Name: __________________________________ Matriculation number: _____________

Mock Examination to

Network Analysis and

Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering 2
Duration: 120 Minutes

Old Exam

General remarks
1. The following utilities may be used during the test:
• non-programmable pocket calculator, no alpha-numerical keyboard
• one dictionary (only in book-form, printed, no own additions, not electronic!)
• tools for writing and drawing.
Do not use your own paper!
Do not use red pens!
Do not use pencils!
2. There are no lecture and exercise documents as well as other reference books or
formularies allowed.
3. Complete the main form and sign it. Write your name and matriculation number on all
sheets and on the multiple choice result sheet (questionnaire).
4. Check, whether you have got a complete set of worksheets, consisting of four problems.
5. Solve the problems on the squared sheets.
6. Give complete solutions; i.e. your line of reasoning and of deducing must be evident.
Comment your solutions.
7. Switch off mobile phones and laptops and all other electronic device. No inquiries
between students are allowed.
8. If you need to go to the restroom, first give your student card to the controllership. Only
one person after another is allowed to go to the restroom.
9. When finished, check if you had filled out the multiple choice result table (questionnaire).
Only this counts!
10. If you finish approximately 20 minutes before the end of the exam, then keep quiet and
remain on your place.

A violation of these rules may result in immediate disqualification from the examination.

Universität Duisburg-Essen
Prof. R. Schmechel, Nanostrukturtechnik Seite 1
Name: __________________________________ Matriculation number: _____________

Result Table (questionnaire)

1. Task: Multiple-Choice (30 Points)
Subtask a) b) c) d)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27

Universität Duisburg-Essen
Prof. R. Schmechel, Nanostrukturtechnik Seite 2
Problem 1: Multiple choice questions (30 points)

Note, only one of the given answers is right!

1. (1P) The resistance of a homogeneous wire ...

4 a) ... increases with its length.
2 b) ... increases with its cross sectional area.
2 c) ...depends only on the contacts of the measuring tool.
2 d) None of the above is true.

2. (1P) Which of the following symbols represents a non-linear electrical element?

a) 2 b) 2
None of those.
c) 2 d) 4

3. (1P) In a digraph ...

2 a) ... meshes m are oriented arbitrary.
2 b) ... branches z contain the current arrow and are counted arbitrary.
2 c) ... it holds: m = z − k + 1
4 d) All of the given answers are correct.

4. (1P) In a network, an ideal inductor stores engery temporarily in the ...

2 a) ... electric field.
4 b) ... magnetic field.
2 c) ... current density.
2 d) Nowhere, because only real inductances can store energy.

5. (1P) Which statement is describing the Kirchhoff’s Current Law?

2 a) In each node of a circuit, the sum over all electric voltages is zero.
2 b) In each mesh of a circuit, the sum over all electric currents is zero.
2 c) In each mesh of a circuit, the sum over all electric voltages is zero.
4 d) In each node of a circuit, the sum over all electric currents is zero.

1
 

6. (2P) For the voltage divider shown in fig. 1 it holds:

R1
2 a) u1 = u0 ·
R2
R1
R1
2 b) u1 = u0 ·
R1 + R2 u0
R2 /R1 R2 u1
4 c) u1 = u0 ·
1 + R2 /R1
1
2 d) u1 = u0 ·
R1 + R2
Figure 1: Resistors in series

7. (1P) The equivalence of two parallel connected ...

4 a) ... capacitors C1 and C2 is: Ceq = C1 + C2
2 b) ... resistors R1 and R2 is: Req = R1 + R2
2 c) ... inductors L1 and L2 is: Leq = L1 + L2
2 d) All of the statements are wrong.

8. (2P) In the given figure, all capacitors have the same capacitance C. Which value is
true for the total capacitance Ctot of the system?

2 a) Ctot = 6
11 C
2 b) Ctot = 7
4C
4 c) Ctot = 7
11 C
2 d) Ctot = 6 C

9. (1P) The quality factor of an electrical circuit ...

2 a) ... is of the unit s−1 .
2 b) ... is of the unit s+1 .
4 c) ... is a measure for the ratio of reactance to the dissipation losses in the circuit.
2 d) ... is given by the sum of the mean energy stored in the resonant circuit and the
dissipated energy per period.

10. (1P) The stored energy in a coil with w windings is given by

4 a) Wm = 1
2 ·i·Ψ
2 b) Wm = 1
2 · ω · L · i2
2 c) Wm = 1
2 ·ω·i·Ψ
2 d) None of the given expressions.

11. (1P) An ideal inductor is connected to an AC-Voltage source. Which statment is true
if the AC-frequency is going to infinity?
2 a) The reactance of the inductor will go to infinity.
2 b) The impedance of the inductor will vanish.
4 c) The inductor will block all current and thereby opens the circuit.
2 d) None of the statements is true.

2
12. (2P) How many linear independent meshes m can be found in the sketched network?

2 a) m = 4
4 b) m = 6
2 c) m = 7
2 d) None of the answers is correct.

13. (2 P) An AC-network including a resistor R, an inductor L and a capacitor C is at-

tached to an AC-voltage source whose frequency ω gets reduced more and more. For
the impedance of the respective element holds:
2 a) ZR → 0Ω
4 b) ZL → 0Ω
2 c) ZC → 0Ω
2 d) All statements are correct.

2j
14. (1P) The complex number 4−4j is equal to:

2 a) 0.25 + 0.25j
2 b) 0.25
4 c) 0.5j
2 d) None of the statements is true.

15. (1P) For an ideal transformer, it holds:

2 a) There are only minor losses.
2 b) The permeability constant is large, but not infinity.
4 c) There is no flux leakage.
2 d) The magnetic resistance is proportional to the cross-section area of the transformer
core.

16. (1P) Which arrangement describes a real voltage source?

2 a) An ideal voltage source in parallel to a resistor.
4 b) An ideal voltage source in series to a resistor.
2 c) Real voltage sources can’t be described with an ideal current source and a resistor.
2 d) None of the statements is true.

17. (1P) In an ideal current source, it holds:

2 a) The voltace is constant for all currents.
4 b) The current is constant for all voltages.
2 c) The current is going to infinity in short circuit condition.
2 d) Two of the statements are correct.

3
18. (2P) How can you find the real time function u(t) of the voltage if the phasor of the
voltage is given by û?
2 a) u(t) = Re{û · cos(ωt)}
2 b) u(t) = Re{û}
4 c) u(t) = Re{û · ejωt }
2 d) u(t) = Im{û · ejωt }

19. (1P) Given in Fig. ?? is a square wave voltage with amplitude û. What is the arithmetic
mean value UAMV of the square wave voltage?
4 a) UAMV = 0 V
2 b) UAMV = û
2
2 c) UAMV = û
2 d) None of the statements is true.

20. (1P) The stray coefficient σ of linked inductors is a measure for ...
2 a) ... the coupling between both inductors.
4 b) ... the part of the magnetic flux, which is generated by one inductor and is not
penetrating the second inductor.
2 c) ... the part of the current, which is reflected at the inductors internal resistances.
2 d) ... the part of the magnetic field, which is not generated by the magnetic flux of
the first inductor.

21. (1P) According to the shown phasor diagramm, which statement is true?
4 a) The corresponding network is inductive.
Im
2 b) The corresponding network is capacative. U

2 c) A phasor diagramm doesn’t give information f I

about reactances.
Re
2 d) None of the statements is true.

22. (2P) Which statement is correct?

2 a) From χm < 0 follows µr < 1.
2 b) A material with χm > 1 is NOT diamagnetic.
2 ~ = (µr − 1)H.
c) The magnetisation is M ~
4 d) All the above statements.

◦ ◦
23. (2P) Given are a complex voltage û = 30V · ej·30 and current î = 2A · e−j·5 at a
one-port network. What is the reactive power taken by the one-port?
2 a) 49.1 var
2 b) 18.2 var
2 c) −12.8 var
4 d) None of the statements is true.

4
DC Network ( 24 Points)

Two circuits (left, right) are given and connected via the port A-B:

a) Determine the current i6 as Function of i0, U0, and R1, …, R6. Simplify first the
circuit by replacing the left and the right part of the circuit by equivalent
sources and merge these sources. Calculate then i2. 6 Pt

b) Now following values are given for the elements: U0=10V, i0=1mA
R1= R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=R=1kΩ Calculate i6 and i2.
You may use your result of a). 3 Pt

c) Calculate the total power that dissipates on the resistors in the left circuit
(R1,R2) and in the right circuit (R3, R4, R5, R6). It is still U0=10V, i0=1mA
R1= R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=R=1kΩ. i6 and i2 can be used from b). 7 Pt

d) Determine the power that is provided or dissipated on the current source and
the voltage source. 5Pt

e) Make a total energy balance: Is there an energy transfer between left and right
circuit and if so, from where to where? 3 Pt
Impedance transformation ( 21 Points)

Given is following circuit with R=500Ω, C=6,4µF, u o = uˆ o e jωt with uˆo = 10V and

ω
= 2π ⋅ 50 s −1

a) Draw a phasor diagram for the voltage and current phasors of the above
circuit. Determine L in such a way, that i 0 is in phase with u 0 . How large are
uˆL , uˆC , uˆR , iˆR , iˆC , iˆL , iˆ0 , L and the total resistance Rtot of the circuit. (start
with a scaling of 1cm  1V and 1cm  4mA , rescale after the drawing is
completed. Assume a voltage drop of 10V over R at the beginning) 16 Pt

b) Consider the same circuit as above but find a general formula for C and L that
the total Impedance of the circuit Z tot becomes real with Z=
tot Rtot ≤ R 5 Pt
Magnetic Displacement Sensor (20 Points)

Given is following circuit, where the inductors L1 and L2 and the capacitors C1 and C2
are forming a bridge:

a) Determine the complex voltage u d as function of L1 , L2 , C1 , C2 , u 0 . Ignore any

magnetic coupling between the inductors. (You might use the complex voltage
divider rule) 3 Pt
b) When is the bridge equilibrated? (Relation for L1 , L2 , C1 , C2 so that u d = 0 ) 1 Pt
c) What is the total impedance Z of the circuit (with respect to the voltage source
u 0 ) (2P) and the total current i 0 (1P)? For which frequency ω0 becomes the
current i 0 = 0 (2P)? total 5 Pt
d) Determine the (self-) inductances L1 and L2 as function of the displacement x.
Simplify your result for µ Fe  µair = 1 . Both inductors have the same cross
section area AL and the same number of windings w. The moveable core has
the permeability of µFe. Ignore any stray fields outside and magnetic coupling
between the inductors.
w2
(You might use the relation L = ). 2Pt
Rm
e) Express the diagonal voltage u d as function of the displacement x,
when C1=C2. 2 Pt
f) Causes a displacement of x a change of the resonance frequency ω0
(see result of c)? 1 Pt
g) How would the self inductances L’1 and L’2 be, if a strong magnetic coupling
(k=1) between both inductors is taken into account?
The self-inductances without coupling can be approximated as:
w2 µ0 AL
L1 ≈
−x
w2 µ0 AL
L2 ≈
+ x
(Hint: both inductors are in series) 6 Pt
Formulary
Constants
As
Electric field constant 0 = 8.854 · 10−12
Vm
Vs
Magnetic field constant µ0 = 4π · 10−7
Am −19
Charge of an electron q = −e = −1.602 · 10 C

Mathematical relations
Complex calculation

√
Definition: j := −1 “imaginary unit”
Description of a complex number Z:
1. in cartesian corrdinates: Z = x + j · y
2. in polar coordinates: Z = |Z| · ej·ϕ

3. for coordinate conversion:

p y Im [Z]
|Z| = x2 + y 2 ; ϕ = arctan = arctan
x Re [Z]
x = |Z| · cos (ϕ) ; y = |Z| · sin (ϕ)
(a)

Conjugating complex numbers:

Z∗ = x − j · y
2
Z · Z ∗ = |Z|
Z + Z ∗ = 2 · Re [Z]
Z − Z ∗ = 2 · j · Im [Z]

Basic formulae:

ej·ϕ = cos(ϕ) + j · sin(ϕ)

−j·ϕ
e = cos(ϕ) − j · sin(ϕ)
(a)

Relations to electrical engineering:

Peak value of a function: â
Real, timedependent value: a(t) = a = â · cos (ωt + ϕa ) = Re [a(t)]
Complex, timedependent value: a(t) = a = â · ejϕa · ejωt = â · ejωt
Complex phasor: û = û · ejϕ

8
Trigonometric and hyperbolic functions, addition theorems (d = const)
a b
sin(α) = = − sin(−α) cos(α) = = cos(−α)
c c
sin(α)
tan(α) = cos2 (α) + sin2 (α) = 1
cos(α)
ejαx − e−jαx ejdx + e−jdx
sin (dx) = cos (dx) =
2j 2
eαx + e−dx edx − e−dx
cosh (dx) = sinh (dx) =
2 2
◦
sin(α) = cos(α − 90 ) = cos(α − π/2)
cos(α) = sin(α + 90◦ ) = sin(α + π/2)
sin (x ± y) = sin (x) · cos (y) ± cos (x) · sin (y)
cos (x ± y) = cos (x) · sin (y) ± sin (x) · cos (y)

Geometrical quantities
4 3
volume of a sphere πr
3
surface of a sphere 4πr2
finite volume element of a sphere r2 sin ϑdrdϑdϕ = dV
finite surface element of a sphere r2 sin ϑdϑdϕ = dA

Vectors
p
absolute value |~a| = a21 + a22 + a23  
scalar product ~a · ~b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 = |~a| · ~b cos(](a, b))
 
 
a2 b3 − a3 b2
vector product ~a × ~b = a3 b1 − a1 b3 
  a1 b 2− a2 b1
~a × b = |~a| ~b sin(](a, b))
~
   

Quadratic equations
Solutions of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
⇒ x1,2 =
2a

Integration hints
Z
1
xn dx = xn+1
n+1
Z b
1 b
dx = ln b − ln a = ln
a x a
x−n+1
Z Z
1
dx = x−n dx = −
xn n−1
Z 2π
sin2 x dx = π
0

9
Alternating quantities:
Frequency: ω = 2π f ; f = T −1
1 R t0 +T
Arithmetic mean value: x= x(t)dt
T t0
1 T 2
x2 =
R
Mean square value: x (t)dt
T 0
√
r
2 1 RT 2
Root mean square value: xRM S = x = x (t)dt
T 0
1 RT
Average rectified value: |x| = |x(t)| dt
pT 0
Peak value of a sum of two periodical functions: x̂ = x̂1 + x̂22 + 2x̂1 x̂2 · cos (ϕx1 − ϕx2 ) 
2

x̂1 · sin (ϕx1 ) + x̂2 · sin (ϕx2 )

Related argument: ϕx = arctan
x̂1 · cos (ϕx1 ) + x̂2 · cos (ϕx2 )

Field quantities
electric field magnetic field current field
Θ = J~ · dA ~ = i [·w] I = J~ · dA ~ = dQ
R R
Q = n · q with: q = ±e
dt
D~ = E ~ B~ = µH ~ J~ = n · q · ~v = κ · E
~
~ ~=Q ~ ~=0 ~=0
~j · dA
H H H
D · dA B · dA
~ · d~s = Uind ~ · d~s = i ~ = di
H H
E H |J|
dA
~ · dA ~ = Φe ~ · dA~ = Φm
R R
E B
R Px +P
~ · d~s = −ϕe (P ) ~
R
E H · d~s = ϕm (P )
RPPx2 R P2
~ s = U12 = ϕe (P1 ) − ϕe (P2 )
Ed~ ~ s = Umagn = ϕm (P1 ) − ϕm (P2 )
Ed~
P1 P1
1~ ~ 1~ ~
w= D ·E w= B ·H
2 2
F~ = Q · E ~ F~ = Q · ~v × B~ = i · ~l × B
~
H
~ · d~s = 0 (for static fields) dΦm
E Uind = −
dt
Ψ = w · Φm = l · i

Electrical components:
Resistor Capacitor Inductor
R P2
U ~ s
Ed~ Q Ψ
R= = RP1 C= L=
I J~ · dA
~ U i
0 · r · A w2
G = R−1 CP lateCapacitor = L=
d Rm
l duc (t) lmat
R= = σ Al iC (t) = C · Rm =
κ·A dt µ0 · µr · Amat
U2 1 Rt di2 (t) di1 (t)
P = U · I = R · I2 = uC (t) = ic (τ )dτ + U0 u2 (t) = L2 · + M1
R C 0 dt dt
1 1 Q2 1 Rt
Wel = Q · U = C · U 2 = iL (t) = uL (τ )dτ + I0
2 2 2·C L o
1 1 Ψ2
Wmagn = L · i2 = Ψ · i =
2 2 2·L
Θ
Φm =
Rm

10
Transformer

u1
=n
u2

i1 1
=−
i2 n

u1
=n
u2

i1 1
=
i2 n

Equations for the loss free transformers:

di1 di2
u1 = L1 +M
dt dt
di1 di2
u2 = M + L2
⇒ dt dt
In complex notation:
û1 = jωL1 î1 + jωM î2
û2 = jωM î1 + jωL2 î2

di1 di2
u1 = L1 −M
dt dt
di1 di2
⇒ u2 = M
dt
− L2
dt
In complex notation:
û1 = jωL1 î1 − jωM î2
û2 = jωM î1 − jωL2 î2

11
Linked Inductors
Stray coefficients Coupling coefficients
Φmσ1 Φm21 w1 M Φm21 w1 M
σ1 = =1− =1− k1 = = ⇒ k1 = 1 − σ1
Φm 1 Φm 1 w2 L1 Φm 1 w2 L1
Φmσ2 Φm12 w2 M Φm12 w2 M
σ2 = =1− =1− k2 = = ⇒ k2 = 1 − σ2
Φm 2 Φm 2 w1 L2 Φm 2 w1 L2
Total coupling and total stray coefficient:
√ M
k = k1 · k2 = √ ; σ = 1 − k2
L1 · L2
Stray free and loss free √
Transformer:
k = 1 ⇒ M = L1 · L2
Loss free
√ transformer
√ with flux
√ leakage:
M = k1 · k2 · L1 · L2 = Lh1 · Lh2

AC Networks
In general
1. Impedance: Z = R + j · X
2. Admittance: Y = G + j · B
1 1
XL = ωL ; XC = − ; BL = − ; BC = ωC
ωC ωL
1 ∗
3. Complex power: S = P + j · Q = U · I ∗ = û · î
2
p 1  1
4. Apparent power: S = |S| = P 2 + Q2 = |û| · î = û · î

2 2
1 1 h ∗
i
5. Real power: P = û · î · cos (ϕ) = Re [S] = Re û · î
2 2
1 1 h ∗
i
6. Reactive power: Q = û · î · sin (ϕ) = Im [S] = Im û · î
2 2

Resonant circuits
Serial resonant circuit Parallel resonant circuit

C
L Gp L
Rr C

1 1
Resonant frequency ω0 = √ ω0 = √
r L·C r L·C
L 1 C 1
Characteristic resistance ZK = = YK = =
C YK L ZK
ZK YK
Quality factor Qr = Qp =
Rr Gp
1 1
Cut off frequencies ν1,2 = ± ν1,2 = ±
Qr Qp
ω0 ω0
Bandwidth ∆ω = ∆ω =
 Qr   Qp 
ω ω0 ω ω0
Detuning ν= − ν= −
ω0 ω ω0 ω

12
Networks:
1. Linear independent mesh equation: m = z − k + 1
Pn
2. First Kirchhoff’s law: A J~ · dA
~=0
H 
; ν=1 Iν node µ = 0 (“KCL”)

H
~ · d~s = 0 Pn 
3. Second Krichhoff’s law: C
E ; ν=1 uzν mesh µ = 0 (“KVL”)

4. Star-Delta (Delta-Star) Transformation:

Z1 · Z2 Z 12 · Z 13
Z 12 = Z 1 + Z 2 + Z1 =
Z3 Z 12 + Z 13 + Z 23
Z2 · Z3 Z 12 · Z 23
Z 23 = Z2 + Z3 + Z2 =
Z1 Z 12 + Z 13 + Z 23
Z1 · Z3 Z 13 · Z 23
Z 13 = Z1 + Z3 + Z3 =
Z2 Z 12 + Z 13 + Z 23

5. Conversion from series to parallel:

Rr Xr
Gp = ; Bp = −
Rr2 + Xr2 Rr2 + Xr2
Gp Bp
Rr = 2 ; Xr = − 2
Gp + Bp2 Gp + Bp2

Units
kg m2
current I 1A = 1
s3 V
kg m2
voltage U 1V = 1 3
s A
electric flux ϕe 1C = 1As
magnetic flux ϕm 1W b = 1V s
m2 kg
inductance L 1H = 1 2 2
s A
S A
conductivity σ 1 =
m Vm

13
DC Network ( 24 Points)

Two circuits (left, right) are given and connected via the port A-B:

a) Determine the current i6 as Function of i0, U0, and R1, …, R6. Simplify first the
circuit by replacing the left and the right part of the circuit by equivalent
sources and merge these sources. Calculate then i2. 6 Pt

Solution:

Remove of negligible resistors R1 and R4:

1 Pt
Left part is transformed into a voltage source

1 Pt

Merge two voltage sources to one:

1 Pt

Merge remaining resistors:

1 Pt

U R2i0 − U 0
i=
6 = 1 Pt
R R + R + R3 R5
R3 + R5
2 6

R2i0 − U 0
i2 = i0 − i6 = i0 − 1 Pt
RR
R2 + R6 + 3 5
R3 + R5

b) Now following values are given for the elements: U0=10V, i0=1mA
R1= R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=R=1kΩ Calculate i6 and i2.
You may use your result of a). 3 Pt

Solution:
 U R i −U0 Ri0 − U 0 1k Ω ⋅1mA − 10V 9 ⋅ 2V
i6 = =2 0 = = =
− =
−3, 6mA
R R + R + R3 R5 2,5 R 2,5 ⋅1k Ω 5k Ω
R3 + R5
2 6

2 pt

i2 = i0 − i6 = 1mA − ( −3, 6mA ) = 4, 6mA 1 Pt

c) Calculate the total power that dissipates on the resistors in the left circuit
(R1,R2) and in the right circuit (R3, R4, R5, R6). It is still U0=10V, i0=1mA
R1= R2=R3=R4=R5=R6=R=1kΩ. i6 and i2 can be used from b). 7 Pt

Solution:

Left circuit:

=
P1 R1i02 ≈ 1mW 1 Pt

=
P2 R2i22 ≈ 21mW 1 Pt

Ptotalleft = P1 + P2 ≈ 22mW 1 Pt

Right circuit:

=
P6 R6i62 ≈ 13mW 1 Pt

U 02
=
P4 ≈ 100mW 1 Pt
R4

1 2
=
P35 Ri6 ≈ 6,5mW 1 Pt
2

Ptotalright = P35 + P4 + P 5 + P6 ≈ 119,5mW 1 Pt

d) Determine the power that is provided or dissipated on the current source and
the voltage source. 5Pt

Solution:

Current source:

U 2 + U1 − U i 0 =
0 ( KVL)
U i 0 = U 2 + U1 = R2 ⋅ i2 + R1 ⋅ i0 (source counts as active element)
U i 0= 1k Ω ⋅ 4, 6mA + 1k Ω ⋅1mA= 5, 6V

Pi 0 = U i 0 ⋅ i0 = 5, 6V ⋅1mA = 5, 6mW (provided power) 2 Pt

Voltage source:

i6 + iU 0 − i4 =
0
iU 0= i4 − i6 KCL,KVL, Ohm´s Law (source counts as active element) 2 Pt
U0
iU=
0 − i6
R4

10V
iU= − ( −3, 6mA=) 13, 6mA
1k Ω
0
(provided power) 1 Pt
PU 0 = U 0 ⋅ iU 0 = 10V ⋅13, 6mA = 136mW

e) Make a total energy balance: Is there an energy transfer between left and right
circuit and if so, from where to where? 3 Pt

Solution

Left circuit; right circuit

Energy dissipated

22mW 119,5mW

Energy provided

5,6mW 136mW

Netpower

16,4mW -16,5mW 2 Pt

The right circuit provides energy to the left circuit 1 Pt

Impedance transformation ( 21 Points)

Given is following circuit with R=500Ω, C=6,4µF, u o = uˆ o e jωt with uˆo = 10V and
ω
= 2π ⋅ 50 Hz

a) Draw a phasor diagram for the voltage and current phasors of the above
circuit. Determine L in such a way, that i 0 is in phase with u 0 . How large are
uˆL , uˆC , uˆR , iˆR , iˆC , iˆL , iˆ0 , L and the total resistance Rtot of the circuit. (start
with a scaling of 1cm  1V and 1cm  4mA , rescale after the drawing is
completed. Assume a voltage drop of 10V over R at the beginning) 16 Pt

Solution:

= 20mA (  5cm )
uˆR 10V
=
iˆR = 1 Pt
R 500Ω

ωCuˆR =
iˆC = ωCuˆC =2π ⋅ 50 Hz ⋅ 6, 4 µ F10V ≈ 20mA (  5cm ) 1 Pt
 4 Pt

Read out:

uˆ=
L uˆ0 ≈ 7cm and iˆL= iˆ0 ≈ 7cm 1 Pt

10V V
Rescaling voltages: ≈ 1, 43 1 Pt
7cm cm

⇒ uˆL = uˆ0 = 10V 1 Pt

10 V
⇒ uˆC = uˆR = 10cm ⋅ ≈ 14,3V 1 Pt
7 cm

uˆR 14,3V
⇒ iˆR = = = 28, 6mA 1 Pt
R 500Ω

28, 6mA mA
Rescaling current: ≈ 5, 72 1 Pt
5cm cm

⇒ iˆC = iˆR = 28, 6mA 1 Pt

mA
⇒ iˆ0 = iˆL = 7cm ⋅ 5, 72 = 40mA 1 Pt
cm
 uˆL 10V
⇒ L= = ≈ 0,8 H 1 Pt
iˆLω 40mA ⋅ 2π ⋅ 50 Hz

uˆ0 10V
⇒ Rtot = = ≈ 250Ω 1 Pt
ˆi0 40mA

b) Consider the same circuit as above but find a general formula for C and L that
the total Impedance of the circuit Z tot becomes real with Z=
tot Rtot ≤ R 5 Pt

Solution:

Z=
tot Z L + (R ZC ) 1 Pkt

R
jωC R R − jωCR 2
Z tot jω L +
= jω L +
= jω L +
=
R+
1 1 + jωCR 1 + ω 2C 2 R 2
jωC

R ω ( L + ω 2C 2 R 2 L − CR 2 )
=Z tot +j 2 Pt
1 + ω 2C 2 R 2 1 + ω 2C 2 R 2

Requirement for real part:

R 1  R 
=
Rtot = ⇒C  − 1 1 Pt
1+ ω C R
2 2 2
Rω  Rtot 

Requirement for imaginary part:

L + ω 2C 2 R 2 L − CR 2
0=
L + ω 2C 2 R 2 L =
CR 2 1 Pt
CR 2
L=
1 + ω 2C 2 R 2
Magnetic Displacement Sensor (20 Points)

Given is following circuit, where the inductors L1 and L2 and the capacitors C1 and C2
are forming a bridge:

a) Determine the complex voltage u d as function of L1 , L2 , C1 , C2 , u 0 . Ignore any

magnetic coupling between the inductors. (You might use the complex voltage
divider rule) 3 Pt

Solution:

u L1 + u d − u C1 =0 ⇒ u d =u C1 − u L1

 1   1 
 jωC1 jω L1   C1 L1   C2 L1 
u= u0  − 
= u0  −  u0 
= − 
jω L1 + jω L2   1 + 1 L1 + L2   C1 + C2 L1 + L2 
d
 1 + 1
 jωC jωC2  C C 
 1   1 2 
(KVL, impedances, divider rule) 3Pt

b) When is the bridge equilibrated? (Relation for L1 , L2 , C1 , C2 so that u d = 0 ) 1 Pt

Solution:
  C2 L1 
u0  − =0
 C1 + C2 L1 + L2 
C2 L1
= ⇒ C2 L1 + C2 L2 = L1C1 + L1C2 1Pt
C1 + C2 L1 + L2
L2 C1
=
L1 C2

c) What is the total impedance Z of the circuit (with respect to the voltage source
u 0 ) (2P) and the total current i 0 (1P)? For which frequency ω0 becomes the
current i 0 = 0 (2P)? total 5 Pt

Solution:

( Z L1 Z L 2 ) ( Z C1 + Z C 2 )
Z =+
j 1 1 
Z= jω ( L1 + L2 ) −  +  2 Pkt
ω  C1 C2 
 1 1 
( L1 + L2 )  + 
Z = −j  C1 C2 
1 1 1 
ω ( L1 + L2 ) −  + 
ω  C1 C2 

1 1 1 
ω ( L1 + L2 ) −  + 
u0 ω  C1 C2 
i0 = = − ju 0 1 Pt
Z  1 1 
( L1 + L2 )  + 
 C1 C2 

1  1 1 
ω0 ( L1 + L2 ) −  + 
ω0  C1 C2 
i0 = − ju 0 =
0
 1 1 
( L1 + L2 )  + 
 C1 C2 
1  1 1 
ω0 ( L1 + L2 ) −  +  = 0
ω0  C1 C2  2 Pt
1  1 1 
ω0 ( L1 + L2=
)  + 
ω0  C1 C2 
1 1
+
C1 C2
ω0 =
L1 + L2
 d) Determine the (self-) inductances L1 and L2 as function of the displacement x.
Simplify your result for µ Fe  µair = 1 . Both inductors have the same cross
section area AL and the same number of windings w. The moveable core has
the permeability of µFe. Ignore any stray fields outside and magnetic coupling
between the inductors.
w2
(You might use the relation L = ). 2Pt
Rm

w2 w2 µ0 AL
L1 ≈
−x 2 + d −x
+
µair µ0 AL µ Fe µ0 AL
(Serial reluctances, approximation) 2Pt
w2 w2 µ0 AL
L2 ≈
+ x 2 + d + x
+
µair µ0 AL µ Fe µ0 AL

e) Express the diagonal voltage u d as function of the displacement x,

when C1=C2. 2 Pt

Solution:

 w 2 µ0 AL 
 C2 L1  1 
ud = − = − 2 −x
u0   u 0 
 C1 + C2 L1 + L2  2 w µ A w 2 µ0 AL 

0 L
+ 
 −x + x 
 1 
1 −x  1 + x 
ud =u0  −  =u0  −  2Pt
2
1
+
1
 2 + x+−x
 −x + x 
1 + x x
u d =−
u0  = −u 0
 2 2  2

f) Causes a displacement of x a change of the resonance frequency ω0

(see result of c)? 1 Pt

1 1 1 1
+ +
C1 C2 C1 C2
=ω0 =
L1 + L2  1 1  Yes, ω0 is a function of x 1 Pt
w 2 µ0 AL  + 
−x + x
 g) How would the self inductances L’1 and L’2 be, if a strong magnetic coupling
(k=1) between both inductors is taken into account?
The self-inductances without coupling can be approximated as:
w2 µ0 AL
L1 ≈
−x
w2 µ0 AL
L2 ≈
+ x
(Hint: both inductors are in series) 6 Pt

Solution:

di di di di di
u=
L 1 +M 2 =
L +M (
=L+M) 2 Pt
dt dt dt dt  dt
L′

1 1 1
M= L1 L2 = w2 µ0 AL ⋅ = w2 µ0 AL 2 2 Pt
−x + x  − x2

w2 µ0 AL 1  1 1 
L1′ = L1 + M = + w2 µ0 AL 2 = w2 µ0 AL  + 2  1 Pt
−x  −x 2
−x  − x2 

w2 µ0 AL 1  1 1 
L2′ = L2 + M = + w2 µ0 AL 2 = w2 µ0 AL  + 2  1 Pt
+ x  −x 2
+ x  − x2 