READING APPROACH

READING APPROACH
•One way of solving students' reading problems.
•Students are demanded to read more to improve their
knowledge and get new ideas.
•Inferencing, guessing, and predicting are important skills
developed in reading.
•Students will know about the different of culture by
reading across cultural understanding, and they will learn
how to pronounce the words correctly.
•Students are expected to improve their English skills.

SKIMMING
•The main idea of a text is quickly identified
•The goal is to read shorter texts to extract accurate
detailed information.
•Done at a speed three to four times faster than regular
reading.

SCANNING
•Quick reading to get the summary
•Look for keywords
•Moving eyes quickly down to seek specific words or phrases.

EXTENSIVE READING / FREE VOLUNTARY READING

•Approach to language learning, including foreign language learning
•Involves large amount of reading
•Reader's view and review unfamiliar words in a specific context will allow the reader to infer
the word's meaning to learn the unknown words.
•Free reading of books that is not too difficult for readers.

SUMMARY
1. Reading Approach is an approach wherein students are demanded to read more to
improve their knowledge and get new ideas.
2. Students will know the different cultures by reading across cultural understanding in
reading.
3. In reading approach, students are expected to improve their English Skills.
4. In skimming, the main idea of a text is quickly identified
5. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading.
6. Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places. Scanning is quickly reading a text
to get the summary of it.
7. Scanning involves moving the eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and
phrases.
8. Extensive Reading is an approach where the reader's view and review of unknown words
in specific context will allow the reader to infer the word's meaning, to learn unfamiliar words.
9. Extensive Reading is sometimes called Free Voluntary Reading.
 AUTHORS FROM DIFFERENT REGION

AUTHORS FROM NORTH AMERICA:

STAN LEE
-Stanley Martin "Stan Lee" Lieber was an American comic book writer, editor,publisher, and
producer. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential figures in the comic book
industry.
-He worked for Marvel Comics(formerly known as Timely Comics) for several decades and
helped transform the—company into popculture powerhouse. His first ever comic written
was Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge in May 1941.
-He received numerous nominations and won them such as Inkpot Award in 1974, National
Medel of Arts in 2008, Hollywood walk of Fame etc.
-According available to the most recently data, the best-selling American single-issue comic
of all time was X-Men #1, which was published in 1991 and has since sold almost 8.2 million
copies.

Marvel Comics:
•The Avengers #1-34(1963-1966)
•The X-Men#1-19(1963-1966)
•The incredible Huik #1-6(1962-1963) (continues to Tales to Astonish #59)
•Daredevil, #1-9.11-50, 53 (story). Annual #1(1964-1969)

GEORGE R.R. MARTIN

-George Raymond Richard Martin known as GRRM is an American novelist, screenwriter,
television producer and short story writer. He is the author of the series of epic fantasy
novels A Song of Ice and Fire, which were adapted into the Emmy Awardwinning HBO
series Game of Thrones (2011-2019) and its prequel series House of the Dragon (2022-
present).
-A Song of lce and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and
screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of
Thrones, in 1991, and it was published in 1996 and continue with A Clash of Kings, A Storm
of Swords and so on.
-The book have sold 90 million copies worldwide as of April 2019, after having been
translated into 47 languages as of January 2017. The fourth and fifth volumes reached the
top of the New York Times Best Seller lists upon their releases.

AUTHORS FROM LATIN AMERICA:

PAULO COELHO
-Paulo Coelho de Souza is a Brazilian novelist known for employing rich symbolism in his
depictions of the often spiritually motivated journeys taken by his characters.

HIS WORKS INCLUDES:

THE ALCHEMIST (1988)

-The Alchemist is a classic novel in which a boy named Santiago embarks on a journey
seeking treasure in the Egyptian pyramids after having a recurring dream about it and on the
way meets mentors, falls in love, and most importantly, learns the true importance of who he
is and how to improve himself.
-Coelho wrote The Alchemist in only two weeks in 1987. He explained that he was able to
write at this pace because the story was "already written in [his] soul." The book's main
theme is about finding one's destiny, although according to The New York Times, The
Alchemist is'more self-help than literature".

THE WINNER STANDS ALONE (2008)

-What is the price of success? Paulo Coelho offers us a mirror of our own society, where the
cult of luxury and success makes us deaf to the truths murmured by our hearts. In Cannes,
we meet those who have succeeded in the worlds of haute couture and cinema: a Russian
millionaire, a reputed Middle-Eastern stylist,starlet Gabriela, an ambitious detective, and the
model Jasmine Money, power, and fame are their lives' aims, and to achieve these they are
prepared to do anything.

GABRIEL GARCIA MARQUEZ

-Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez was a Colombian novelist short-story writer,
screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin
America.
-Gabriel García Márquez was one of the best-known Latin American writers in history. He
won a Nobel Prize for Literature, mostly for his masterpiece of magic realism, Cien años de
soledad (1967; One Hundred Years of Solitude).

HIS WORKS INCLUDES:

ONE HUNDRED YEARS OF SOLITUDE (1967)

-widely acknowledged as Gabriel Garcia
Márquez's finest work, One Hundred Years of
solitude tells the story of the fictional Colombian town Macondo and the rise and fall of its
founders, the Buendía family.

LOVE IN THE TIME OF CHOLERA (1985)

-The story, which treats the themes of love, aging,and death, takes place between the late
1870s and the early 1930s in a South American community troubled by wars and Outbreaks
of cholera. It is a tale of two lovers, artistic Florentino Ariza and wealthy Fermina Daza, who
reunite after a lifetime apart.

AUTHORS FROM AFRICA AND ASIA:

CHINUA ACHEBE
-Albert Chinualumogu Achebe born-November 16,1930,
Ogidi, Nigeria, died-March 21, 2013, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
-Chinua Achebe was a Nigerian novelist, poet, and critic who is regarded as a central figure
of modern African literature. His first novel and masterpiece, Things Fall Apart, occupies a
pivotal place in African literature and remains the most widely studied, translated, and read
African novel.
-Nigerian novelist acclaimed for his unsentimental depictions of the social and psychological
disorientation accompanying the imposition of Western customs and values upon traditional
African society.
-His first novel Things Fall Apart (1958), often considered his masterpiece, is the most widely
read book in modern African literature. Later novels include No Longer At Ease (1960),
Arrow Of God (1964), A Man Of the People (1966), and Anthills Of the Savannah (1987).

CHIMAMANDA NGOZI ADICHIE

-Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, born-September 15,1977
Enugu, Nigeria
-is a writer and storyteller, best known for her themes of politics, culture, race,and gender.
Her novels, short stories,and plays have all received both public
and critical acclaim.
-Half of a Yellow Sun (2006),gained international acclaim for its depiction of the devastation
caused by the Nigerian Civil War. Her novels, short stories,and nonfiction explore the
intersections-of identity.

KIM EUN-SOOK
-born - 1973,Gangneung of Gangwon-do, South Korea
-is a South Korean screenwriter.
-She graduated from the department of creative writing of
Seoul Institute of Arts with a professional bachelor's degree.
-She wrote the popular television dramas Lovers in Paris (2004), On Air (2008), Secret
Garden (2010), A Gentleman's Dignity (2012), The Heirs (2013), Descendants of the
Sun(2016), Guardian: The Lonely and Great God (2016-2017), Mr. Sunshine (2018). The
King"
Eternal Monarch (2020), and The Glory (2022-2023).

LANG LEAV
-born - September 8,1980 New Zealand
-is a New Zealand novelist and poet. In 2012 Leav began posting her poetry on Tumblr and
her work amassed a
large following.
-In 2013 she self-published her first collection of poetry and prose titled Love and
Misadventure. The book was a surprise hit and caught the attention of literary agents in New
York. Leav signed with New York Agency.

AUTHORS FROM EUROPE:

ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE

-On May 22,1859, Arthur Ignatius Conan
Doyle was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. An affluent Irish Catholic Family, The Doyles.
-Arthur's father, A chronic alcoholic, was a moderately successful artist, who apart from
fathering a brilliant son, never accomplished anything of note. At the age of twenty-two (22),
Charles had married Mary Foley, a vivacious and well educated young woman of seventeen
(17).

Accomplishments:
-In March 1886, Conan Doyle started writing the novel which catapulted him to fame, and it
was called "A Study in Scarlet".
-A detective mystery novel written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, it is the first story to feature
the character of Sherlock Holmes, who would later become one of the most famous and
iconic literary detective characters, with long-lasting interest and appeal.
-What is the study in scarlet about? Doyle offers Holmes with two equally difficult cases in a
study in scarlet, one a murder that occurs in the murky outskirts of London, in a locked room
where the menacing word rache is inscribed on the wall, and the other a kidnapping that
takes place in the American West.

JOANNE ROWLING
-Known by her pen name J.K Rowling, was born on July 31, 1965 is a philanthropist and
writer from UK.
-She was the author of the seven volume children's fantasy series Harry Potter, which was
released from 1997 to 2007. The series has generated a massive global media empire with
over 600 million volumes sold, 84 language translation, and movies and video games.
-Her debut book for adults was The Casual Vacancy (2012). Under the pen name Robert
Galbraith, she creates the ongoing crime fiction series Cormoran Strike.

Popular Books:
-Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone
-The Ickabog

HARRY POTTER AND THE SORCERER'S STONE (1997)

-The Harry Potter series, which has sold more than 400
million copies worldwide and has inspired one of the most well-liked film franchises ever, is
best known as the work of British author J.K. Rowling.
-Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban is a fantasy novel written by British author J. K.
Rowling and is the third in the Harry Potter series. The story centers on young wizard Harry
Potter, who is in his third year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Harry looks
into Sirius Black, a possible former ally of Lord Voldemort who escaped from Azkaban, the
wizard prison, with pals Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger.
-The book was released on 8 July 1999 in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and on 8
September 1999 in the United States by Scholastic, Inc. Rowling thought the book to be
simple to write and finished it a year after she started. The book garnered numerous
accolades, including the 1999 Whitbread Children's Book Award, the Bram Stoker Award,
and the 2000 Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel, as well as being nominated for other
honors like the Hugo Award. It sold 68,000 copies in just three days after its release in the
United Kingdom, and it has since sold over three million copies there.

THE ICKABOG (2020)

-The fairy tale The Ickabog was written by J. Rowling, K. Before the book's official release in
November 2020, Rowling released portions of the story online. The
Ickabog is Rowling's first children's book since Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was
released in 2007. Upon release, the book received largely favorable critical
reviews and quickly became a bestseller.
 THE VARIOUS 21ST CENTURY LITERARY GENRES AND THEIR ELEMENTS, AND
STRUCTURES AND TRADITIONS FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE

GENRE
-means a type of art, literature, or music characterized by a specific form, content, and
style.For example, literature has five main genres: poetry,prose, drama, fiction and non-
fiction.
-It is necessary on the part of readers to know which category of genre they are reading in
order to understand the message it conveys, as they may have certain expectations prior to
the reading concerned.

TYPES OF GENRE:
•Poetry
•Drama
•Prose
•Fiction
•Non-Fiction

POETRY
•A form of text that follows a meter and rhythm, with each line and syllable.
•It is further subdivided into different genres such as epic poem, narrative,
romantic,dramatic, and lyric.
•Dramatic poetry: melodrama, tragedy, comedy.
•Other forms: ode, sonnet, elegy, ballad, song,
epic, villanelle, haiku.
•All poetic forms share specific features:
-Some do not follow paragraphs or sentences
-Some use stanzas and lines instead
-Some follow very strict rules or length, and number
of stanzas and lines
-Some are free-form which is devoid of any regular
meter and rhyme scheme
-Often uses figurative language (metaphor, simile,onomatopoeia, hyperbole, alliteration) to
create heightened effect.

PROSE
-This type of written text is different from poetry in that it has complete sentences organized
into paragraphs.
-Unlike poetry, prose focuses on characters and
plot, rather than focusing on sounds.
-It includes short stories and novels, while fiction and non-fiction are its sub-genres.
-Prose is further categorized into essays, speeches, sermons, and interpretations.

DRAMA
-A form of text that is performed in front of an audience.
-Also called a play.
-Its written text contains dialogues, and stage directions.
-This genre has further categories such as comedy,
tragedy, and tragicomedy.
-Greek playwrights were the pioneers in this field, such as Sophocles' masterpiece Oedipus
Rex, and Antigone, while modern dramas include Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller

William Shakespeare
-The father of English drama
-His well-known plays include Taming of the Shrew, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

FICTION
-Fiction has three categories - realistic, non-realistic and
semi-fiction.
-Usually, fiction work is not real and therefore, authors can use complex figurative language
to touch readers' imaginations.
-Unlike poetry, it is more structured, follows proper grammatical pattern, and correct
mechanics.
-A fictional work may incorporate fantastical and imaginary ideas from everyday life. It
comprises some important elements such as plot, exposition,foreshadowing, rising action,
climax, falling action,and resolution.

Popular examples of literary fiction include:

-James Joyce's "A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man"
-Charles Dickens' "A Tale of Two Cities"
- Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice"
-Harper Lee's "To Kill A Mockingbird'"

NON-FICTION
-A vast category that also has sub-genres; it could be creative like a personal essay, or
factual, like a scientific paper.
-It may also use figurative language, however, not unlike poetry, or fiction has.
-Sometimes, non-fiction may tell a story, like an autobiography, or sometimes it may convey
information to readers.
-Other examples of non-fiction include biographies, diaries, memoirs, journals, fantasies,
mysteries, and romances.
-A popular example of non-fiction genre is Michael Pollan's highly celebrated book, The
Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals, which is an account of the eating
habits of Americans.

FUNCTIONS OF GENRE
-Fiction and dramatic genres: help students and writers learn and improve their
communication skills.
-Poetic genre: enhances imaginative and emotional
power of the readers.
-Non-fictional texts and essays: help readers develop analytical and persuasive capabilities.
-Major function of genre: to establish a code of behavior between the writers and audience,
and keep the readers informed about the topics discussed or the themes presented.

21st Century Literary Genres

and Structures of the World
□ Speculative Fiction
□ Metafiction
□ Memoir
□ Literary Journalism
□ Testimonio
□ Theatrical Adaptation
□ Blog/ Vlog

SPECULATIVE FICTION
-Is a literary "super genre", which encompasses a number of different genres of fiction, each
with speculative elements that are based on conjecture and do not exist in the real world.
-Sometimes called "what-if" books, speculative literature changes the laws of what's real or
possible as we know them in our current society, and then speculates on the outcome.
-Speculative fiction may include elements of one or more
of the following genres:
□ Fantasy
□ Science Fiction
□ Horror
□ Superhero
□ Supernatural

Fantasy
■ Includes elements and beings originating from or inspired by traditional stories, such as
mythical creatures (dragons, elves, dwarves, and fairies,magic, witchcraft, potions, etc.)
-Examples:
The Lord of the Rings, Dungeons and Dragons, The Legends of Zelda, Harry Potter, A Song
of Ice and Fire, Magic: The Gathering

Science Fiction
■ Features technologies and other elements that do not exist in real life but may be
supposed to be created or discovered in the future through scientific advancement, such as
advanced robots, interstellar travel, aliens, time travel, mutants and cyborgs. Many sci-fi
stories are set in the future.
■ Examples:
The Time Machine, I, Robot, Dune, Star Trek, 2001: A Space Odyssey, Swamp Thing, Black
Mirror, Star Wars, Blade Runner, Jurassic Park

Horror
■ Focuses on terrifying stories that incite fear. Villains may be either supernatural, such as
monsters, vampires, ghosts and demons, or mundane people, such as psychopathic and
cruel murderers. Often features violence and death.
■ Examples:
The Exorcist, A Nightmare on Elm Street, Us, Books of Blood, The Hellbound Heart,
Resident Evil

Supernatural
■ Similar to horror and fantasy, it exploits or requires as plot devices or themes some
contradictions of the commonplace natural world and materialist assumptions about it.
■ Examples:
The Castle of Otranto, Stranger Things, Paranormal Activity, Dark, Fallen, The Vampire
Diaries, Charmed, The Others, The Gift, The Skeleton Key

METAFICTION
- A form of fiction that emphasizes its own constructedness in a way that continually reminds
readers to be aware that they are reading or viewing a fictional work.
-Is self-conscious about language, literary form, and story-telling, and works of metafiction
directly or indirectly draw attention to their status as artifacts.
-Is frequently used as a form of parody or a tool to undermine literary conventions and
explore the relationship between literature and reality, life, and art.
-According to Werner Wolf, metafiction can be differentiated into four pairs of forms that can
be combined with each other.
•Explicit/Implicit Metafiction
•Direct/Indirect Metafiction
•Critical/Non-critical Metafiction
•Generally media-centered/Truth- or Fiction-centered Metafiction

Explicit/Implicit Metafiction
-Explicit metafiction is identifiable through its use of clear metafictional elements on the
surface of a text. It comments on its own artificiality and is quotable.
-Explicit metafiction is described as a mode of telling. An example would be a narrator
explaining the process of creating the story they are telling.
-Rather than commenting on the text, implicit metafiction foregrounds the medium or its
status as an artifact through various, for example disruptive, techniques such as metalepsis.
It relies more than other forms of metafiction on the reader's ability to recognize these
devices to evoke a metafictional reading. Implicit metafiction is described as a mode of
showing.

Direct/Indirect Metafiction
-Direct metafiction establishes a reference within the text one is just reading. In contrast to
this, indirect metafiction consists in metareferences external to this text, such as reflections
on other specific literary works or genres (as in parodies) and general discussions of an
aesthetic issue.
-Since there is always a relationship between the text in which indirect metafiction occurs
and the referenced external texts or issues, indirect metafiction always impacts the text one
is reading, albeit in an indirect way.

Critical/Non-critical Metafiction
-Critical metafiction aims to find the artificiality or fictionality of a text in some critical way,
which is frequently done in postmodernist fiction.
-Non-critical metafiction does not criticize or undermine the artificiality or fictionality of a text
and can, for example, be used to "suggest that the story one is reading is authentic".

Generally media-centered/Truth- or Fiction-centered Metafiction

- While all metafiction somehow deals with the medial quality of fiction or narrative and is
thus generally media-centred, in some cases there is an additional focus on the truthfulness
or inventiveness (fictionality) of a text, which merits mention as a specific form.
-The suggestion of a story being authentic (a device frequently used in realistic fiction) would
be an example of (non-critical) truth-centred metafiction.

MEMOIR
-Is any nonfiction narrative writing based in the author’s personal memories. The assertions
made in the work are thus understood to be factual.
-While memoir has historically been defined as a subcategory of biography or autobiography
since the late 20th century, the genre is differentiated in form, presenting a narrowed focus.
-A biography or autobiography tells the story “of a life”, while a memoir often tells the story of
a particular event or time, such as touchstone moments and turning points from the author’s
life.
-The author of a memoir may be referred to as a memoirist or a memorialist
Example of Memoir in Literature:

■ A Moveable Feast (by Ernest Hemingway)

-Ernest Hemingway was an acclaimed celebrity during the times when the public treated
American writers like movie stars.
-His memoir A Moveable Feast was published after his death in 1964.
-This memoir is a collection of stories about his time spent in Paris as a writer in 1920s,
before attaining popularity. During these days, he was acquainted with many other famous
writers, including Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein.

■ Speak Memory (by Vladimir Nabokov)

-This memoir is about the description of Nabokov’s childhood, and the years he spent before
moving to America in 1940; however, it is not the exact reason of writing this memoir.
-This book is about a tale of his art, as it serves as a model of that art.
-It includes themes, imagery, and symbols that build up a structure in the minds of readers
besides making up the book.
-Nabokov’s prose writing is flawless, brilliant, and overwhelming, while his playful writing
style makes his work seem fascinating.

■ Homage to Catalonia (by George Orwell)

-This is Orwell’s gripping tale of his days during the Spanish Civil War.
-He has described it with his typical trademark of journalistic wink, which is one of his best
works.
-Honest and unwavering, Orwell narrates his personal experience without inducing any
agenda, recording different things from that era as he saw them.
-Philip Mairet said of this account that the work shows people a heart of innocence living in
revolutionary days.

■ Maus (by Art Spiegelman)

-Although we can find many deeply affecting memoirs to make this list, Maus is one of the
most well-liked memoirs, with its distressing story covered with perfect illustrations by
Spiegelman.
-We might think that imagining different characters appearing with animal faces would make
the story horrible and less intense and more irritating, it is rather the opposite.
-If we know the comic style, we learn that blank iconic faces and the outlook of the mice in
this memoir allows the audience to put themselves in their shoes, to understand the story
more easily.

LITERARY JOURNALISM
-Is a form of nonfiction that combines factual reposting with narrative techniques and stylistic
strategies traditionally associated with fiction.
-This form of writing can also be called narrative journalism or new journalism.
-The term literary journalism is sometimes used interchangeably with creative nonfiction;
more often, however, it is regarded as one type of creative nonfiction.
-Also known as narrative journalism or reported essays, this category encompasses
subgenres like travel writing, science writing, food writing, and even true crime.
-All of it combines journalistic integrity with haute-literary attention to crafting scenes and
communicating themes.

Characteristics of Literary Journalism:

-There is not exactly a concrete formula that writers use to craft literary journalism, as there
is for other genres, but according to Sims, a few somewhat flexible rules and common
features define literary journalism.
-“Among the shared characteristics of literary journalism are immersion reposting,
complicated structures, character development, symbolism, voice, a focus on ordinary
people and accuracy.”
-Reporters are generally expected to remain objective, taking a birds-eye view of breaking
stories as they unfold.
-But literary journalists are allowed to make room in their writing for their own perspectives:
they immerse themselves in the very action they recount. Think of them as both characters
and narrators – but every word they write is true.

Why Literary Journalism is Not Fiction or Journalism?

-The term “literary journalism” suggests ties to fiction and journalism, but according to Jan
Whitt, literary journalism does not fit neatly into any other category of writing.
-“Literary journalism is not fiction – the people are real, and the events occurred – nor is it
journalism in a traditional sense.
-“There is interpretation, a personal point of view, and (often) experimentation with structure
and chronology.
-Another essential element of literary journalism is its focus. Rather than emphasizing
institutions, literary journalism explores the lives of those who are affected by those
institutions."

TESTIMONIO
-Subjects are usually the underrepresented or oppressed social group
-Includes literary elements like metaphors, dialogues and poetry and resources from other
texts like newspaper clippings and quotes from leaders.

Purpose of Testimonio:
-Spreads the awareness of a problem such as repression, poverty, imprisonment, kidnap
and struggle for survival.
-Gives voice to marginalized group of people who suffer in similar ways.
-Provokes the society to take action against the unfair treatment towards the oppressed.

THEATRICAL ADAPTATION
-In a theatrical adaptation, material from another artistic medium, such as a novel or a film is
re-written according to the needs and requirements of the theatre and turned into a play or
musical.

Examples:
The Phantom of the Opera
- Originally a novel by Gaston Leroux written as a serialization from 1909 to 1910. It is the
longest running show in Broadway history.

Cats
- Based on Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats by T. S. Eliot

Les Miserables
- Originally a historical novel by Victor Hugo

The Lion King

- Originally a Disney animated film and its theatrical adaptation has become the most
successful musical in history

BLOG/VLOG
-A video blog or video log, sometimes shortened to vlog, is a form of blog for which the
medium is video and is a form of web television.
-Vlog entries often combine embedded video (or a video link) with supporting text, images
and other metadata.
-Entries can be recorded in one take or cut into multiple parts.
-Vlog category is popular on the video-sharing platform YouTube.

Examples:
YouTube
-The most popular video sharing site, YouTube, was founded in February 2005.
-By July 2006, YouTube had become the fifth most popular web destination, with 100 million
videos viewed daily and 65,000 new uploads per day.

Me at the zoo - jawed

-The site’s co-founder Jawed Karim uploaded the first YouTube vlog clip “Me at the zoo” on
his channel “jawed” in April 2005.
-The ordinary ‘everydayness” and “dry aesthetics” of “Me at the zoo” set the tone for the type
of amateur vlogging content that would become typical of YouTube, especially among
YouTubers.

YouTube
-YouTube has become a popular platform in order for people to express their emotions to
create a giant social community.
-It has created a place to bring strangers together to reassure each other of their own
experiences for any time and place.
-The emotional exchange and support that vloggers seek due to a sizeable amount of
friendly comments makes making bereavement vlogs a united and common act.

Guinness World Record

-Charles Trippy, under the Internet Killed Television YouTube channel, currently holds the
Guinness World Record for the “Most Consecutive Daily Personal Video Blogs Posted on
YouTube”, with over 3,000 consecutive videos.

Types of Vlogs:

Personal Vlogs
-an online video which records an individual to deliver information that they intend to
introduce to people.
-The audience is not as varied as one’s from corporation or organization.

Live Broadcasting Vlogs

-YouTube announced a live broadcasting feature called YouTube Live in 2008.
-This feature was also established by other social platforms such as Instagram and
Facebook.

Informative Vlogs
- is designed to educate the viewer about a particular subject.

Bereavement Vlogs
-is designed to express feelings a loss, grief, and mourning.

Conversational Vlogs
-designed to be formal and create a civil discussion.

Motovlog
-created while riding a motorcycle.

Comic Strips or Comics

-Is a medium of expression that communicates ideas via images, often combined with text or
other forms of visual information.
-Frequently takes the form of juxtaposed sequences of
panels of images.
-Often textual devices such as speech balloons, captions,and sound effects indicate
dialogue, narration, or other information.
-Elements such as size and placement of panels control
narrative pacing.
-Cartooning and similar forms of illustration are the most common image-making means in
comics; fumetti is a form which uses photographic images.
-Common forms of comics include comic strips, editorial and gag cartoons, comic books,
graphic novels and webcomics.
-Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as graphic novels, comics albums, and
tankobon have become increasingly common.
-By the mid-20th century, comics had become particularly
popular in the US, western Europe, and Japan.
-European comics traces its history to Rodolphe Topffer's cartoon strips of the 1830s, and f
burished following the 1920s success of strips such as Tintin.
-American comics emerged as a mass medium in the early 20th century with the advent of
newspaper comic strips; magazine-style comic books followed in the 1930s.
-Japanese comics and cartooning traces its history to the 13th century. Modern comic strips
emerged in Japan in the early 20th century in imitation of Western comic strips,and by the
1930s, comics magazines and book collections became common.
-The post-World War Il era saw the popularity of cartoonists such as Osamu Tezuka led to
rapid expansion of the popularity of Japanese comics.

Spoken Word Poetry

-Refers to an oral poetic performance art that is based mainly on the poetic as well as the
performer's aesthetic qualities.
-It is a continuation of the ancient oral artistic tradition that started in the late 20th century
and focuses on the aesthetics of recitation and word play, such as the performer's live
intonation and voice inflection.
-Spoken word is a "catchall" term that includes any kind of poetry recited aloud, including
poetry readings, poetry slams, jazz poetry, and hip hop music, and can include comedy
routines and prose monologues.
-As spoken word poetry is performed live, it is different from written poetry, because the way
it sounds is one of the main components.
-Unlike written poetry, the poetic text takes its quality less from the visual aesthetics on a
page, but depends more on phone aesthetics, or the aesthetics of sound.

Fliptop/Rap Battle
-Is the first and largest running professional rap battle conference in the Philippines founded
by Alaric Riam Yuson(known as Anygma) in 2010.
-The league promotes Pinoy hiphop.
-It is heavily inf Lenced by the original rap battle leagues in the West founded in 2008 - Grind
Time Now (US), King of the Dot(Canada) and Don't Flop (UK), which inspired the creation of
FlipTop and other battle leagues around the world.
-The league also branched into several divisions after its success. The league is currently
under management of a selfproduced events and artist management company, FlipTop Kru
Corp which was established also by Yuson.

FlipTop has three different battle formats which sometimes combined with Freestyle:
1. Written - this format allows use of written lyrics along with freestyle and is now the
standard format used in battles.
2. Freestyle - at fist the most common in all FlipTop tournaments, this format is now rarely
done and has generally been replaced by the written format. Lyrics must be thought of
during the battle.
3. Old School - is essentially the freestyle format but is
accompanied with an instrumental, and is commonly used on tryouts.

There are also different variations of rap battle within the

FlipTop tournament:
1. Dos por Dos - tag-team freestyle rap battle. It can be emcee or femcee, freestyle or
written
2. Five on Five - five-member team freestyle rap battle. It can be emcee or femcee, freestyle
or written.
3. Femcee Battle - all-female rap battle. It can be freestyle or written.
4. Intergender Battle - male vs female battle
5. Royal Rumble - a rap battle consists of more than two emcees randomly attack or bash
each other.
6. Secret Battle - same as other battles but with limited audience. Sometimes it surprisingly
appeared in the day of the tournament unannounced.
7. Won Minutes - strictly one-minute per round format.
8. Promo Battle - a rap battle without any judging occurred. For theatrical performance and
entertainment purpose only.