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    Engleski Za Metalurge - Tehnicki

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    uy UNIVERZITET U SARAJEVU METALURSKI FAKULTET ZENICA strana 9 apa Sesrré ENGLISH FOR METALLURGISTS 30 ENGLESK! JEZIK ZA METALURGE 41 46 52 64 ZENICA, maj 1985.* 1 9 u °9 as rs 96 @ oe a a euezas sorererneerencenneentenns SJIMMAUCHEHL (worwogstpowssod py worgnorprpeib2a) w95-93 — (om 2324) STVIQLVO! 40 HLONSULS suorssozdxa toarssy; 3027103 298974 coon (90 3484) STWIUSLVW JO HLONSULS spr0K Burzzouues /uorgeuzozsvezz eatssea sroostteccsrernencmnennes YESH LNGH weeenceececeneee AUTOR SATA DSIO earaezeduop + 243 — NOIL3¥3 (Topou eoue3ues) x (woneogfpausog puE wo: esuag oarzeqe%¢ orders Tormmecnenemccoemnen KUOSHL awn 4 wn onan 6 wun 8 wun c uu 9 aun jun aan 5 yun z awn yan VOINAZ LALTMWA DISUNTWL3W reduwag orert eurug — tze260Tr aa Puasa eas {_1ONUN3Z 1 43aLIZY3AINA aaa 2499 vse ‘00d sux “yw “yBaeg AP YEA “NE 709487 rotueg n rae; qnyes BoyganTesew sosesord tupanp wot Liq “Bur sort naafezes n eaegqnyey Boxs 0701 Fd sosozoxd «>, nouetpy 2PUPIN 2P"FO7E ravezus20% Rece. tekes paked Stamp Unit 8 Unit 4 Unit 15 Unit 16 Unit. 17 Unit 18 Unit 19 Unit 20 Unit 21 Unit. 22 Unit 23 Unit 28 strana INDUCED ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE ---------- 76 Nominalicacien BEARINGS <--—------n-—ncvnenennennn—- a Biinkivey Peotixings Praterite Continuous Passive IL ROW I cere apesempeetasenco a 86 Futuro Tense Passive; Passive construction with IP FUEL FOR BLAST FURNACE ~---------—~-- on Recotmendations; Present Perfect Passive THE BLAST FURNACE PROCESS ------------- %6 ING and ED-foras (Relative clauses) THE. IRON FOUNDRY ---—--—~-----—---—---- 101 conditional Sentances; Impersonal xpreseions Prefixing CAST. [RON <-——wenna nena 08 Sutfixing STEEL PRODUCTION ~THE BESSEMER PROCESS — 112 Question formations Conditional Sentences STEEL PRODUCTION ~ OPEN HEARTH PROCESS = 117 Conditional Sentences; suffixing; Compounds STEEL PRODUCTION- ELECTRIC FURNACE ~-- 122 BASIC OXYGEN PROCESS: KALDO AND ROTOR PROCESSES SEVERAL ADDITIONAL SPECIALIZED PROCESSES. focal verbs (Passive transformation; Teregular Conparison of Adjectives THE CASTING OF STEEL -------------e---~ ~ 429 ‘time Clauses; Conditional Sentences MECHANICAL WORKING PROCESSES - — STEEL ~ FORGING, EXTRUSION -------------—. 135 Conditional Sentences with UNLESS Prepositions, compounds Unit 25 MECHANICAL WORKING PROCES: STEEL = mULInG nero SHAPING unit 26 METALLURGY OF IRON AND STEEL ---—-—_ Compounds; Present Perfect Passive; ALfixin Linking Words; Adjectives and adverhs Unit27 TYPES OF STEEL —-——-—--—--—-—_____ Prepositions; Compounds Unit 28 CLASSIFICATION OF STEELS ----------.._ Nominalisations time Clauses; Irregular Comparison; Prepositions Unit 28 TOOL | STEEL oo n—nnnn-ennenencnnnenne Question Formation; Conditional Sentencos Unit 30 CORROSION; HEAT- Al -| CORROSION, HENT= AID_WEAR-ESiSTng Prepositions (result N/PROM|s Infinitive 94 Accusative With FREE READING (TEKSTOVI ZA SLORODNO ¢ITANUE) KECHANICAL TESTING —~--wa—nneennnennon EAT~TREATMENT ~~nnnnm--—-- =e nnn WELDING <= n-ne — BRAZING AND SOLDERING —-----.-n--a-a~. DESCRIPTION OF A DISLOCATION -. a SOME GRAMMATICAL EXPLANATIONS (S.c.E) ----_ (NEKA GRAMATICKA OBJASNJENJA) TABELA GLAGOLSKIH VRENENA GLAGOLT Pomotni glagoli ~--wnwnenrnnns tonne n nnn Pravijenje upitnih reéenica --~---uu--=~ upotreba glagolekih vremena --~----------— Modalni glagoli --—--weemnnenen nn Strana 441 148 154 160 166 71 176 176 179 185 182 133 187 189 190 191 192 194 aogny “sear Pow ‘vozuez vam poy afebanypieu npoasDa whtvp easrabus, Bours? soxradop wowome 2329 opfow ysuoqgpn Geno 2q wey uraoue 01g 2q uoam ‘myynef woxee bus Du DUBE) ~dngere onigfow mqafzas m9 op + Duafpocand ojo ouazaDjed SDM Poy vanes] mgamivieu cuoase of vp someting po 708PICE *paozeyea Daogas woxzi24d 21Bou0d ns aby ropuon n mpoagrges Boysuigen + BoxganzDioH De ducobopy 3 suwbeir4 wae 7 vyuegepn Drodog Moped WE 21m prea. 243700 DF Dy YwpaDinap’ fabxpoy eis y207407 epgaass oP roy (uexo) “yin "rybrog wap soa neDjoyox) “de0b ‘efzq80ins cusraoy DE pane tori “Bur ford 3 npsaowlprt 'H Ap vfoud rmgauacueoax ofninp xogrD eoxjoayyoe MupoeOd “poaead tysqpnmyoysdus uopoqeza 2 ovp oupsypind “sayyms oMDas poupe Y oun lu nBdW myusdepn wrigLacy ee UP woreR uofPoRcyna "3 ngayon woxeruyes m nEnbiantod a8 atoy afzoynizouoy 3 envpod uo ene De vPronsjen;2 e2% obp of aorm niafrp woyoraDuBN’ qj vagnys aunfu es epoygerod augrizad ngopr ox e19ma anyono Dunaoa ~9y83 N nfnfyeoped agape ~RY0R Bous sfuoponen DanBis0 8240} 4 posou aygobupad 7 frunbrefon ovy rs0udnzecd 2pepahye Up obeu ‘uoowapel ucupe? afuoutou od v8 ouofzdnsve efpoyD3 ne afcy *ouvsd yaupois » epsbunjeaou 22 exnod apop rp naopion om} aru vaosdyee vary n mfoun vp 1g o7ngou3 MOQEDN wend VENTS 28 2s wavjeodjend aognd afoy nu ‘obueaspusi yr) 24 2010480) puegeae 2 aauapnae ‘Dyrfoad yaa voy] ByZLWes "“OPugnaas ve zoynurasuoy in maga aeubad suc Sune oDADgupoe nonobzeay fez vee pez. eee oe ore are ore ere cre He. 602 “or coz eo roz 66r puezas ee eangesaaty (CHINDIPY TASLVAYHOASAYS- OST IONS) corenenen ‘AQYNOTLII NWILVOUI-O8Y3S ~ HSITONA aannnnnn rsaTans a rsxrsera 4¥) 1930T% 3NwaTWYOS ‘ZT WNIWON ==" T2011 VABPOTYd VETIVEVANON YNTK AVREIN BOIN3ZO1S -- 3INIWI -onn- WOINSQ34 HIVSNINGUA SCNVAIIVENS aennen----+ waBorpe yd es eozueger suscupo ann sofueper ousoupe ounpesys == 39]NI93U (ANATLVI3Y) SNSONGO nasna= Hong es affoqnsqsuo7 mooa2 uguE es of foxmsg8UOY meee ‘ir es ofroynzzeuoy woasazuszuy es asze2nyy SCTONNYISNOX 3NZVU = SSF1NN ee soTusp0R oUTEOTOTPHCH coneeanmemnnnmwnmnns FQINGIIY IN TWNOIITONOA comm ISH AXALNIGNT —a--= VINI23Y-ONT —- (vuzog-ag}rgexd droq3204 (euxoz-NT) equezead dyoz32ed 1alo1iwvd an 7a MATHEMATICS ncessicy drove man to calculating. Primitive max could count only co 5, probably because he had 5 fingers. For aunber: Coaeer than 5, he would say "Five skins and one skis", wien © meant 6. This 18 an example of che Zirst addition, “Later cn, primitive man began to use larger numbers, and thus we ‘ons to the decimal system. Nan has 10 fingers, and 30 toes Srd so, in bis early counting, he used ten as a basis. ifance subtraction ie merely the taking avay of something, (primitive man, even today, holds up $ fingers, chen turns 3 of them, leaving 2- In Roman numerals, IV means ivision, even in the early times, was done by means of repeated subtractions. 10 divide 9 by 3, the ancients are belaeved to have subtracted 3 from S, giving 6, then 2 fram 6, ‘vaving 3, then 3 from 3, leaving 0, showing that 3 goes into ® three times, with no remainder. reday we use in counting an ungiiding set of symbols 1, 2,3, 4r 3, 81 81 3 ~ wuich are called natural nunber: prefix each navural number with @ + sign (in practice, it is pore convenient nat to write the sign], to form the positive integers, and.we prefix each natural nunber with a ~ sign (the sign must always be written) to form the negative integers, ind we create a new symbol 0, read zere. the integers (unole umbers) aze formed by digits or figures. on the set of 1COGEES! oan By ~ ~6, ~5p dy “3, ~2p “ly Op Ip 2p 3p Ae oo the operations Of addition and subtraction are possible without exception. Addition: 94342 (nine plus three equals/is/are/nakes twelve) Subtraction: 9-3= 6 (nine minvs/less three is/wakes etc, 99 Tenbo 30 wen S587 57 we q wey seer a0u sf 2 ae aq ueys sso ere oe 4g WapM TeoTauopr ar © *q 03 aipeambo ae aoe 403 Tesbe Kroaeurxordde sre ae q Tenbe 20u seop 2 “q 02 renbs 30u sr ae q s1ente 2 “q 02 renbe #7 8 awe pee eee 2 qo 4 4 fq peptore ae q 20urs © +g Aa portdzaqne ° as qmere “qemu we q pure “4 snd e we wre Kasaueps “hazauepr 30 ubrs ova » Saytenbo-uou 30 uss ox ‘ sarrenbo 30 were ous - uoTsrarp 30 wpe ey? wopsvorrsqayna yo ubys oye x worazeraqns 30 ub1s 943 - worasepe 70 whys oy + Sloqufs pue subs *sunjssasdya (e917 euaYAeW BUOS PesY 02 NOH GscTeeRAA NaN SUL, Syomny PR ,seTeENG pur soumg fimy TROT EuRIS = -P*NERISHOTTHOLI wos peadepy) x} eayaebou sr x 57 *(uya) y ueya S807 STW uOy? (OX) aaramod 35 x JY “Hat! vaya ‘pmx ZT suexee 30a YoRS ‘ty x0692uT anbqin p s287%2 ax0y3 /zenoszoy ~z0k03uy we oq 30U ABu te 3G sseGequr ose wl pur ?unu Tuew yey sreSeotiy are y PUP WIT squayyomio 2a sy vors7a1P~ “qonpoud 243 SF toy seo fd73 [ll ~~ 59 pression Saepuywuaa 243 87 yorgoersgne——— 03 v2 x0 uns 949 #7 worazpPe— (seur3 2oru3 s005 uoaes-Aiztismq o7uy ouTU zo "eaz3 stnbo ouru fiq peptazp uoses-fquew3) = 68d2 uo} Stig (6 sr svezy3 emu zo ‘eats cours oars) 6= E+E (9 7 20x oora3) 90 EZ (omy sr ano 930) 2261 (ec 04” coors suru 70/22 ot/soxe sezu9 Aq porrdsaznu/souy) url) 2~ £+6 —UOL3RUl (ets soavoT our woas s0zy3 z0 “x18 3008 ab at >> ab ase arb sox 39:42 16 ac gor ane aus {x} C (xry2} > 20% - ea, eR 2 is more than b, @ ig greater than b ais not mre than b a is more than oF equal to b a ig much greater than b a is much less than b 1 a approaches b : 2 fifty per cent I infinity, infinity sign gis to9 asd is to 16 a is an element of the set Z is an empty set A intersection B A union B X is a subset of the set (x/y-2) implies a cub by 8 subscript b natural lgatitim, 1ogaitim to the base © [i II square root of 6 L ” Joube root of 6, nth soot of d, ene #ifen root of d to the nth (power) oo therefore pea since, because congruent, the sign of congruence ea a) Integers: X cubed four squared, four to the minus sixth six cubed fewo co the fifth, two to the power five, (ine fitch power of to, (am. to to five) X to the power four, x to the fourth round brackots square brackets braces, parentheses ri (pai] [a] ~ raaivs of cirete fat a: stweod] ~ area of cizcte integral of double integral of angle right angle acute angle obtuse angle triangle is parallel to is perpendicular to six degrees six degrees Centigrade above zero six degrees Fahrenheit below zero THE RATIONAL NUMBERS = even numbers = odd nuners = prines (because Whey can be divided only by 1 and by itself) ez2qne ue eATZTUTId PIP MOH * eburzmos r02er sty ur stseq e se posn sem zoquinls YoTUH sxoqunu os eg wey? zeav026 unt 98% 03 peauen oy 57 fos wow onsaTursd pInom JEW “Z cone efiuy eBus3unes fy Pesn uew sarayurad 32H zoqunu yseqea35 aya SPA YoTUR ~T reuorasenb Buraorpor 2y3 zeasuy Woreusuazduog x1 9s.2u8Ky reorpez pueozpez Phy xopur _— SU3QWN TNOTLVWET SAL — age z auouodxs —— x78 teary ‘0m qwTod mag Aquong puv poxpuny sozy9 950 7E earg 40 @rqnop aufod az x0 |atz 00 quod ona — S00°S antz toma quzod (aybnou) 770 eaqz ‘soz ‘ou auyod (3y6nou) — sr 70 STyNI930 8 34bre sea0 90293 ‘eyaybTe eextt3 6 syaanog eery3 ‘sz097enb 29349 fal z ey ou0/e 2 £ parry euo/e 4 ’ ze2renb ouo/e 4 8 yay672 suo/ue q (woraorsz rodord + xa60quT) p, s1035enb oozu3 pue 90243 sorene vere BHBe ZoA0 UOTE orrops3 xodoxdur +8 70 ‘syubre uoasTs cama id ¥ 8 uorqoez3 zedoxd +8 aoea3 rod 2 1870 zen0 28343 0 "pybre 20743 soqeuuoLsp rE oqezounu rg suopqoedy uowwoy (a Laat 3. How would you read these numbers: 101 152 100! 2,325 972 234,753? 4. How many digits does the last number contain? 5. What is the positional value of the digit 4 in 4232 6 7, Bxtract the square root of 1211 Extract the cube root of 125! cif Exercise 4: Simple present Tense active and Passive using one word from each colum in Tables a) and b) make as many sensible sentences as you can, first, in the affirmative and then in the negative and interrogative forms. (See also Sone Grammatical Explanations §§ 16, 22-24 and Table of iseS). Simple Present Tenso Primitive man uses fingers in his couliting. Prinitive man does not use fingers in his counting. Does primitive man use fingers in his counting? Le 2. 3. aoeesy 6 ‘sticks | Primitive man a uses | Computers his fingers q statistics in | Mathematicians | | a set of symbols their | work. 2a engineer 145° | sone new methods | Scioneises eee our b) Simple Present Passive myltiplication is used by engineers. 2) multiplication is not used by engineers 3) 1s multiplication used by engineers? ie armen 4 wultiplication Hew symbols used engineers» — |~ Division is | repeated prinitive man. Large numbers done by | children. computers are | performed scientists. The operation written him. Exercise 5: piceation pictate these problems to your friends: a) ») a) f) Exercise 62 Pura. {(stae)-(st3tJ} - ((28+3t)-(-4s+5t)) © ox2y- (any + [2xy2+ dxe2y~ (3ey?= 4x2y]) = (2x 5x2 33K + 20); (2x-5) = w6a2-25 Pa108+25 Gari dar sina = 3%, cosa = (Fae 3 7 ‘ey to solve some of them! mry to solve these puzzlers: ab >) © a f 9 How can you use eight 8's to make a total of 1,000? can you find five odd numbers which add up to 20? You may use the same number more than once. THIS You must replace each letter by a digit, using 4-9. IS The same digit must be used to represent the same YERY letter. Put in the numbers for the letters to get EASY a perfectly valid addition problem. ‘There is a fast-disappearing word. Tt has aine letters. If you take avay six Iotters, only one will be left. shae ts the word? How much ig 9+B47+6+5+4+3+20100 = 2 ach of the Smith brothers has as many sisters as he has brothers. But each of the Smith sisters has twice as many brothers as she has sisters. How many brothers and sisters are there in the Smith family? ake any two numbers with different figures, like 87. You nay also use like figures except 99. Double the number. Add 4. Multiply by 5. Add 12. multiply by 10. Subtract 320. Cross out the zeros in your answer The number lefe shoul? be the same one you started with. AQISMPUT doy SOTIEWEMARY, —“"S*LONTSY word Pexdepy) *sauod paaeounad pute spiweséd pazeoung oze esos *uoya oxy doz ate buy33n2 fq paoazoys er ‘pezrous3 oq osTe we> souco pue spruvzfa (6 ssuezbororTered exe (so2e3 Tex03°T __DeTte2) Sepys osoun pu suabAtod rerrered pue JerrHrs Yenbo aze (seseq peTTeo) spue esoun prros esr uslid ¥ *xo3z01 9413 peTTes quyod w 02 oseq ayy woz Sx0dea aoezans ssoum pur east € st aseq esous prTos P SF BU0D ¥ (2 seoqoayo ate sesoq esoy pur 1050q 827 02 zetnotpuedzed st opr osoum pros © =F 4apuy fo ¥ (P spyuerhd oya 70 x03208 242 wos 09 aurod ucmicd e ae se0u Yorum soTSueYz2 exe SOPs oS0yH puY UCGATod v SF oseq as0uN BITS v Sf pIURIAd ¥ vagus gua poTTeo uryayM aufed w woxz auessTp ATTenbe $7 yorUH 70 aUrod fzea9 oovyins paarna e fq papunog pr708 & 87 aswyds ¥ (4 ssazenbs Tenbs oe sooeg xys osoy prios # SF aqnd v 08 upgap pure suojreueidxe aug susyad & pur au0> ‘sspuy [fo “pyueatd tauayds taqnd sexe fous -WaPFA ws Due ssewyorua ‘y26uot :suotsuonrp sort, saey sesnbts PITOS wv : seunbys palos. ¢@ ™ wo \w ssearfep g9¢ SCY an sazaubo og woas ooueaese sues a of yortn Jo 3uT0! fiene sano aueré posor> wat af "o\nut3 # f esnbrs SUeTd 20H , 2! sop #/sep¥s a) $ubbe920 (soprs 1) suobeyday ‘1#9pre 9) suobexay “(seprs s) suobeuEd porte> are fot uoUn pue sepzs mno3 uey3 920K aneq few SuObATOR srorrexed o1e soprs ou afoyn TezezerrsPenb Par (enszoaer3- 5n) plozadeay ¥ -fortered s1 sopre aareoddo 40 ayed ouo azoim TezoaeTtapend ¥ sr (prozedes3— sh) wnizodea @ -wa6uo7 up Tenbo poe Torvexed ore copys oxyoaddo 70. gz5Rt ona oy7 auaim aesiororrered # sy (aotborerrered 20) ploqudl ¥ suabusr penbs yo soprs Tre pue sozbue enby{qo y3r wexbororrezed SF (quoyz 20) snquoijA ¥ *3¥6r2 soTbue znoj aya pue ToTTezed are soprs aqrsoddo aj) azoym Tezo3eTrspenb v st albuRyIed ¥ sayStz s076ue ayy TTe Pue Teno oe soprs ova TTP ezouM Tezexeyrapenb © sy auenbs v *se0x6ep 096 STenbo soTsuv o3t youuns oya pue ‘sepys inog uaTA uobAred © ST [edaye[|4pend ¥ +2 6ue1a} 9u0 [29s p porfeo sf yaSuey us Tenbo seprs oui zo suo YaTn oT6uBTs) rapbuelaa [eudzeinbs we perreo sr wa6ueT uF Tenbe soPrs Tre yaye a7buers3 ¥ “albueLu1 sa(sosos| ue pots Sr w5ueT ur Tendo soprs ong wpa erbuerza ays 79 GURL aynoe We PeTTe ‘Sf s0e250p 06 uey3 scoy oaey soTéue Tre Yorum Ur eTSHETs? UL ‘aybueuin agnago ue ef 37 veys soaxSop 06 veya oxou sey OT5UETI4 Puy sep6ue 43 30 ouo ZT “916ueiia paybue qB\4 P PETTY? oF aybtr st sopbue oy Jo ovo exoym epbuer7 ¥ “2 |6uRLA © PATTEO Bf sxouzoo sexys pue sepys aybrex3s oouy9 wars omnbrs sUPTa ¥ ssooz5op 6 ry ozou sey aybue asnygo mw ssooxbep 06 weys ssor sey a|Sue aynge UY “ezOzzO P JO reI2NF P sr ar *s9ez60p 06 Sey B[bue qybla ¥ “seOubap UT Pernseow st 927s sa *(aT6ue ya Zo xez0A) uTOdpUS YoMMOD P CARY 3EHI seurT ayBrez2s onj Aq pouzoy oznbry oyzzeuoe6 © St a[OUE HE spoptmaxo 203 A04 Zozare ov s00u zosou 3eua pur agua vamos ot exe sea SOUTT ausyezas azow 20 ong oze SoUL| [@L[es0q “SAUL panino OsTe ere ssour “sauy| qubjeins fe ove obeys. “peavortzoy 20u T#273200 seins gh ui aah ve snr oy oan Er © 3 sory asipoupubia 19 et n.n0 Spot BPS ayia Je 1 cat Seer br da bnua ube ion ge, anuesth 27 ‘ Sean Cv eeg Se fee r quyod ¥ ssprros puv sooessns *sembrz ‘sopbue ‘seus 1s9urod Jo sdyusuoyqerer pur sattousznovow /sorgzodozd oy ATTersedee ‘eons yore 6urreop sovaedouam yo Gouvsg # St AzzaHooD AYLSWOID “2 LIN ewes (f esdztte (0 " sopurrhio (7 erouers3 (Pp = werad (Y e7buez00r (0 eqns (6 arenbs (q " osoyae (3 = “" pqoaq9 Ce sepnorTo= eToTF9 + TePCH seomenennceon gr gumton sar *€ 5 rsaatq09{pe Buypundsesz0> o3uy sunod SuEMOTTOS 9y3 wing S¥ soesans 843 30 vore Te309 sar “2. 208 pe Buyp! 3 FEMOTTOT O43 “erode © 30 edwys oa up —_ edeus up Teozroyde sy 4 x20f00 +1 “Teorzeyds go : \ eorrobore TeorzPMUeID :G aS{948X N Brvascvrraaede 1003 ‘seweu weoTreuy zy0y] 0283S “YSTTBug ueoprewy UT soweu quozazzqp eaey WOU 9 @ v oFz709TS Ue YOY Sepia SAAVA JTLINSYWOYLIITS writ bm r4ayjabor payed €13yb1q fusezuos aayonas US *4S45U99 #sps0n BurmoTIO ayy Buren 9) ATMDeTOW ToquH OUa pue Yq) wore abAxo oy ‘e) wosR uoborpAY ey7 2qF70507 soraoesd Tex0 2 as}ouox} / 26. vicinity of 5-10Scm, This is the size of the smallest object Ghee zen be seen in an optical microscope. the longest, vate Tengen of visinle Light is red. As the wavelength 1s acdeetead the color changes Ehrdugh orange, yellow, green, blue to’ violet, which has the shottest wavelength. Infra-red radiation has wavelengths intermediate between microwaves and rod Light, Tt is sonetines called ‘heat Tadiecion" because it, 18 strongly enitted by a fire or a Coneral heating radiaior and 10 readily absorbed by che human body to produce a $hSdefon of warmth. A radiator enits no) visible Light nd Ge canoe be Seon Sa an uy oom, Bit the heat radiation from ie can easily be felt. MBteler, the corm “neat radiation" is not a good one because all frequencies of Glectronagnetic tadiacion are emitted by a hot body and all Gan be absorbed by matter and warn it up. prs radiation with frequencies greater than 7.5+10%sec', beyond the viotet end of the visible spectrum, {5 called ultraviolet Tight. Te is produced by special ianps or very hot bodies. The sun onits a large amount of ultraviolet Light, but most oF it is absorbed by the earth's atmosphere. eran seve ree oe Xerays are produced when a ‘beam of fast moving electrons hits a metal Cargit. Electrons Leaving the negative electrode in an furay tube are accelerated Edfded the positive electrode and arrive there with very high Vé2éieies,’ Upén colliding with the acgar af.she Positive afectrodg, the electrons are agit HEADY BEM Peal cone [lige negative aeceleretinn results in the radiation of very high frequency elactronagetic yorays aze emitted by radioactive nuclei. meir frequencies range from about 10! sec."! upward and therefore overlap with ee pense prelims (Abridged from ATKINS,K.Rs "Physics" ) Exercise 1: comprehension Ask and anawer: 1. how an electromagnetic wave is produced. what the inportant types of electromagnetic radiation are. what a transmitting aerial is like. Af Light is an electromagnetic wave. how light and radio waves compare in terms of frequency. how light and radio waves compare in terms of wavelength. what colour the Iongast wavelength of visible light 1s. what infra-red radiation is sometimes called. how x-rays are produced. Exercise 2: vocabulary practice ~ Antonyms Find antonyms for the following words in the text of Unit 4 I. transmission 2. backward 3+ upward 4. previous 5. outward 6. visible 7. decreased 8, emitted 9. Lit Exercise 3: Sentence model Fill in the blanks X and ¥ of the sentence model using the suggested segments in colums X and Y, below the sentence model. 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First, a precise analysis is aade. 7. They describe concentric circles about the axis. Exercise 6: verbs showing the change of state The following are the verbs showing the change of state: 1. boil 4, Liguety 7. evaporate 2. condense 5. melt 8. Freeze 3. erystalize 6. solidity 9. sublinate Combine these verbs with the following nouns to form complete sentences: water, steam, alcohol, sodium chloride (NaCl), iron, ice, sulphur, castings. Modal: Water boils. Ice liquefies. Exercise 7: Translation Translate the following passage into tngiish: Voda je jedna od onih supstanci koja se mée naéi u sva tri agregatna stanja: évrstom, teénom { gatovitom. Agregatno sta~ nje vode se mole promijeniti ako mijenjano njenu temperaturu. Ispod nule voda postaje led. Tada ima odredjenu zapreminu i oblik. Iznad nule voda je u tecnom stanju. U ovem stanju ona ima odredjenu zapreminu, ali preuzina oblik posude u kojoj s0 nalazi. Iznad 1009C voda isparava i prelazi u gasovito stanje- Tada nema ni odredjen oblik ni zapreninu. UNIT 6tU4 A REDUCTION-OXIDATION REACTION A raduction-oxidation reaction (commonly called a "redox" reaction) is one that occurs between a reducing and an oxidizing agent: Om, + Ready? Red +0x2 ony 8 roduced t0 Hedy and Red, is oxidized to ox» ox, ls the oxidising agent, and He, Ua the Seducing agent ta Sige te or oriaizing tendency ofa subscance wild aoeey we Ze oniaation state (es vaionce) 4 well an eer ne a, higher the oxidation state, the nore seronpiy (eet ote generally ware t0 take on an eleccron or cheer ae Fatuced £0 4 lover oxidation state, Convestei ne nng se. eng Gridation state, the Less this tendency, ana the rereeeer be the tendency of the substance to do che serneas nae 2G ee An understanding of the oxidizing or reducing tendency of substances is available trom electrochemical eines electrode potentials. Mere are tho Liat of chetinonicat sells, galvanic (voltaic) and electrolytic. in the former, a Ghenicai reaction spontaneously occurs prsiusn wore energy. An example {a the ordinary flashlight bosteege ieidg laeter, electrical energy is used to force a nonsponcanceus chemical reaction to occwe, that is, to go in theron enee Gizection 1€ wuld ina gulvgnie, gel]. Ae exemsre 1a ere electrolysis of water by infSlble Meuicanly lates ate ecécal Potential. in ehoge cells, the elecerode at which ones occurs is the afode and that at which reduction occurs se the cathode. Consider the following redox reaction: Fe" sce z Fe3* aces? 44,4 solution containing Fe? is mixed with one containing co", there is a certain tendency for the ions to trarnte electrons. Assune tho Fe? and Co'+ are in separate beatees connected by a salt bridge. (A sale bridge allove chases transfer through the solutions but prevents mixing of tne | ot uoraoeaz teouazer 71 | e120 aut sovrene 2%4 $0 flowepuea ous (Bu0z35) (non) woraeprxo aya (HoT) -z *Wox30870 We uo oe3 03 aotieag [8 # 20 Aowepues ov2\(eeaess) pores NOTSEpExO ou (YBTH) -p | x z F | saravavanog OF seer zarevavawoo Fe a a SUE ste som ESR ct pn Tepow coueaues (ie)oszozoxs HV YS asa Poy 73 Becera deel MOTTE“ APO7ser 5 epour “9 snooueatods +p = eoprinad “€ 0b EF RE” quebe Suronpas +7 72 3¥4n 30 3x05 o19 ux spzom osou 203 subuorue pitty Suhuosuy — eorazoex e peerd Azernqvoog 21 asiouaxy (SasquEID Teoy “ RED TORMATEW, sO-a*RYILSTURO woxy respraqy) PES Hoods cafe s20%004 eal oun peties Hd 90+ aie uopzovez-gTey sif9 Jo TeFauszod epozz2°TS ous sposnseeu oq wes sTersuaz0d sp0rss979 x3 uosnaeq souszess1p oya /roaoKoH -sTeT3UeI04 eporz2ete TenpTarpur eznsrow 03 Awd ou st Sz0ys “uOTINTOS 249 UF Peddzp epozzcaTe azour ue fig pezdope eq INO 3eY7 TeVquex0d eoyurzep e exezeue5 TTH yoLyIeDi-31Oy ore (A suoBe buyerprxo oy sf 4,422 pue atobe Buyonper oa sy ,og “aseo mmo ur -(auebe buyZ3D7x0 uP) 4oyte2oe uoz3087e ue pUP /quebe Suronper e) JOUOP YOII20TS ue eq enw ez0yy +z72597 Aq Ino00 UD UOTTOReT XOPeT oN suolayusgap pue suoyzeuetdxa auos shzeaaeq @ uy se ‘zoom & Buyuunz zo qTMq WEFT ¥ Suraybs7 SP Yons 204 wrorred 03 Pash og ED (20ueT0IITP Teyawezod ua) uorao¥ex TeOTWaYS B42 Jo eOr0; BUTATIP ouL #4499 PUP 4291 uB2Nqeq UOIQ0RO 213 203 fowopues ey3 ro7t025 ays “Bouezezztp TeT3UeI0d 2y3 zebzeT ayy “seporz00T° onz olla LooMIAg STeTIUeI0T 24a Uf eouozeszrp aya o3PoTDUT TITA Sepor7907@ oy] WOKIET booetd sesewsroa y *|e1quaq0d spo.399]9 au9 PezTe> SF STY2 due ‘suozzoe[2 to 9¥23 70 530 enh 09 soy 943 JO AouNpLuD? oya fq peuruzeaep 81 aya TerqUSI0d TeoTTIDeTe We adope Trp YoRq *seporg20Te pereprston oq WED FOITA URUTIETT oY ssuorz08T2 re75uez3 03 suoT esayz 30 Bouepusa aya JO 9sneDeq szn200 STH +904 84 448 Ffepoyzes 2y3 3B) peonpos St ,,99 aya SxoyM z07EOq oI eYa oF OTH OY2 YOnOIE MOT suorZ0eTS PEsvETAT Syr + 0+ yeOde 28d F(epoue oy3) extm unusaeTd 03 ae pozrDrx sy ,,eg aun *BurMoTy ST iuezIO v sozEOTPUT 2f ‘peq0euues sf zez9umWoIDFN B 51 “SOXTA ONG OYR IosNUOD PUE Yoranfes yors uy axza unuTaeTd qz0ur ue and may *30e;u0o OeU 30u OP suorantos 943 eours /ans90 UBD yOTI2zOr ON (“sUOFINTOS 5S (Geese) the concentzatson, (low) the ll 5. (igh) the degree of (great) the rate of nuclestion.| supersaturation, | (Stable) the reaction, (far) to the right will be the equilibrium of the reaction. Exercise 3: crammatical categories Aongthe Zheight. (2 ways) a) Describe A and in terms of — width. hus, you wil QQetiiciness. depth. replace each noun by two adjectives of opposite meanings. Model: A is long, # is short. +b) Compare Aand B in terms of <— width. Thus, you wil “Qebickness depth. replace each noun by two comparatives of adjectives of opposite meanings. Model; a is longer, 8 is shorter, Vy, Oral practice Po you keep a laboratory notebook? bo you make a permanent re- cord of all data? Read the following data to yourself. Then show how you have understood the process by drawing and explaining the process to your friends. The data in your notebook might read as follows: Electrolysis. Reference: G.D.Christian: "College Chenistry” (J. Willey & Sons, New York, 1970) Electrolyte: Copper sulphate solution. Electrodes: Two pieces of platinum foil (connected to a battery), Chemical reaction: the current is switched on. It passes from the anode to the cathode through the solution. It is seen that the blue solution of copper sulphate gradually becomes pier a3 the current passes through it. This is because the copper, which gives the solutios its blue colour, has been broken up into electrically charged particles (ions). As the current Passes through the solution, the positively charged copper ions are attracted to the cathode, and neutralized by its negative charge and, as a result, copper particles are deposited on the platinum foil. The anode gives off oxygen which may be collected if we fix the test tube over the anda, Chemical formula of the reaction: Signed: Exercise 5: Some general conclusions Read these general conclusions: 4) The more positive the electrode potential, the stronger the oxidizing agent and the weaker the reducing agent. b) The more negative the electrode potential, the weaker the oxidizing agent and the stronger the reducing agent. Here are some Standard Potentials: Mp0) + 2H* + 20" = 2801.77 Sat e207 msn? 0.154 MIO; +4i* +36 = MoO, #240 1.695 2H" + 26° =H 0.000 Wa em = co 1.61 tn? 4 227 =z -0.763 Now, apply the above facts to the following electrode potentials: cott + 6 tce2 mn? + 20"z2n and explain what kind of oxidizing and reducing agents ce*, ca®*, 2n® and zn are. spoqsouy yazoy ut posn sf uoTz0eCoxd Auezpenb pryya ang ‘uzeazag 380z9 uy qu02x0 0bzeT e 03 pUe vedomng uy auezmn> qy198 sf 31 *TeszoAfun aur) 2u0 38 SEM pue Teuora3per3 sp auexpenb 3sr77 93 uF uoy]DeforE ~worsnsuCS asneo pur derzeso saoza 2if2 sauezpenb y32N03 pue puss oa ur “suorac9fo2d 203 posn axe ATuo squezpenb p2ry3 pUE 4x15 242 sosodmnd yeors0077 20g $1105 Jo U0}299CO4d YL squezpenb 38273 043 uo Supfoor usezp oe suoyaoeford pue /queredsuex aq 02 paunsse oe souerd oyz squezpenb yaznog pue p2ya ‘puooes ey uF Suoy200ford 20z tano peuedo oq sheaye ysnu quexpend 3s317 S43 U2 SF worqueauos ays “eprousoo fey? TFIuM UOFIDeSIeIUT ZO UTE roya anoqe ano pauado exe souetd TeoyazeA pue Te3UOZTTOy ua ‘20ezzns oueTd v uo sMetA 243 MoYS Ox “sqUEIpEND 9149 JO suo ur peqenays aq 09 pesoddns st 320fgo 30 eurT ay3 fxz0u095 ea72drz0sep ur -sqimezpend znoz oat; dn sods BuTpTATP pur Burqesrequr ‘{-g*4) TeoT370A reYI0 BY;9 UE (-a°H) TERUORTIOH suo ‘uorssefoxd orydes6oyaz0 UT posn exe seueyd TedTouTId ONG storz2eford anbriqo we any6 heya ‘ouerd eu on pourrour anq Terresed exe felf3 31 -worsveCord 4e7n6 nuva0e 20 Teuaboyaso “eurT aybr2 -e-T /orudexboInz0 we ear6 fay ‘ouerd oy2 09 Teuzou exe puw “rezrezed cxe sx000C0ud 943 JT -a7nsex ous sf voraoefoxd earazedszod zo Terper 43uy08 03 obzeauos sxor00fexd aug 31 “sz0n00(0rd poTTeo ox sun ox pue ‘ouerd aya uo pozosford eq 02 pres st 392/40 9 souetd © y00u 03 squrod soya woxy umyea exe sour? sub yeI95 JT “83urod 30 uoraebo265e uv sv popsvbor of few 300(q0 fy seeds Teuorsuswrp 2azy3 SuraToauy suoTgoxd 30 uoranTos Teorydex6 oya yaa (q pue ‘pouruzozap ATaaeinooe aq UEo Suorarsod saraerex zyey3 7ey3 xouUeW P Yons UF /suoTstoUTp 22219 50 eoeds ur seanbiz pue ‘sousT /sauyod 30 eoezans sueTd © Wo uorsequesazdor ay7 Yr (2 :sTeap Bazew0b entad7z090q ABLAWOID FATLdIYISIG “uinn (qzosqe of) vozoydsoue sqqaawe ya Aq TE ayBrT aeToRANTaTN oy JO 380K au6FT erarstA on paatus o3) *zoserper © iq eonpoxd 93) “Arrurora sroug ap, TTS Yjyeprers 28160 fe eaem oyaubeworz09T® Ue (oaeppez 03) Be gatwzog208 02) ee Prvefed (fx209 03) spor renew Guero ange SS" f Sati suena oqmceTe We ue frrenur3u09 eb Lapeaes jovboera Bursertias0 43 30 uorarsod oz“ paseasgap Gutag s} y25ueTeses ous steseezcep on) "" yabueTemeA uz *T°POW (sosuey, usTTBug Jo oTORL, PUP pe-2e H *a'OTS OFTE 905) featssea snontyauco aussorg ontty seseyquezed UT eqzos oY 3d uorgeuzossuezs eatsseg Aeves mM son First quadrant Projection: he projection on the horizontal and veetical planes of reference and also on an auxiliary vertical plane (A.V.P.) are obtained by applying the princinies Of projection for points on the outline of the object. When the fixee quadrant is opened out until the planes coincide, each view appears on tho side of the object renote fro: face that it portrays, i.e. a top view or plan is placed beneath the elevations an ond view looking from the left is placed on the night, and 60 on. Sectional Views: Sectional views are largely employed in technical drawiags to show the form and proportions of hidden or internal parts. To obtain a sectional view the object is Supposed to be cut through by @ suitable plane, and the portion lying between the plane and the observer remaved. the projection of the part actually cut by the plane is called a section, but if the exterior of the solid remaining is projected, as woll as the section, the projection is called 2 sectional plan or sectional elevation, The true shape of the section is given in one projection, i.e, either in plan or elevation, if the section plane is parallel to that plane of projection. If the section plane is rot parallel to one plane of reference, an auxiliary projection is necessary - on a plane parallel to the section plane. The materia] cut by the plane is usually shown shaded by thin Lines called section lines, drawn at 45° ¢o the Line of intersection and evenly spaced. (Atidged fron SHALIF,Rs "A Reader in Mechanical Engineering") Exercise 1: comprehension Answer these questions: f. What does descriptive geometry deal with? 2. When is an object said to be projected on the plane? 3. What are projectors? 4. What sore of projection do we get if the projectors converge to a point? 5. What sort of projection is orthographic projection? 6. What are the full names of the H.P. and V.P.? i | 43. 7. How many principal planes are used in o: toy many pe 1 rthographic $. Which quadrants axe used only for projections? 9% What is a sectional view and when is it employed? brercise 2: vocabulary practice ~ synonyms Find synonyms for tho following sords ih the text of unit 7s 1. meet at one point 2. horizontal projection 3. direct Line 4. vertical projection 5. kept out of sight 6. to get 7. to be placed Exercise / Passive Construction 4) urn the follwing sentences into the requ Construction, (See also S.G.E. 529) e eset Yodel: ie say that the object is projected The object is said to be projected. W Translate each of the passive sentences, Model: The object is said to be ‘projected. kate 0 (Iateno) da je predset projicizén. Ors #a predmet katemo da Je projiciran, . + We Suppose that the object is situated 4 y se suppose ted in one of the 2. We assune thae the planes are transparent 3 Ho suppose that the object is cut through, + Mo say that an electric cubrent is due « ' is due to tho progeessiv transfer of “zee electrons from one aton te age gseeee Ye 5+ We say that a Line is horizontal when it is parsiie! to gota wey “ener oosy 306 trem FTFene we uo oste pue souazsjon Teatozsz0y 943 uo seers poaseford : TE 949 UE pagenazs s20fqo ue mezq (4 ‘Yors2eford onbrrqo pup terper 44 a auase, sorydeabot ‘738 suesordex puw eteys zetnior Jo sedesouine oa, eroshys v aeza (e eoracesd Tero 5 asioiexy "sp ssorgzodoxd Teupbyx0 S37 (9s0T 02) 37 “(poavoy oq 03) TeIew 943 ST *L cAyrsee (3Tou 03) oxza urya e ‘ostz 03 (utSeq 02) exnaezeduea oy} 31-9 renee orqoubeuor303 72 ue (e2erpez 03) 37 ‘(ezeze7@00R 03) ebreY OF2709TS UP GT *S sworsseford ofydesboy3z0 ue (anz6 02) fey? ‘eueTd 242 02 Tewzou puv rrTered (oq 03) sz0200ford 943 31 *6 <(2n200 07) worunez 2yu03e uv 110230079 te BuryoeT moze we (ZoqunosUD 03) uoTIDeTe e977. 31 “E sArreure3xo ebzey> ou (3tqTyXe 02) woz” 243 ‘eBxeyS BnTIeBeu JO aunowe eys (Tens 07) abzeyo aaraysod Jo qunowe 242 31 *Z *ebxeyo 2ar3ts0d Jo ssooxe ue (ssassod 03) wore ey2 ‘wore eya woz (porous aq 03) wor300T9 uP zr “T suzoz oerzdordde y3 o2uT stsouquered ur earaturzuz ayy Suy6ueyo “ssousaues TeUOT3TPUOD 0er709 eonpoxd ‘Tepox sousquas saoge oy2 3” BUT¥OOT ‘HOH (are ostny sussary + mouox/men) ssnv79 sansae [qa OBUBE TOSezE + WON) Bsn7D NOTZIQNOD 3 (es2§ “19'S o8Te 225) “smoco vows} zvopNU zo ssoo02d |y3 ‘sneTORL BYR UNCP 7eE2q OM IT reoueques Teuorz;pUOD ‘simco0 uowsTs Zeefont 30 ssozaad yr “snwpont aly] UAOP "O79 OM :aqneey ruorarpuoo sorduexe 203 *ainsay + u0}3}puog uoraPTez sya ssozdxo 07 emnaeze3tT Teotuyso3 uy posn weIz0 ee BeDuOINES TRUOFITDUCD sous3ues TeUOT;TPUCD ty 9S}I4OX} voarursur aze foyg 3242 oasTTEq OM *9 suoztzoy aya Jo oueTd 249 *e UNIT 8 MECHANICS The science of mechanics treats of motion, forces, and the effects of forces on the bodies upon Which they ace Mechanics ig generally divided into two main branches of study: (1) statics and @) dynamics. Seatics is that branch d which degis with forces and with the effects of forges ackteg’ Meee LOE Cee ee ee eee racic Bek 8 essentially a study of force syetens and of choir soleong, Dynamics deals with motion and with the atléctdor forces | acting on rigid bodies in notion. Dynanics is divided into two branches: (1) kinematics, rhe study of mtion without consideration of the forces causing the notion, and (2) Kinetics, the seudy of forces acting on rigid bodies in motion and of their effect in changing such motion. Force: Im his fizet law of motion Siz Isaac Newton states... that 4 body will continue in its state of rest or of hitorm” motion unless acted upon by a force that changes or tend¥ to change its state. Therefore, we may state that force is an action that changes or tends to ch 1e state of motion of the Pedy upon which it acts. When fad’ to bodies at rest, as in Statics, this definition more appropriately is that force is an action that changes the shape of the body upon which it acts. aie tn pis tnind law of motion Mewton states that to eygry action PFE is an equal and opposed reaction. a force, ‘then, being an action, ig always Opposed by an equal reaction. Therefore, Eesgae exist not singly, but always in pairs, equal and Sialic 4 body is any object, or anij part of an object, which may be considered separately When two objects are in contact, equal and opposite forces are produced at the contacting surfaces. A ball resting on a peréon’s hand presents an example of two equal and opposite forces: the weight of the ball pressing dev upon the hand, and the hand pushing upward with a force a equal to this weight, force being exerted on the two surfa: of contact. ees Types of Forces: rozce can b dont "an be exeited only through the action of one physical body upon another, efther in Sneree or at a distance. Accordingly, forces may be classified wer two general headings: (i) contacting of applied forces, such as a push oz 4 pull which might be produced by muscular or mechanical ottorts for, example, 4 pull on a rope, the push of steam . a 7 fhe push of team on the piblon of a stean engine, or the 13tavdinktorce produced by applying the brakes on a moving automobile, ang @ non-contacting ox non-applied forces, such as the gravita~ tional pull of the earth on all physical bodies, magnetic force, or inertia force such as manifests itself within body when its stace of motion is changed. A aigeinceion is also msde between the extésnal forces ki on 4 body and the resulting internal forces, aldo calied Extenial forces are sing and xeaeting faces. forces, forces Jaised by Wh or water ofedhie tpplied fojsod! ste. deanplen of acting fosces. Rosie ab the ibpstte of « structure ave celled feaceine ees prusichl Gere forse systems, we’ regard as 4 concentrateg force one which’ is, resisted by ai area ‘of matetial ively’ BAIT cesar Stack tons Sloss Rh AUP ial gatastvety errors it’ may be condideted'ad a point. the, pujl dng rope oxcegble, the pressure of, the.leg of a table or'chalfoa tnd” Feet, and che: forces axeltet on the RAY by tho tho Coy locomtivé ‘are. examples of Sohcentrated sorte: A atazeibuted force is one which acts on en area relative! too Targe to be considered as a poine without ineiosecane dn s4preciabie error. 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Jo wsueye36 Yenoats paqrzasap ATozeTdwoD ST 2920; “op 5. State the characteristics of force! Define an object! po forces exist singly? Illustrate with an example! State the first, second and third laws of motion! Exercise 2: Vocabulary practice ~ Synonyms Find in the text the words that mean the same or similar as the following words: 1, internal force 2. contacting force 3. form 4 move 5, being at zest 6. to make simple 2. express in words a. nat varying Exercise 3: piagrams - Definitions Give definitions of each of the items in the diagram: Mechanics Statics Dynamios = aes Kinematics — Kinetics Exercise 4: antonyns Fill in tho gaps in the diagram with corresponding antonyns: Forces —a sett bet 2 see 3 As fosce ame ce ae rae | # aistabuted bn Exercise 5: Sentence formation ~Prepesition + hich Preposition +which is a frequent characteristic of texts in scientific English. Join the following pairs of sentences inte a single sentence using preposition +which and making the second sentence a relative clause. (See also $..E. § 42). Model: Pavel Liquids take on the shape of the contain Sha Ss Bs tes jay rest. Liquids take on the shape of the caraines in hich i together in matter) in eaih uh master. Tey are conbined fis walle 2. an adtce trlanigle is a ptdit! tiguee. all angles in the plane figure have less than 20 degrees, 4. A transmitting aerial is a long metal rod or wire. An electric current oscillates through the aerial’ backward and forwa fate 5. Magnetzons are special vacuum tibes. Microwaves are produced by special vacuum tubes. ps sy, 6, Force is an action that changes the shape of the body. 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