of software development. However, the lack of longer-term experience and the
increasing complexity of the target systems demand much more research results in the field. In
particular, the search for the most appropriate component model and corresponding program-
ming environments is of high interest and importance. The higher level of complexity involves a
wider range of requirements and resources which demand dedicated support for dynamic intelli-
gent (non-functional) properties and flexibility that could be provided in an elegant way by ad-
opting a component-based approach.

The IT industry is not new to change and evolution, however, we are now in an era of
two fundamental waves of IT changes. First, the post-PC era, where mobile devices and tablet-
like devices are giving end-users the ability to consume information when they want it and where
they want it. Second, the post-server era where companies no longer need to neither buy nor pro-
vision servers in their own data centres but instead rent the compute resources as needed. This
twin change has direct consequences to how end-users consume software, how that software is
produced, and how it is delivered.

Keywords: trends; software engineering; Software; Services; Research Challenges;

Collaboration; Software Development .

Introduction:
We are in the midst of two important changes in the IT industry that are causing
ripple effects in all aspects of software development, delivery, and cosumption. These two
changes are typically noted as ‘entering the post-PC’ and ‘entering the post-server’ or cloud
computing era. The post-PC era is manifest with a move toward increasing usage of mobile com-
puting devices such as cell phones, tablets, and other portable devices. These mobile computers
have the same compute capacity as entry-level laptops but have some constraints while also of-
fering new features. The key constraints are:
a. smaller screen for output
b. touch or voice interface as input.
The principal new features that these devices offer, besides portability, are constant
connection to the internet and the fact they are also communication devices with phone-like
capabilities. The post-server era is manifest with a move by companies (small and large) to use
compute resources that are not on-premise but rather accessed via the internet or ‘the cloud’.
This means that no longer are companies’ IT department building dedicated data centres or pro-
visioning departmental servers, they are rather renting the needed compute capacity from
cloud computing providers. The advantages are lower costs and only paying for what is needed
versus paying up-front capital costs and risking under- or over-provisioning compute re-

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sources. Cloud computing providers use their expertise and hardware economies of scale to offer
the compute resources at very low price points – in the order of 10 cents per hour.
These two trends are changing the behaviours and workflows of consumers and enter -
prise IT departments. However, do they also have other impacts to the software industry? In par-
ticular, what is the impact to software lifecycle? How does a post-PC and postserver era change
the way software is designed and developed? Also, could tailored versions of existing develop-
ment processes be more appropriate for cloud development?

Motivation :
ICT and, in particular, software is more and more pervasive. It is affecting our lives, the
services we can exploit, business, manufacturing, agriculture, health, and other fields in a way
that could have never been even imagined a century ago. Countries such as Taiwan, South Korea
and USA spend a significant amount of their R&D investments in ICT, with Taiwan (more than
70%) and South Korea (more than 50%) mostly focusing on hardware, and USA (more than
40%) on both hardware and software. According to Shackelford & Jankowski1, the situation in
Europe varies from country to country, but in all cases ICT is significantly lessprominent with
about 20% of R&D investments for France and Germany.
Software does not require complex machinery to be developed, it can be created on per-
sonal computers that today are accessible to almost all people in the society. This gives the im-
pression that it can be developed by anyone with good technical skills and willing to learn some
simple-to-use programming language. At the same time, its intangibility makes it invisible and,
thus, suggests that it is only a minor part of the devices it is controlling, while, in many cases, it
is a core part of it. For these reasons, historically, there has been a tendency to direct investments
and
attention to the devices rather than to the software itself, and to assume that software develop-
ment and operation approaches and tools should have been defined within specific application
domains, so to address specific problems peculiar of that domains. Also, in many cases, the de-
velopers of such approaches and tools as well as of the software itself were application domain
specialists rather than software engineers. This is especially true for scientific software, as dis-
cussed on Nature, where Merali points out at a number of issues generated by this tendency.
Retrospectively, we can see that the lack of mature software engineering expertise or
practices have caused software bugs that, in turn, have determined loss of significant quantities
of money in the best cases. The last prominent case has happened very recently, in February
2016, when the Japanise Hitomi spacecraft broke off for a problem that was caused by a number
of software failures.
As researchers in software engineering have been highlighting whenever possible, high
quality software requires specific skills and the adoption of good and controlled development
and operation practices. Software engineering has the mission to offer the right tools and
methods to guide users in all activities connected to the lifecycle of software and services,
through the usage of technologies and new paradigms, still ensuring productivity of processes
and quality of software (performance, availability, evolvability, reliability, …). In the last years,
advancements have led to an increasing automation of aspects such as testing, deployment, man-
agement of new software releases, and, at the same time, have allowed researchers and practi-
tioners to identify new approaches for creating and operating software and services (think of De-
vOps4 as an example). However, we cannot stop researching as the problems we face show in-

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creasing complexity. In contexts such as Cloud, Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, Cyber-Phys-
ical Systems (CPS), the core part of software is aiming at creating the infrastructure and middle-
ware layers needed to enable execution of services, storage, transfer and transformation of in-
formation, and integration with other systems, while end-user applicationsare focusing on offer-
ing information and services to the users. In these contexts, such core infrastructural software has
to offer important guarantees in terms of Quality of Service (QoS) and correctness. Moreover, it
has to deal with an open world in which the resources it is exploiting as well as the other soft-
ware and devices it is interacting with, change for many reasons, like failures, changing inter-
faces and implementations, changing requirements, etc. To build and manage such infrastructural
software, and the way it is interfaced with other components, we need to consolidate the software
engineering discipline, which, despite the impressive achievements in the area of software tech-
nology, is probably one of the youngest scientific and technological disciplines with about 60
years of history. The community needs to support this mission that will increase also our ability
to deal with a large number of challenges in other disciplines, from the achievement of a com-
plete digitalization of public administrations and businesses to the actual development of smart
cities, to the development of reliable software for science, to the discovery of new fields that we
cannot imagine today.

Software Development Issues and Challenges

Developing software isn’t easy when technologies and industry standards are constantly
evolving. Between the rapid pace of change, mounting pressure to accelerate digital transforma-
tion, and the uncertain economic, social, and political climate as well as finding and paying for
skilled development talent, organizations have their work cut out for them. Below, we’ll take a
look at the biggest challenges for software developers in 2021 and what they can do to overcome
them.

1. Keeping Pace with Innovation

We’ve been talking about digital transformation for years at this point, but many companies are
still struggling to bring their systems and processes into the 21st century.

Dealing with outdated technology is a huge concern: legacy systems are a prime target for bad
actors, end-users can’t locate information (and if they can, it’s often inaccurate), organizations
lose time and money to manual processes and poor decisions. On-premise hosting is at odds with
remote work. And, of course, there’s all the missed opportunities hiding out in poorly-managed
datasets. Research from McKinsey found that 45% of digital transformation projects deliver
lower returns than anticipated. There is a 45% chance that the average digital transformation pro-

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ject will deliver less profit than expected. According to the firm, successful transformation initi-
atives require the following:

o Clear priorities with a direct link to measurable business goals

o Mature Agile development practices

o Investments in the right talent—think data science, analytics, cloud, AI/ML, etc.

In a recent interview, Gartner’s Kristin Moyer brings up a critical point. She says that “digital
business is about using technology to create new products, to create new business models, new
operating models. And we distinguish between optimization and transformation. Optimization is
where you’re using technology to improve customer engagement or sell more of your existing
product. It’s about doing old things in new ways.”
Optimization, of course, is critical, but it shouldn’t be confused with transformation. Transforma-
tion, Moyer says, is about doing “new things in new ways.” It’s about using technology to create
new business models, revenue streams, and products that change things in your industry. By
treating the two as interchangeable terms, you may end up aiming too low to achieve true
transformation.

Beyond the initial transformation, you’ll also need to make sure you’re always thinking several
years ahead—preparing for, say, how you’ll eventually incorporate quantum computing into
your strategy, embrace blockchain, whatever.

2. Cultural Change
Tiempo’s Rodolfo Carmona says the biggest change he’s seen in the software development space
has nothing to do with technology—which, by nature, is always changing.
Rather, the biggest change is how teams work.

Today’s development teams rely on processes and organizational structures that allow them to
quickly adapt to constant change and shift the focus away from plain innovation and instead
zoom in on enhancing the user experience and responding to customer needs.

He says, “one of the best practices companies are currently following is making sure that every
person on the team understands the software development world is moving way too fast. That
means that they need to adapt to the culture quickly and learn to be more creative.”

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Essentially, the dialog becomes more about working together to solve a high-stakes problem.

While it may sound simple, changing internal processes and eliminating silos is one of the
biggest challenges for software developers—and organizations in general. It’s also one of the
most important: in order to maximize the value of new tech initiatives, organizational cul -
ture needs to align with its strategy.

Without that alignment, it becomes impossible to develop organization-wide data literacy, be-
come truly customer-centric, or successfully use Agile and DevOps practices to build new
products.

The challenge with cultural change is that it has to come from the top and everyone needs to buy
in, or else it falls apart. CIOs/CTOs should start by working with HR to determine what techno-
logy investments and structural change needs to happen to support cultural change.

Then, focus on developing a communication plan that makes the case to other stakeholders—
likely department heads who can help champion new initiatives and help their teams overcome
resistance.

You might also try recruiting a small team to run a pilot project that demonstrates value of cul-
tural change through quick wins with a measurable impact on business processes/performance.

3. Customer Experience
Tiempo’s Eddy Vidal Nunez says it’s critical that companies “develop a deep understanding of
the market and the importance of CI/CD and its role in the customer experience.”

According to McKinsey, the future of CX hinges on… you guessed it, developing a data-driven
strategy. While the firm predicts that this process will become easier thanks to the rise of user-
friendly predictive analytics tools, organizations still need to understand what they’re looking for
and develop a big data ecosystem for storing, securing, and surfacing insights to the right person
at the right time.
A few questions you’ll need to address to get started:

o What information do you need to collect?

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o Do you currently own that information or will you need to invest in additional tech to gain ac-
cess to that info?

o If you do own the necessary data, is it integrated into a centralized location?

o Can you verify its accuracy?

o What channels will you need to gather data from?

o How will you route that information back to the development team?

o How will insights be used to improve the experience?

o How will you know if your efforts were a success?

4. Data Privacy
Organizations need to factor data privacy laws into the development process rather than treating
it as an afterthought.

While this has always been important, the regulatory landscape is becoming more complex. At
the same time, customers are starting to pay close attention to how companies use their informa-
tion and profit from it. Part of the challenge is the ever-changing regulations that come with strict
non-compliance penalties.

Europe’s GDPR and California’s CCPA have been in place for a few years, and California just
passed stricter regulations for how consumer data is used, extending the protections outlined in
the CCPA. Virginia recently passed their own legislation, and more states have bills making their
way through the pipeline.

Any business with customers in Europe, CA, VA, etc., must comply regardless of the rules in
place in their home state or country. Knowing this, organizations must make sure their applica-
tions are easy to adapt as rules change, and more requirements enter the fold.

As Tiempo’s Javier Trevino points out, managing your data privacy strategy should start with
understanding all rules and regulations as they relate to your industry. He says, “industry vertic-
als will define how PII should be secured. In healthcare, there’s HIPAA; for payments, there’s
PCI DSS.”

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You’ll want to address those needs first. Otherwise, you could end up relying on workarounds
that don’t meet regulatory requirements. Once you’ve landed on a solution, you can start focus-
ing on meeting the general requirements. From there, you can develop a plan that ensures com-
plete transparency, tightly-controlled data flows, and includes data protections, like encryption,
VPNs, and more.

5. Cybersecurity
As more organizations embrace the IoT, data streaming, cloud-native apps, and remote work, the
number of cyberattacks have risen sharply. Worse, cybercriminals are becoming more
sophisticated, gaining access to sensitive information like HR records, IP, and consumer data.

And things could soon get worse.

Per a recent Forrester report, it’s only a matter of time before AI-powered hacking goes com-
pletely mainstream—though the tools are already widely available through open-source AI pro-
jects.
Big data—along with widespread cloud adoption and a growing embrace of IoT solutions—has
made it impossible to detect unsecured endpoints, vulnerabilities without the use of AI-enabled
monitoring tools. The impending arrival of 5G/WiFi 6 could soon exacerbate the challenge—as
the expected rise in data streaming will likely generate a massive influx of data. Organizations
already face significant challenges managing and securing their data and need to make sure
they’re prepared for the big wave of big data when it hits.

Javier Trevino says, “static analysis tools should be executed against code bases to identify any
security vulnerabilities using standards outlined by The Open Web Application Security Project
(OWASP).”
This gives you a starting point for mapping out your threat surface and identifying vulnerable
areas. And from there, you can start tackling challenges one by one.

6. AI and Automation
AI-embedded software has become the default pretty much across the board—from sales and
marketing tech to logistics and supply chain management and automated production lines.

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Implementing AI and automation presents challenges for software developers on multiple fronts,
including:

o Determining when to automate a process.

o How to effectively “power human augmentation.”

o Navigating the many challenges of test automation.

o Handling UI changes, multiple error handling, script execution, etc.

To get around these issues, organizations will need to first develop a strategy for getting started.

It’s also important to understand that successfully automating processes demands skilled
resources—you’re not replacing human talent with robots. Instead, the focus should be on apply-
ing automation in areas that waste workers’ time or are particularly vulnerable to human error.

Further, ensure you choose the right tool for the job. That means, rather than focusing on auto-
mation as a broad, multi-process effort, you’ll want to take it one goal at a time by identifying
the tools that best address hyper-specific needs.

7. Data Literacy
Just a few years ago, companies needed to hire data scientists with advanced skills in SQL, R,
Python, big data analysis, data extraction, and normalization to help them analyze and act on big
data insights.

In 2021, AI, ML, NLP, etc. technologies have made their way to the masses. They’re more af-
fordable, accessible, and relatively user-friendly—embedded into the business tools we use each
day.

While it doesn’t take a data scientist to run a report these days, many organizations still aren’t
quite sure how to properly implement these tools and put AI-driven insights to work. According
to a Harvard Business Review study, participants struggled not because of a lack of technical
know-how but because of poor problem-solving skills.
Researchers found that participants struggled to:

o Ask the right questions

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o Understand what information is relevant

o How to validate the integrity of the data

o Test hypotheses

Development teams and stakeholders need to work together to develop solutions that enable end-
users to become more data-driven and self-sufficient.

Think self-serve business intelligence tools, access to AI-driven insights and intuitive reports that
help end-users quickly answer specific questions relevant to their role.

Solutions that provide visualizations and make it easy to turn data points into a story make it
easier to understand the big-picture. However, you’ll also want to make sure that problem-solv-
ing tactics and tools are part of an organization-wide continuous training initiative.

8. Cross-Platform Functionality
Today, there’s the expectation that companies need to offer a unified—or rather “seamless”—ex-
perience across all platforms, channels, and devices.

One of the biggest challenges facing software development teams is the pressure to maintain
consistency—in tone, messaging, and aesthetic across all touchpoints and be ready to provide
on-demand support wherever customers decide to make contact.

Tiempo’s Abel Gonzalez Garcia shared an example from a project he worked on. He says, “in
one recent case, the application that we were testing was designed to work on different OTT plat-
forms like Roku, Apple TV, Fire TV, Android TV, and Xbox. This is a significant challenge, as
we need to have the same functionalities on all the platforms, however, sometimes the platform’s
architecture didn’t allow us to implement certain things, and we needed to figure out a work-
around.”

9. Budgeting
Many companies are working with a smaller budget than they anticipated due to COVID
shutdowns and lost business. Now, they’re forced to figure out how to do “more” with far less.

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Even organizations that have fared relatively well should rethink their budget, making sure that
spending aligns with current priorities. According to Gartner, top-performing organizations are
directing more resources toward new business priorities post-COVID. Analysts recommend that
CIOs respond by re-evaluating business cases to make better use of investments and reallocate
internal resources to prioritize digital innovation.

For instance, if you’re no longer renting office space, you might use the money you’ve saved to
make strategic hires, launch a new product, partner with an outsourcing company, etc.

10. Talent
Organizations face major staffing challenges, too. There’s the infamous IT skills shortage where
you’ve got small and mid-size businesses competing with multi-billion dollar enterprises like
Amazon, Google, and Facebook for in-demand, highly-specialized skills. This, of course, means
attracting top US talent requires smaller businesses to match the kind of salaries and perks those
giants can offer.

Companies need to make sure they understand what they’re looking for, whether they’re hiring
in-house or outsourced talent.

According to IBM, many companies are still focused entirely on addressing skills gaps related to
hard skills like data science, AI/ML, cybersecurity, etc., when they really should focus on
developing a new set of skills.
They need people who:

o Understand how data ecosystems work—how information flows between applications,

devices, and infrastructure, what metrics to use to track performance or identify vulnerabilit-
ies.

o Know how to create policies and governance that maintain data integrity, security, and sup-
port knowledge sharing.

o Have strong soft skills such as empathy, active listening, communication, problem-solving,
creative thinking, and adaptability.

Organizations also face the challenge of upskilling existing developers and engineers to ensure a
“future-proof” workforce. That means you’ll need to rethink the entire training and onboarding

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process, as well as establishing a long-term strategy for making sure your team is up to speed on
the latest tools and tactics. Note that “hard skills” are incredibly essential as well. That said, you
can use outsourcing to fill gaps and provide ongoing training opportunities to ensure that in-
house talent keeps “leveling up” the skills that align with your big-picture plan.

11.Quality Testing and Bugs Fixing

When you curate software, there are several other aspects to consider other than coding. Nonethe-

less, to bring out the intended outcome, several tests are done during the development process to

ensure the quality standards of the software. To come across various bugs during the testing is ex-

pected as it helps in improving the software before launching in the market. Moreover, the issue

can be resolved quickly by enabling multiple testings of the software application. Moreover, there

are instances where it becomes difficult for developers to identify the problem, and therefore more

team members are required with IT experts and developers.

Furthermore, the project managers need to thoroughly test the software application before the

users remove even the slightest issue missed during the number of bug fixing processes. Hence, it

makes it easier to make a solid first impression and fulfill the software functionality efficiently.

You can also outsource a team of experts from the top software testing companies for further as-

sistance.

12.Multiple User Level Requirements

Enterprises need users at various levels. Some are the regular users; some may be power users,

some IT users only, and some administrators. When it comes to system implementations, the de-

velopers need to be aware of different user types. Some specific features users are interested in

and the different types of user access and permissions for all. Moreover, based on the system, the

implementation can be complex to complicated. Some businesses use role-specific models, and

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some use user-specific models to define the design. Keeping a user experience in conduct is the

crucial aspect of today’s market system. To understand further, you can outsource a team of ex-

perts from the custom software developer and efficiently fulfill the users’ requirements. Nonethe-

less, it is important to fathom the customers’ needs and ensure the team fully grabs the details of

curating the application accordingly.

13. Saas Integration

Saas integration holds several challenges as it leads the modern market system. Some of these is-

sues include cloud integration, IT infrastructure, security issues, and several others. Security is

one of the critical concerns for every business shifting to Saas offerings. Therefore, to manage the

system, the software developers need to pay close attention to the data encryption, monitor any

malware activities closely, and meet international standards to sustain users worldwide.

However, if your Saas solution is hosted under the cloud, then the application’s security is risky.

Cloud technologies are about the users that use the technology. Hence the suitable individual must

be using the right technology. Moreover, not every software solution is offered with Saas integra-

tions, therefore offering the proper support becomes difficult for the software developers.

14.Technology Selection Expertise

While building the software application, it can become challenging to find the right technology

today with consistent innovations in the market. It can be a tedious and time-consuming activity

for companies and their executives, along with finding the right teams with experience in devel-

oping software applications using various technologies with similar experience as the require-

ments. Moreover, with the increasing demands of professionals, it isn’t easy to analyze whether

the best output is received by outsourcing or in-house staffing. However, there are several general

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implementations, but businesses require specific technology for a particular production in most
cases. For example, if you are using Python language specifically to curate an application, you

need to outsource from professional and experienced Python developers to obtain an efficient res-

ult. Therefore, before beginning with software application development, you need to select the

right technology.

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Observation:

Developing software is not a cakewalk, especially in today’s volatile and

ever-changing markets, and it can get surprisingly challenging to deliver a truly
valuable product that truly matters. So many companies invest in custom
software just to end up with an irrelevant product that brings little to no value both
to the business and its customers. This is a highly competitive area, and there are
countless businesses in each market niche competing fiercely for each client. Of
course, the quality of the software is not the only factor contributing to the success
of your business, but you’d still want your development projects to run smoothly
and achieve their objectives. That is exactly why you would want to be aware of all
the possible software development issues and challenges that might hinder your
future product.  The modern competitive era of software development is vast,
dynamic, and highly complex. Whenever there is an issue in the software, everyone
blames the developers, even if the developers can also not detect the cause of the
malware activity. However, before enhancing the reliability of the software, it is
essential to understand the challenges as well faced by the developers while curat-
ing the software. The software engineering teams face different issues due to emer-
ging various businesses and domains in the current market system. In the present
scenario, software developers must curate an application that will then run on sev-
eral platforms once built. Moreover, with the increasing demands, the developers
are forced to work under tight budgets and timelines to fulfill the business’s needs.
To help you satisfy the software development needs of your company, you can out-
source a team of skilled developers from the software development company and
meet the expected quality standards.

Conclusion :
While overcoming today’s biggest software development issues and challenges won’t be easy,
there is a silver lining: overlapping solutions.

Whether organizations are trying to enter new markets, get ahead of emerging security threats, or
keeping up with shifting consumer needs, a few key things need to happen.

The culture must support these initiatives.

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Data literacy must be embedded across all functions.

Organizations must have complete visibility and control over their entire data ecosystem.

The software industry is increasing and, along with it, holds several challenges that developers

face daily. Therefore, developing a market-approved application is a long process with several

steps to fulfill with effectiveness. Moreover, with the varied software application users, the com-

panies need to fathom the requirements  to fulfill their demands and meet business objectives sim-

ultaneously. Hence, you can easily plan the process to avoid issues from the beginning of the de-

velopment by referring to the challenges mentioned above.

References :
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tries Account for $133 Billion of Business R&D
Performance in the United States in 2013. National Center for Science and Engineering Statist-
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http://www.nature.com/news/2010/101013/full/467775a.html
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8. Lencastre, M. (2014), Foreword of the Thematic Track: Quality in ICT Requirements Engin-
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