PYC4802

Assignment 03

Student Number: 576 409 39

Unique Number: 864340

Due Date: 10 July 2020

Topic: Theme 01 – Eating Disorders

 PYC4802: Assignment 03 (864340)
Student: 57640939

Contents
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................ 3

Part A: Features of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-eating

Disorder .................................................................................................................... 4

Eating Disorders....................................................................................................... 4

2. Anorexia Nervosa ............................................................................................. 4

2.1 Definition .................................................................................................. 4

2.2 Diagnostic Criteria ................................................................................... 5

2.3 Hallmark Features .................................................................................... 5

3 Bulimia Nervosa ............................................................................................. 7

3.1 Definition .................................................................................................. 7

3.2 Diagnostic Criteria ................................................................................... 7

3.3 Hallmark Features .................................................................................... 7

4 Binge-eating Disorder .................................................................................... 8

4.1 Definition .................................................................................................. 8

4.2 Diagnostic Criteria ................................................................................... 9

4.3 Hallmark Features .................................................................................... 9

5 Comparison of Hallmark Features and Diagnostic Criteria ...................... 10

Part B: South African Black Females’ immunity from eating disorders ............ 11

6.1 Body Image in South Africa ..................................................................... 11

6.2 Current research findings in South Africa .............................................. 12

6.3 Factors affecting the development of eating disorders in South Africa

14

Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 16

References .............................................................................................................. 17

Declaration.............................................................................................................. 19

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1. Introduction

Eating disorders have become a serious issue in our society today. The effects of
eating disorders can be both physically and psychologically devastating (Jordaan,
2019). Recent research has observed a noticeable increase in the number of cases
of eating disorders amongst black South African females (Le Grange et al, 2004). The
aim of this essay is to critically discuss and compare three eating disorders as well as
how they affect black female South Africans today. This essay will be divided in two
sections. The first section will contain an analysis of the differences between the
diagnostic criteria and hallmark features of three different eating disorders, namely
Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-eating disorder.

The second section of this essay will critically discuss how South African black females
are no longer perceived to be “immune” from eating disorders. Finally, conclusions will
be drawn to the differences and similarities amongst the three eating disorders as well
as an in-depth discussion of how black females have become more susceptible to
disorders in eating within our current society.

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Part A: Features of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-eating

Disorder

Eating Disorders

The prevelance of developing an eating disorder has risen drastically in the last few
decades. An eating disorder can be described as a severe disruption in eating
behaviours, with the most severe eating disorders being categorised with the highest
mortality rates of the mental disorders (Jordaan, 2019). Eating disorders have often
been generalised with westernised white populations (Szabo et al, 1995). However, in
more recent studies, a noticeable increase in the number of cases of eating disorders
amongst black South African females has been found (Le Grange et al, 2004).

The following discussion will comprise of the characteristics, diagnostic criteria and
hallmark features of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-eating disorder.
This will be followed by a comparison of these features between each disorder.

2. Anorexia Nervosa

2.1 Definition

Anorexia Nervosa can be described as a visibly low body weight as a result of limiting
the ingestion of foods needed for healthy sustenance due to the fear of weight gain
and a distorted self-image, body image, weight and/or shape (Jordaan, 2019).
Anorexia Nervosa is a psychological and possibly life-threatening disorder (Jordaan,
2019). People who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa often believe they appear heavier
than they are and have a fixation or obsession with maintaining/achieving a thin figure
(Jordaan, 2019).

The prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa is said to be around 0.4% in females with the
onset of Anorexia Nervosa typically occurring around the 14 – 18-year age range
(Jordaan, 2019). There is a high degree of variability with regards to the course and
outcome of Anorexia Nervosa, with some patients being able to make a full recovery
subsequent to one episode, while others having a continued struggle with a constant

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repeat of weight gain and relapse, and the third group appearing chronic and
deteriorating over many years (Jordaan, 2019).

2.2 Diagnostic Criteria

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5, APA,
2013) categorises the following diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa. A consistent
restraint and lack of energy intake, leading to a significantly lowered body weight in
accordance with age, height, sex, developmental stage and health (Jordaan, 2019).
The overpowering fear of gaining weight and becoming or appearing fat, or the
constant behaviour of restricting weight gain (i.e. excessive exercise aimed at reducing
weight) (Jordaan, 2019). An extreme distortion of self-image, weight, shape and size,
and a lack of acknowledgement of the seriousness of one’s present low body weight
(Jordaan, 2019).

2.3 Hallmark Features

Anorexia Nervosa can be defined as the “nervous loss of appetite” (Jordaan, 2019, p.
484). It is characterised by three main criteria, which consist of: (1) behaviour aimed
at the goal of significant weight loss; (2) an immense fear of gaining weight and
becoming fat; and (3) a distorted view of the perception of their body shape or size
(Jordaan, 2019).

There have been two subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa categorised, namely a restricting
type and binge eating/purging type (Jordaan, 2019). According to Jordaan, (2019)
those who suffer from the restricting type often limit the amount of food intake as well
as participating in excessive exercise whereas those who suffer from the binge-eating/
purging type use purging techniques, which occur frequently, for example vomiting,
laxatives and use of diuretics (Jordaan, 2019).

The weight loss characterised by Anorexia Nervosa is primarily achieved by restricting

food intake (Jordaan, 2019). This is usually done by the individual excluding foods
which they consider “fattening” and gradually progressing to a diet which consists of
an extremely limited number of foods (Jordaan, 2019). According to the criterion,
individuals who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa, tend to eat only small quantities of

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food that are extremely low in calories or which result in lack of nutrition and self-
starvation (Jordaan, 2019). The attempts made at weight loss can be aided by fasting,
purging or excessive exercise (Jordaan, 2019). The intense fear these individual
experience of gaining weight persists despite successful attempts of weight loss or
despite them being significantly underweight. They have a distorted perception of their
body weight and shape, and can be severely thin and gaunt, yet still contest that their
bodies are too fat.

The self-esteem of these individuals also appears to depend greatly on their weight
and body shape. They experience their own body shape unrealistically, as they
invariably see themselves a “fat” (Jordaan, 2019). Weight fluctuations also tend to play
an unrealistic role in their lives, weight loss is seen as a great achievement while
weight gain is unacceptable and seen as a loss of self-control or as a weakness
(Jordaan, 2019). People who suffer with Anorexia Nervosa often verbalise and
acknowledge themselves being thin but are often in denial and show a lack of insight
towards their weight (Jordaan, 2019). People with this diagnosis rarely seek medical
attention and tend to negate their state of starvation (Jordaan, 2019). An individual
with Anorexia Nervosa may often be unreliable when it comes to giving precise
information to practitioners and it is often preferred to acquire this information from an
outside party (Jordaan, 2019).

Other features associated with Anorexia Nervosa include obsessive-compulsive and

depressive behaviours, which may often relate to food and these features often appear
to be related to undernutrition in the diagnosed person (Jordaan, 2019). Individuals
who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa tend to be perfectionistic, rigid, show limited social
and emotional skills, and avoid eating in public or even with their own families
(Jordaan, 2019).

Depression, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, personality disorders and impulse-

control problems co-occur with Anorexia Nervosa (Polivy & Herman, 2002). Individuals
who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa will continue to engage in restrictive eating
behaviours regardless of the many health problems that often develop (Polivy &
Herman, 2002). Some of these may include cardiac arrythmia, low blood pressure,

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lethargy, dry skin, hypothermia, enlargement of salivary glands, bone loss, and
weakening of the heart (Polivy & Herman, 2002).

3 Bulimia Nervosa

3.1 Definition

Bulimia Nervosa can be described as “an ominous variant of anorexia nervosa”

(Striegel-Moore & Bulik, 2007). Bulimia Nervosa is more common than Anorexia
Nervosa, with a prevalence of around 1% - 1.5% among females from industrialized
countries (Jordaan, 2019). The age of onset of Bulimia Nervosa is normally found in
late adolescence to early adulthood (Jordaan, 2019). There are three main aspects of
Bulimia namely; frequent episodes of over-eating or binging, avoiding weight gain by
means of compensatory behaviours such as self-induced vomiting and self-perception
of body weight that is exaggerated (Jordaan, 2019).

3.2 Diagnostic Criteria

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5, APA,
2013) categorises the following diagnostic criteria for Bulimia Nervosa. Repeated
episodes of binge-eating which involves consuming an amount of food that is larger
than a ‘normal’ amount for an individual in a short period of time as well as a lack of
control to stop eating during the episode (Jordaan, 2019).

Recurrent compensatory behaviours in order to prevent the gaining of weight including

self-provoked vomiting, diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise or medications (Jordaan,
2019). In order to be diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa, a person must have engaged
in binge-eating episodes that occur once a week for at least three months (Jordaan,
2019). The self-perception of body weight and size of the individual is disturbed and
occurs frequently (Jordaan, 2019).

3.3 Hallmark Features

Bulimia Nervosa and the Anorexia Nervosa subtype share various commonalities.
However, the difference between these two can be categorised by body weight.

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Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa are severely underweight whereas individuals with
Bulimia Nervosa are generally of normal weight and those people who do not purge
are often obese (Jordaan, 2019). According to Jordaan, (2019) purging is not an
effective way to restrict the intake of calories. Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa tend to
restrict their food intake between binges and avoid foods they see as “fattening”,
as these are likely to trigger an episode (Striegel-Moore & Bulik, 2007).

There is a higher mortality rate in individuals who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa, while
patients with Bulimia Nervosa have higher rates of partial or full recovery (Jordaan,
2019). Both individuals who suffer from Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are
primarily pre-occupied with their body weight and shape, and as a result, their self-
esteem and self-image is often influenced by how they view their body shape (Striegel-
Moore & Bulik, 2007). Individuals who suffer from Bulimia often begin by attempting to
limit their diet in order to lose weight, but ultimately surrender to unhealthy foods and
binging, after which they purge in order to ease their fear of gaining weight (Polivy &
Herman, 2002).

Individuals with Anorexia Nervosa often deny they have a problem, while those who
suffer from Bulimia Nervosa attempt to mask their urges to overeat, and often report
self-deprecating thoughts and feelings (Jordaan, 2019). Individuals who suffer from
Bulimia Nervosa have low self-esteem and are sensitive to rejection (Jordaan, 2019).
Individuals with Bulimia and Anorexia Nervosa tend to be high-achievers and give in
to the social pressure of being slimmer (Polivy & Herman, 2002). Depression, anxiety,
personality disorders and substance abuse may co-occur with Bulimia Nervosa
(Jordaan, 2019).

4 Binge-eating Disorder

4.1 Definition

Binge-eating disorder can be defined as an eating disorder where people engage in

binge-eating episodes which repeatedly cause them severe misery (Jordaan, 2019).
The age of onset, unlike that of Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa, is more
prevalent at an older age (Jordaan, 2019). According to Jordaan, (2019) more women

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are diagnosed than men, however it is evident that a smaller gap in gender prevalence
exists between men and woman as opposed to other eating disorders. In addition,
binge-eating disorder is said to be one of the most common eating disorders (Polivy &
Herman, 2002).

4.2 Diagnostic Criteria

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5, APA,
2013) categorises the following diagnostic criteria for Binge-eating disorder. Repetitive
episodes of binge-eating which includes consuming an amount of food that is larger
than a ‘normal’ amount for an individual in a short period of time as well as a lack of
control to stop eating during the episode, similarly to that of Bulimia Nervosa (Jordaan,
2019).

For an individual to be diagnosed with binge-eating disorders, three or more of the

following features need to be present, these include; eating a larger amount than
normal, eating past the point of ‘full’, eating despite the lack of hunger, eating in
secluded areas due to embarrassment, and feeling repulsed in oneself prior to the
episode (Jordaan, 2019). In order to be diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa, a person
must have engaged in binge-eating episodes that occur once a week for at least three
months (Jordaan, 2019). The binge-eating episodes should also not include the use
of compensatory measures as in Bulimia Nervosa (Jordaan, 2019).

4.3 Hallmark Features

Binge-eating disorder comprises of episodes of binge-eating which may trigger

significant distress for the individual, however, the individual does not engage in
compensatory behaviours despite their guilt or disgust (Jordaan, 2019). Binge-eating
disorder has been associated with an older onset age, as well as a greater prevalence
amongst males than any other eating disorder (Jordaan, 2019).

The course of Binge-eating disorder is also distinctive, while Anorexia and Bulimia
Nervosa are characterised by a crossover between the two disorders, individuals with
Binge-eating disorder are less likely to shift in diagnosis (Polivy & Herman, 2002).

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Individuals who suffer with Binge-eating disorder experience greater distress with
weight and their body shape and generally have a lower quality of life than those who
suffer from obesity (Jordaan, 2019). It is common for and individual who suffers with
Bing-eating disorder to additionally suffer with personality, mood, and anxiety
disorders (Jordaan, 2019). The disorder can be better treated or managed through the
use of anti-depressants than specialised weight loss programmes (Jordaan, 2019).

5 Comparison of Hallmark Features and Diagnostic Criteria

Bulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa both exhibit compensatory behaviours to

avoid gaining weight whereas with binge-eating disorder, the person does not engage
in these compensatory behaviours (Jordaan, 2019).

Jordaan, (2019) suggests that the purging type of Bulimic Nervosa sufferers
experience depressive symptoms and that overall, a dependency on alcohol and
stimulants is present. According to Jordaan, (2019) “a significant number of
people…diagnosed with Bulimia Nervosa meet the criteria for one of the personality
disorders.” (p493).

Binge-eating disorder is also associated with depression and personality disorders,

however, unlike Anorexia Nervosa, individuals suffering from Binge-eating disorder
and Bulimia Nervosa do not exhibit the same obsessive compulsiveness behaviours
(Jordaan, 2019).

The majority of sufferers of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-eating disorder do not typically
suffer from Amenorrhea, however, it is often highly likely in people who suffer with
Anorexia Nervosa (Jordaan, 2019). Individuals with Bulimia Nervosa also experience
the need for control similarly to Anorexia Nervosa, but patients often do not have the
ability control themselves during a binge (Jordaan, 2019). People who suffer with
binge-eating disorder experience a similar lack of control, however with Anorexia
Nervosa, sufferers tend to maintain a stronger sense of control over what they eat
(Jordaan, 2019).

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Part B: South African Black Females’ immunity from eating disorders

6.1 Body Image in South Africa

In order to critically discuss whether black South African females are no longer
invulnerable to eating disorders or not, body image satisfaction first needs to be
elaborated on. According to Mwaba and Roman (2009), body image dissatisfaction
can be defined as “a psychologically salient discrepancy between a person’s
perceived body appearance and their ideal body appearance”. This definition indicates
that there is a great difference between how one views themselves in a mirror to how
they aspire to look (Mwaba & Roman, 2009). It is an unhappiness with the way one
perceives their own body (Mwaba & Roman, 2009).

In a study conducted by Mwaba and Roman (2009), results depicted that the majority
of the 150 black female participants interviewed reported feeling content with their
body shape (76%), but 56% of participants reported a feeling of uneasiness with
becoming fat or gaining additional weight. This indicated that although majority of the
females were pleased with their body weight, many of them were not completely
unconcerned about gaining additional weight (Mwaba & Roman, 2009). Eating
disorders within the white population of South Africa is not an uncommon
phenomenon. Eating disorders where first cited in South Africa in the 1970’s with the
first cases of eating disorders in black South African females in 1995 (Mwaba &
Roman, 2009).

Szabo and Allwood (2006) explained that the assimilation initiated in the 1990’s when
black females began entering previously ‘white only’ schools. Through residing in the
boarding house with white females, black females became more familiar with
westernized society and its ideals (Szabo & Allwood, 2006). “In this regard, private
schools were viewed as institutions dominated by Western values… it was
hypothesized that black females (constituting a minority group in an alien cultural
milieu) in such a setting may demonstrate an inclination towards the development of
eating disorders.” (Szabo & Allwood, 2006, p. 202). Ultimately, the aim of their study
was to provide evidence that black South African adolescents, when placed in urban

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living arrangements, would ultimately employ similar eating habits to their white peers
(Szabo & Allwood, 2006).

When evaluating whether black females are satisfied with their body shape, a
consideration needs to be made between urban and rural females as there are large
differences between them and how they view body image (Szabo & Allwood, 2006).
Black rural females are often not as easily influenced by the westernized ideal body
image as the Urban women. Szabo and Allwood (2006) claim that “Urban white girls
had the greatest level of body dissatisfaction, black rural girls the least with black urban
girls closer to their white counterparts.”

6.2 Current research findings in South Africa

A study conducted by Pedro et al. (2016), inspected the link between Body Mass Index
(BMI), the participant’s attitude towards eating, and body dissatisfaction. The
perceptions of female body silhouettes in rural South Africa was also studied and the
sample consisted of 385 participants (black South African adolescents) (Pedro, et al.,
2016). Stunkard’s silhouettes were applied to participants to measure body image
satisfaction (Pedro, et al., 2016). The participants were shown eight body silhouettes
and had to select one which represents their current body shape as well as one which
represents their ideal body shape (Pedro, et al., 2016).

The silhouettes were clustered into four categories, namely underweight, normal
weight, overweight, and obese (Pedro, et al., 2016). Each participant was asked to
describe each silhouette with a description, this could be anything like “best, worst,
how much respect they have for someone who has that specific silhouette, strong,
weak, happy, or unhappy” (Pedro, et al., 2016). The 26-item Eating Attitudes Test
(EAT-26) was used to assess participants’ risk of having a disorder in the future and
their BMI’s were calculated (Pedro, et al., 2016).

The result indicated that 83.5% of the women who participated in the study reported
dissatisfaction with their body with 58% of participants wanting to be thinner, and
25.5% desired to put on weight (Pedro, et al., 2016). This is in line with the
pervasiveness of the Western Ideal of beauty, that “thinner is better” (Polivy & Herman,

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2002). When assessing the associations participants made between the silhouettes,
and the descriptions they had to provide, the overweight and obese silhouettes
were defined as strong, happy and respected, while the underweight silhouettes were
labelled clumsy, weak, or unhappy (Pedro, et al., 2016). This could be attributed to the
association of being underweight to be being impoverished, ill with AIDS, HIV positive,
or having Tuberculosis (Mwaba & Roman, 2009).

The study conducted by Pedro et al (2006) further indicates that not only teenager
females that are becoming increasingly concerned with their body shape and image,
but also the pre and mid pubescent females. As suggested by Pedro et al., (2006), the
age at which women or girls are becoming dissatisfied with their bodies is decreasing.
To elaborate further on this statement, the dissatisfaction could lead to disordered
eating - which could, in turn, have harsh effects on the physiological development as
well as the psychological development of these women (Jordaan, 2019).

In a study conducted by Mwaba and Roman (2009), an investigation was conducted

on body image dissatisfaction amongst black South African participants. Their sample
consisted of 150 black South African university students and a modified, culturally
appropriate version of the body shape questionnaire was used to measure body
dissatisfaction and perception (Mwaba & Roman, 2009). The results indicated that
while the majority of participants were not dissatisfied with their bodies, 56% were
conscious of gaining weight, 52% considered starting an exercise routine or a diet, 8%
admitted to self-induced vomiting, and 2% used laxatives (Mwaba & Roman, 2009).

Although the results indicated most participants not being dissatisfied with their body
shape, a large number did want to alter their body shape and engage in unhealthy
weight control practises (Mwaba & Roman, 2009). This signifies that body image
concerns and unhealthy eating practises are no longer only a Western phenomenon
(Mwaba & Roman, 2009). A study conducted by Senekal., et al, (2001) indicated that
more than 80% of research participants who were underweight thought that they were
in a healthy weight range and of those in a normal weight range and one quarter of
them felt that they were overweight.

In a study conducted by Le Grange, et al, (2004), the results demonstrated that certain
black high school learners exhibited considerably larger eating disorder

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psychopathology. Furthermore, the study elaborated that eating disorder

psychopathology is emerging more drastically than initially projected (Le Grange,
Louw, Breen, & Katzman, 2004).

6.3 Factors affecting the development of eating disorders in South Africa

6.3.1 Ethnicity and socio-economic status

Previous research suggests that the majority of those affected by eating disorders
have previously been from a higher socio-economic status (Le Grange, et al, 2004).
According to Le Grange, et al (2004), “eating disorders have historically been
described as illnesses that befall young, white, educated females with high SES living
in the Western world”.

However, in more recent research there is a higher prevalence of eating disorders and
a distorted body image perception among rural black South African females (Senekal,
et al, 2001). “The diversity in the black student population in South Africa needs to be
recognised when planning intervention to address eating related problems” (Senekal,
et al, 2001, p 45).

6.3.2 Acculturation

South Africa is currently emerging, growing and changing and is the dynamic of the
relationship between the black woman and their social setting. Le Grange et al. (2004)
suggests that “many black adolescents have adopted an identity that represents a shift
from African collectivism to a more Western individualism and competitiveness.” This
statement advocates that black adolescents are developing and adjusting with the
trends of westernized culture. This study also mentions that while the black South
Africans are shifting toward the westernized trends, they are leaving their own culture
and traditions behind (Le Grange, Louw, Breen, & Katzman, 2004). These traditions
embrace a fuller figure and healthy appetite (Le Grange, Louw, Breen, & Katzman,
2004).

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According to Senekal., et al, (2001) p. 45, acculturation has a significant influence on

black women’s body image perceptions, “This acculturation process can occur in
ethnic minorities in Western countries and also during the westernisation and/or
urbanisation of total populations, especially through the increased exposure to
Western advertising, marketing, electronic media, entertainment and fashions.” It is
easily understood that the black women, who have moved to urban areas to find work
have been influenced by westernised ideals (Senekal., et al, 2001). In a study
conducted by Wassenaar, et al, (2000), the results indicated the role of white Western
media in emphasizing slimness as desirable and the traditional cultural acceptance of
heavier body weights among blacks, however in their study there was a high
prevalence of a drive for thinness among the blacks.

According to Lopez-Guimera ,. et al, (2010), evidence is accruing that repetitive

exposure to media and both direct and indirect pressures from the media to be thin
constitutes heavily on the risk factors associated to body dissatisfaction, anxieties over
weight and disturbed eating habits in adolescent girls and young woman globally. It is
highly uncommon to find a woman that is immune to the effect that the media has on
one’s self image and self-perception (Lopez-Guimera , et al, 2010). According to
Senekal., et al, (2001), younger girls in particular are more vulnerable to disordered
eating patterns in a westernized society because “young women in the process of
establishing their identity are especially vulnerable to dissatisfaction with their shape
and the pursuit of thinness through dieting, and consequently the development of
eating disorders.”

6.3.3 Personality Traits

Another variable that influences ones’ presupposition to having an eating disorder is

ones’ personality traits. According to Polivy & Herman, (2002), these particular
personality traits effect ones’ presupposition to disordered eating; neuroticism,
perfectionism, and impulsivity/negative urgency. It is quite clear that these personality
traits can be found in any person, despite their race, ethnicity, and geographic location.

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Conclusion

Eating disorders have become a significant and devastating issue in our current
society. It is evident that previous research indicated the lack of black females being
inclined to develop eating disorders, however more recent research suggests that
black women are not “immune” to eating disorders. Although the research on black
South Africans and eating disorders is a relatively new topic, it needs some adapting
and adjusting.

Le Grange et al. (2004), advocated that after completion of their study, some concerns
were raised about the method behind the research into this matter and the manner in
which it was completed. They raised concerns about the cultural differences of rural
black girls that they had not considered – such as purging for cleansing rituals as well
as the problems caused by using the English language to interview the rural girls.
Future research on this topic is imperative and needs to consider the cultural
differences and language barriers. Further research needs to consider the cultural
practices of rural black families (Le Grange, et al, 2004). Further research needs to be
done with a preventative aim to eating disorders affecting all South Africans,
irrespective of race. It is imperative that future research be aimed at preventative
measures for eating disorders in South Africa and be inclusive as well as culturally
sensitive.

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References

Jordaan, E. (2019). Chapter 13: Eating and Feeding Disorders. In Burke, Austin,
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Le Grange, D., Louw, J., Breen, A., & Katzman, M. A. (2004). The meaning of "self-
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Lopez-Guimera , G., Levine, M. P., Sanchez-Carracedo, D., & Fauquet, J. (2010).

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Mwaba, K., & Roman, N. V. (2009). Body image satisfaction among a sample of
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Pedro, T. M., Micklesfield, L. K., Tollman, S. M., Kahn, K., Pettifor, J. M., & Norris, S.
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Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2002). Causes of Eating Disorders . Annual Rev
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Senekal , M., Steyn, N. P., Mashego, T.-A. B., & Nel, J. H. (2001). Evaluation of
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Striegel-Moore, R. H., & Bulik, C. (2007). Risk Factors for Eating Disorders .
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Szabo, C. P., & Allwood, C. W. (2006). Body figure preference in South African
adolescent females: a cross cultural study. African Health Sciences Vol 6 No
4, 201-206.

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 PYC4802: Assignment 03 (864340)
Student: 57640939

Szabo, C. P., Berk, M., Tlou, E., & Allwood, C. W. (1995). Eating disorders in black
South African females - a series of cases. South African Medical Journal ,
588-590.

Wassenaar, D., le Grange, D., Winship, J., & Lachenicht, L. (2000). The Pevalence
of Eating Disorder Pathology in a Cross-Ethnic Population of Female Students
in South Africa . European Eating Disorders Review, Vol 8 , 225-236.

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 PYC4802: Assignment 03 (864340)
Student: 57640939

Declaration

1. I know that plagiarism means taking and using the ideas, writings, works or
inventions of another as if they were one’s own. I know that plagiarism not only
includes verbatim copying, but also the extensive use of another person’s ideas
without proper acknowledgement (which includes the proper use of quotation
marks). I know that plagiarism covers the use of material found in textual sources
and from the Internet.
2. I acknowledge and understand that plagiarism is wrong.
3. I understand that my assignment must be accurately referenced.
4. This assessment is my own work. I acknowledge that copying someone else’s
research, or part of it, is wrong, and that submitting identical work to others
constitutes a form of plagiarism.
5. I have not allowed, nor will I in the future allow, anyone to copy my work with the
intention of passing it off as their own work.
6. I confirm that I have read and understood UNISA’s Policy for Copyright and
Plagiarism-https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Apply-for
admission/Master%27s-&-doctoral-degrees/Policies, -procedures-&-forms

Name: Kirsten Johnston

Student No: 5764 093 9

10-07-2020

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