2024 Endocrine System

OLFU MEDICINE Dr Aquende| May 4, 2021

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Regulated by hypothalamic releasing and

inhibiting hormones from the
hypothalamus secreted by the
hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

• for every hormone released by anterior

pituitary there is a corresponding
hormone are releasing or inhibiting
HORMONAL SECRETION hormone from the hypothalamus
(ANTERIOR PITUITARY)
• Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone
(GHRH)
• Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
• Thyroid Releasing Hormones (TRH)
• Gonadotropin Releasing Hormones (GnRH)
• Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
• Melanocytes Releasing Hormones (MSH-
RH)

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

• composed of widely separated organs

• releases chemicals called “hormones” which are poured directly into the
blood stream that is the reason why it’s called “ductless”
• hormones are brought to the target organs whose activity growth & nutrition
are influenced
HORMONE from the root word “hormon” which means to excite or get moving
- a chemical mediator release from one part of the body (target cells)
- Regulates cell activity • pea-sized gland
- Exerts effect by binding to specific receptor in or on the target cell • located in the Hypohyseal Fossa (seat of
the saddle) - a depression in the sella
1. Pituitary Gland turcica of the sphenoid bone covered by
2. Thyroid Gland PITUITARY GLAND / dura mater
3. Parathyroid Gland HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI • connected to the hypothalamus by a stalk-
4. Adrenal Gland like structure called infundibulum
5. Pineal Gland • produces hormones which have overall
• Additionally several others, not endocrine glands but exclusively contain control over the growth & function of sveral
cells that secrete hormone: Hypothalamus, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes, organs “master gland” of endocrine system
Kidneys
A. ANTERIOR PITUITARY (adenohypophysis)

• forms a hypophyseal complex considered
to be a ”command center” producing
several hormones electing direct responses
from their target cells
• ex: Thyroid Gland upon stimulation -
release T3 & T4
HYPOTHALAMUS & • there goes to show that the complex
PITUITARY GLAND regulates syntheses & secretion of
hormones of the other glands
• on several occasions, messages form the
nervous system have to pass through the
complex in order for these messages to be
translated into hormones to elicit a
response
• carries about 75% total weight of the gland
• releasing hormones from the hypothalamus with release or inhibit secretions
from the anterior pituitary
• Neurosecretory cells bring these hormones in the anterior pituitary by the
hypotahalamus-hypophyseal portal system
HORMONES:
1. Growth Hormone (hGH) / Somatotropin
• stimulate growth of bones, muscles, and other organs
• de ciency of this hormone will lead to pituitary dwar sm small,
proportionate stature; normal intelligence; little growth of epiphyseal
cartilages
• excess will produce a super tall individual pituitary gigantism usally
caused by growth hormone secreting tumor ; prefusion, long bones
• hypothalamus will have a controlling arm over the growth hormone
through its growth hormone releasing hormone
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 ACROMEGALY - another manifestation of excessive growth hormone after • Small-pine cone shaped
growth in bone length is completed ; increase bone diameter body
where facial features and hands become abnormally large • attached to caudal end of
epithalamus
2. THRYOID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) • secrete MELATONIN
PINEAL GLAND / - which will have a role
• stimulate thyroid gland to produce T4 (thryoxine) a& T3 (triiodo-thyronine)
EPIPHYSIS
• HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL will be thyrotropin releasing hormone in body’s response to
CEREBRI
high & dark (cardian
3. ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) rhythm)
• stimulate adrenal cortex to produce cortisol - inhibits reproductive
• HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL will be corticotropin RH function by inhibiting
GnRH
4. PROLACTIN
• promotes breast development during pregnancy and stimualte • butter-fly shaped
postpartum milk production • located anterior neck and
• HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL will be prolactin RH inferior to larynx
• vertebral levels C5 & T1
5. GONADOTROPIC HORMONES (sex hormones) • has 2 lateral lobes
• regulate the growth, development, and function of gonads connected by a narrow
1. FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) - stimulate band isthmus
development of ovarian follicles & sperm (testis) • contains follices which
2. LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) - stimulate ovulation of oocytes secrete 2 thyroid
and forms corpus luteum which produce progesterone hormone
3. INTERSTITIAL CELLS STIULATING HORMONE (ICSH) - 1. THYROXINE (T4)
stimulates epithelial cells (seminiferous tubules testis) to 2. TRIIODOTHYRONIN
produce spermatozoa; (T3)
- T3 & T4 regulate
• HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL will be gonadotropin releasing hormone
basal metabolic rate
6. MELANOCYTES STIMULATING HORMONE (BMR)
THYROID - Carbohydrate,
• melanocytes will be stimulated to produce melanin and cause dark skin
pigmentation GLAND protein, fat
• HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL will be melanocytes stimulating hormone metabolism
releasing hormones
- Normal functioning
NS/CVS
- Peristalsis
• Parafollicular cells
B. POSTERIOR PITUITARY (neurohypophysis) scattered between
follicles secretes
• extension of the nervous tissue of the hypothalamus calcitonin —> stimulus:
• lies behind anterior pituitary increase serum Ca
• cell bodies from the neurosecretory cell:s • T3 & T4 will be released
‣ PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS produce oxytocin (OT) via stimulation from the
‣ SUPRAORTIC NUCLES produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) anterior pituitary by or
• and these are brought to posterior pituitary for storage through releasing thyroid
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract stimulating hormone
• Hypothalamic control:
HORMONES Thryotropin RH
1. Oxytocin
• uterine contraction during parturition THRYOID HORMONE DISORDERS
• acts on mammary glands for milk ejection in lactating women
2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) de ciency: HYPOTHYROIDISM
• reduces urine output by reabsorbing water from distal convoluted tubule 1. CRETINISM (infants)
• increase blood blood pressure by arteriolar viscero constriction • hypothyroidism in infants
• short stature
• mental retardation
• enlarged tongue (macroglossia)

2. MYXEDEMA (adult form)

• hairy dry, coarse, sparse
• lateral eyebrows thin
• periorbital edema
• puffy dull face with dry skin

excess: HYPERTHYROIDISM in “graves disease”

• increase basal metabolic rate (BMR)
• GOITER - enlarged thyroid gland
• Bulging eyeballs (exophthalmos); accumulation of retrobulbar fat

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 • 4 yellowish glands PRIMARY HYPERALDOSTERONISM

embedded in the dorsal • Conn’s Syndrome
portion of thyroid gland - most common (adrenal ademo)
• secretes PARATHYROID - overproduction of aldosterone
HORMONE / - sodium & water reabsorption back into the blood
PARATHROMONE (PTH) - potassium will move from the blood to tubule
which is regulated by - potassium will be excreted and increase sodium & water
serum Ca+2 level concetration augmenting the blood volume & hypokalemia
• ↓ serum calcium level =
PARATHYROID DISORDERS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
↑ PTH
GLANDS
• ↑ serum calcium level =
↓ PTH = • Excess secretion of catecholamines (Dopamine, NE, Epi)
- mostly norepinephrine excess
• Osteoclastic activity
- benign tumor —> pheochromocytoma
(bone resorption) =
- malignant tumor —> neuroblastoma
response to low serum
calcium level S/S = enhancement of sympathetic autonomics during stress
• Osteoblastic activity
(bone depostition) = high OTHER ORGANS
serum calcium level
• pistol-shaped organ
DISORDER OF PTH SECRETION • located in abdominal cavity
• head surrounded by duodenum
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM • body - behind the stomach
• abnormal low rate of PTH secretion due to: • tail - spleen
‣ injury or removal of parathyroid glands
‣ reduced rate of bone resorption / reduced Ca level ENDOCRINE FUNCTION:
• lies within the insulin producing beta cells
EFFECTS of Islets of Langerhans - reducing or
• neuromucular hyperexcitability (tetany 7 muscle cramps) decreasing an abnormally high serum
• If respiratory muscles are affected can be fatal glucose level of serum glucose by
increasing uptake and utilization of blood
• 2 adrenal (one each atop glucose by muscle & connective tissue cells
upper poles of kidneys)
• right - triangular; lies • glucagon from alpha cell increases blood
behind the IVC and liver sugar as a from of balancing the activity of
PANCREAS
• left - crescent shaped; insulin to maintain normal serum glucose
lies behind the stomach level

ADRENAL CORTEX (outer • somatostatin in delta cell will inhibit both

ADRENAL
part) - produces 3 hormone insulin & glucagon
GLANDS
groups
“CORTICOSTEROIDS” PANCREATIC ISLET DISORDERS
1. Glucocorticoids
(Cortisol) Insulin de ciency leading to diabetes
2. Mineralocorticoids mellitus
(Aldosterone • in children & young adults : TYPE 1
3. Androgens (Sex Insulin dependent diabetes milletus
hormones) (IDDM); islet cell damage
• adult: TYPE 2 Non-insulin dependent
DISORDERS OF ADRENAL CORTEX diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) ; old &
obese
HYPERSECRETION
• Cushing’s Disease 1. TESTIS (MALE
- prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels - excess adrenocorticotropic • located in the scrotal sac
hormone (ACTH) from pituitary tumor • TESTOSTERONE for growth &
• protein breakdown / fat redistribution leading to moon face, buffalo development of male reproductive
hump, easy bruising, abdominal weight gain stretch marks structures & responsible for secondary
male sex characteristics
HYPOSECRETION
• Addison’s Disease GONADS 2. OVARIES
I. Primary (most cases) • located in the pelvic cavity
- diseased cortex itself • ESTROGEN (Follicular cells surrounding
II. Secondary ovum) & PROGESTERONE (Lutein cells
- pituitary disease of corpus luteum) - for development &
• there will be lack of aldosterone that will lead to fluid loss and cause ↓ function of female reproductive
Blood pressure & electrolyte imbalance structures & female sexual characteristics
• Cortisol loss - muscle weakness & poor tolerance to stress
• Bronze skin - excess ACTH binding to melanocyte

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 NON - ENDOCRINE ORGANS

✓ Kidney
✓ Stomach
✓ Doudenum
✓ Placenta
- GIT Hormones

• on vagal stimulation the stomach produces gastrin which regulate gastric

secretions
• cholecystokinin (CKK) released from duodenum will inhibit gastric motility
but stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion

• secretin from duodenum inhibit gastric secretion

• Hypoxia - kidneys will be stimulated to produce erythropoietin to stimulate

bone marrow to increase production RBC compensating for a low level of
oxygen

• from the placenta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is realsed which is

essential in maintenance of pregnancy & for breast development

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