rssN 2411-247X

THE IMPACTS OF URBAN FLOODING ON STREET VENDORS' BUSINESS IN

DHAKA CITY

'Md. Abdul Kaium*,2Kazi Sharmin Pamela

Department of Marketing, {Jniversity of Barisal, Barisal-8200, Bangladesh
I
Department of Marketing, Open School, Bangladesh Open University, Bangladesh
l
Abstract
In Dhaka city various problems occur during the rainy season. The flood happens in a relatively short period of time
which can inundate at area with several feet of water. Along with the residents, the marginal people of the city
suffer greatly in this situation in terms of livelihood, business, and existence. Street vendors, who live on the daily
sales from the temporary or semi- permanent business, are greatly affected by the urban flooding. In the study the
objectives are to summarize socio-economic and business profile of street vendors; to discover the impacts of
rainfall on the street vendors' daily income and to identiff the problems in business operation during urban flooding'
In the study the descriptive research method was used by collecting primary and secondary data. The target
population is street vendor business people who spend their life on day to day earnings in Dhaka city. The total
number of respondents is 90 out of which 860/o were male and l4o/o were female. In the study it is found that the
daily sale dropped from regular day sale even sometimes there is no sale during urban flooding because of rainfall is
decline in the number of customers. At the time of urban flooding the vendors mainly suffered to collect products
from suppliers and to decorate the products for selling. The findings ofthe study indicate that street vendor business
has significant contribution in the economy, thus the authority needs to pay attention for development of the street
vendor business.

Kqrwords: Street Vendor, Informal business sector, Urban flooding, MarginaVMicro business, Economy.

Introduction:
The term "street vendor" in English is typically used interchangeably with "street trader," "hawker,"

and "peddler." There are also many local terms and regional variations. Street vendors are sometimes
distinguished from vendors who operate in the types of public spaces that are not specifically streets or
related to streets - train stations, buses, public parks, and so on - but most commonly the term is used
inclusively (WEIGO, 2013). Street vendors 'are the people who sell various types of goods and services
on streets, railway terminals and platforms, bus stations, besides parks and open spaces with a very low
cost to the city dwellers. Sffeet vendors are identified as self-employed workers in the informal sector
who offer their labor to sell goods and services on the street without having any pelmanent built-up
structure (NPUSV, 2006). One of the Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) report shows that more than 60% of
urban dwellers depend on urban street vendors.

Generally, in search of a better existence, people are gathering from rural areas in the cities for lack of
gainful employment coupled with poverty. But they are not in position to get a better paid, secured
employment in the formal sector and they have to stay for work in the informal sector. In Bangladesh
there is another segment of the population who were earlier employed in the formal sector is forced to
join the informal sector (Suraiya & Noor, 2012). The activities in the informal sector can be categoized
*Correspondinq author's Address: Department of Marketing, (Jniversity of Barisal, Barisal-8200, Bangladesh
Email: makaium@barisaluniv.ac.bd,
Dl
 M. A. Kaium etaL

into two sections - self-employed and casual (nonpermanent) labor. A major section of these self-
employees, work as street vendors. Street vending survives not merely because it is an important source
of employment but also because of the services it provides for the urban population. Hence, street vendors
subsidize the existence of the other sections of the urban poor by providing them cheap goods. Yet, they
I

are popular because they provide the urban population with much needed services that neither the
municipalities nor the larger retailing outlets can provide. Although they live in poverty, they are
generating employment as well as income and thereby, contributing towards the economy. So, street
vendors are found to be crucial to Bangladesh's development as a source of income, employment and
service to millions of people. Notwithstanding, street vendors plays a dynamic role in economic
development, they are also liable for some unfavorable visible effects such as lack of formalization and
weak management system, which create problems in urban areas by producing street garbage and
gathering crowd on the footpath in Dhaka (Suraiya & Noor, 2012).Issues relating to urban management
and controlling over the deteriorating city environment due to increase vending activities are, of course,

challenging for urban governance. Therefore, there are confrontations between authorities and vendors
over licensing, taxation, and encroachment of public places and pavements and on increasing social
problems in the city (Timalsina, 2011).

Heavy rain fall, particularly in cities and towns, has long been a costly recurring natural hazard both
in terms of the number of lives lost as well as the overall cost in damages to property, public works
infrastructure, and natural resources. As the world becomes more aware of the implications of the
changing climate and what effects it might have on water resources, concern has risen about society's
ability to anticipate and prepare for more extreme climatic events such as urban flooding. In Dhaka city
there are various problem occurs during the rainy season or due to heavy rain fall. These floods happen in
a relatively short period of time and can inundate an area with several feet of water. The marginal people
are suffered a lot in this situation which effects on their business, livelihood and life-style.

Bangladesh is in a position where several natural disasters attackeach and every year. As Dhaka is the

capital of Bangladesh, these people come here to change their destiny. These people face another
challenge in Dhaka city and it is hear,y rainfall. These rainfalls wash away their hope and dream to
survive. Moreover, Bangladesh is a densely populated country. Here always occurs a pluvial flood also
known as overland flood are caused by heavy rainfall that is not absorbed into the land and flows over
land and through urban areas before it reaches drainage systems or watercourses. It causes by localized
summer storms or by weather conditions. High intensity rainfall can cause flooding when drainage
systems do not have necessary capacity to cope with flows. Sometimes the water enters the sewage
system in one place and resurfaces in others.

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 The Impacts of Urban Flooding

Objectives:
The main objective of the study is to have basic understanding of the impact of the flood in Dhaka City
and how severely it affects on the street business.
i
l. To explore the socio-economic and business profile of street vendors.
2. To judge the impacts of rainfall on the street vendors' daily income.

3. To identify the problems of street vendors and recommend the suggestions.

Research Questions:
Research questions For Objective I
1. What is the educational qualification of street vendors?
2. What is the value of solvency ratio?
3. What is the value of profitability ratio?
Research questions For Objective 2
1. How long do the street vendors involve in business?
2. What is the monthly income of street vendor?
3. What kind of business do the street vendors involved in?
4. What kinds of product do the sfreet vendors trading?
5. What is the starting business capital of the street vendors?
6. How many employees do involve in the street vendor business?
Research questions For Objective 3
1. What are the problems in street vendor business?
2. What are recommendations for solving the problems in vendor business?

Methodology:
In the study descriptive research is most suited, as the study tried to find the characteristics of the
street vendor business and to estimate the variance in sales during urban flooding in Dhaka,
Bangladesh (Malhotra,2007\.This study has been prepared by analyzing both primary and
secondary data. For the theoretical foundation and analysis, the existing literature was investigated
by collecting published journals, periodicals, newspapers, related magazines, the internet etc. The
study was geographically confined to Dhaka city, initially formed the sampling frame for the study.
In this study the target population is street vendors who spend their life on day to day earnings from the
temporary shops at street. Mainly agro-based, trading and equipment industries are selected. Though a

large number of under-age labors are involved in these businesses, they are excluded considering it would

be difficult for them to provide the time to explain as they are employees. Purposive and convenient

I
sampling procedure is used to collect the primary data of the study. Usually the sample size for the
exploratory research is small therefore the total number of respondents was 90 (Malhotra,2007). A

129
 M. A. Kaium et aL

,i
survey questionnaire has been used to collect the primary data from the different places in Dhaka
City. The study areas are Dhanmondi, New Maiket, Koyra as there were available street vendors I
I
who spend their life on their: day to day earnings. Moreover these locations were selected because
I
these were slum areas where heavy rain water were stagnated and have poor or no drainage facility. ,l
The questionnaire was developed following a structured format as per the objectives of the study
considering the variables like transportation, marketing, absenteeism, storage, backward/forward ;
!
linkage. The five points Likert scaling method was used in the study. A pretest was conducted for
testing the reliability of the questionnaire. After the analysis all possible output tables are generated by rl
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sex, age, education, occupation, income, etc. The frequency distribution, mean value and crosstabs
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analysis were done on the primary databy using SPSS and Ms Excel software.
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Limitutions of the Study: I
Although this study makes an important theoretical significant addition to profiling the street vendors in .l
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Dhaka city of Bangladesh, it contains several limitations. The limitations are important to acknowledge -t
J
for the clarification of the study. The variables in the study may not fully reflect all the conditions
"1

relating to the purpose of the study. Moreover, the study was conducted based on the information from a rl

small number of respondents, for this reason, the results of the study may not be generalized to the large )
{
population. There was lack of secondary data source as the study requires more information to represent
the real picture of the street vendor business sector in Bangladesh. Besides, the study required more time
i I

and money to discover the findings in details and in depth. i

"i
{
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Literature Review:
Nutural Disasters in Bangladesh: I{
,l
Cyclone, coastal erosion, floods are three main natural disasters and causes for peoples' sufferings in 1
i

Bangladesh. Due to geographical setting Bangladesh has to receive and drain-out huge volume of I
upstream waters. The flows of mighty rivers the Meghna, Padma and Brhammaputra, originated from the
a,l

Himalayans, drain-out in the Bay of Bengal flowing through-out the country. In the summer, from May to
August, the melting of glaciers in the Himalayans makes the rivers in Bangladesh live. The rainy season, I
which is strongly influenced by monsoon wind from the South West, also sets on at the same period and il
causes huge precipitation. Therefore, the combined effect of upstream flows, precipitation and terrestrial I
run-off resulted to over flooding, causing water logging and prolong flood almost every year. But the
{
worsening condition is that the trend of melting ice along with rainfall has been increasing due to rising
!
temperature in the Himalayans. As result the frequent floods are happening causing devastating effect to il
i

the people live and livelihoods (Dickson, 20lZ). l't

I

",1
I

130 'l
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,,1
j

I
 The Impacts of Urban Flooding

F Jha ( 2012) stated that the problem of water logging might be more dangerous than flooding. Already
many coastal places, where sustainable drainage network system hasn't developed, are facing water
logging problem and the intensity of problem is appearing as a catastrophe day by day. This is to keep in
mind that in the beginning years of dam/ embankment construction there was no EIA (Environmental
Impact Assessment) and those embankments hampered the natural siltation process and slowing down the
t creation of delta. Therefore, the unplanned dam/embankment construction, in one hand, is causing flood
r
t- and water logging problem, and on the other hand provocation severity of sea level rise through
)
>.
hampering natural siltation process. To face this problem effective measure should be taken, especially in
t the coastal areas.
r-
7

Rainy Season in Bangladesh

r Bangladesh enjoys generally a sub-topical monsoon Climate. While there are six seasons in a
tf
year, three namely, winter, summer and Monson are prominent. Among these Monson starts in
I'
July and stays up to October. This period accounts for 80% of the total rainfall. The avetage
h,

i annual rainfall varies fuom 1429 to 4338 millimeters. The maximum rainfall is recorded in the
I coastal areas of Chittagong and northern part of Sylhet district, while the minimum is observed
? in the western and northern parts of the country.

I
f In Dhaka city average rainfall counted in 2012 is I 10.66 millimeter and in 2013 average rainfall
counted 133.4 millimeter. Gradually the rainfall is increases from 2012 to 2013.In rainy season
some of the area of Dhaka city is covered with water, this water are not flood water but due to
poor sewerage system, water could not pass through. On the other hand river banks are also full
of water outside the border of the Dhaka protection barrage.
tr'igure 1: Average rainy days (rain) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Source: (rrClimate Dhaka", 2016)
3B dtsys

23 days

6
t
15 days
e
G
d
B days

g days

131
 M. A. Kuium et al.

Figure 2: Average Precipitation (Rain) in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Source: ("Climate Dhaka", 2016)
1
-a
48fi mm

3fi0 mm
e
.tr
€d 2n0 mm
.g
LI
p
6_

1fi0 mm

0mm
lan Feb lqar Apr l4ay Jun lul Aug 5ep DEt Nou Der

Fig I shows the estimated average rainy days in Dhaka in the year of 2016 and Fig 2 shows
estimated the average precipitation in Dhaka for 2016.

Urbun Flooding:
Pareva (n.d.) stated that a flood is an excess of water (or mud) on land that's normally dry and is a

situation where in the inundation is caused by high flow, or overflow of water in an established
watercourse, such as a river, stream, or drainage ditch; or ponding of water at or near the point where the
,
rain fell. Urban flood caused by natural and human causes. For the natural causes the main reasons are I

heavy rainfall, lack of lakes, silting and for human causes the reasons are population pressure, 1

deforestation, trespassing on water storms drains, urbanization, unnourished colonies, poor water and
I
sewerage management, lack of attention to the nature of hydrological system, and lack of flood control i
I
measures. i

l
Schmitta, et.al. (2004) mentioned about the urban flooding which is mainly caused by inadequate sewer i
,/
systems. They stated about European Standard EN 752, approved by the European Committee
-t
for Standardization (CEN, 1996, 1997) urban drainage systems should be designed to withstand
periods of flooding in the range of 10-50 years, depending on the type of urban area and traffic )
infrastructure served. -t

Andjelkovic (2001) stated that urban flooding due to heavy rainfall is a naturally occurring hazardthat
affects cities and regions around the world, and is expected to become even more damaging in the future.

With a world population that is now above 7 billion and rising, pressure on urbanized areas to
accommodate more people has altered land uses to facilitate flooding. With over half the world's
population, the expansion of impervious surfaces and the removal of water recharge areas and natural
flood barriers such as wetlands have increased the likelihood of flood damages in cities. Moreover, the
manifestation of climate changes through more severe storms, rising sea levels and altered precipitation

132
I The Impacts of Urbun Flooding

regimes is increasing the probability of damaging flood events in the future. It is not unusual to read about

severe flood events in the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia. Among the regions of the world most

affected by floods are the Asia-Pacific regions, followed by Africa. During the last 30 years, flood events
in Asia totaled abofi 40%;o of all events. The most affected country is China, followed by Indonesia,

Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, and Pakistan.

Depending on the nature of product they sold and type of business scholars Yatmo (2008). Classified
street vending in the following way:
. Licensed: Street vendors who have obtain licenses to vend in a particular area. They usually pay
tax to the government.
. Squatting: Street vendors who have not obtain licenses to vend in a particular area or street
vendors who do vending in the countries where street vending is illegal. They are usually
subjected to harassment and are compelled to pay bribery to maintain their business.
. Stationary: Street vendors who stay and vend in a one place throughout the day (static vendors)
or most of the day (semi-static vendors).
. Mobile: Street vendors who walk around the city to sell their goods and services. They can be
fully mobile or partly mobile (they may stay and vend in a one place for a short period to time).

Micr o/M argin al B u sin ess :

Micro/marginal business is a very small business and the majority of micro business companies are one-
person enterprises. Moreover, these companies operate out of owner's homes or a small executive suite
office; and many of these companies have part-time help from a family mernber or friends. Micro
business are conducted by trades people, professionals, doctots, designers, artists, writers, consultants,
inventors, technicians, craftsmen, manufacturers, or workers from a variety of other disciplines. Micro
business is often exempt from workers compensation, liability insurance, and certain professional

licensing. Majority of these companies are not operating in this model to become rich, but rather to enjoy
a superior level of autonomy and freedom that is typically unavailable to an employee. ln the micro/
marginal business street vendor business plays an important role in Bangladesh. Kusakabe (2006) gave
the importance of street vending as it is a main source of income for urban poor households; it
provides efficient services for the urban poor.

Roldan & Wong (2008) stated that in Bangladesh small-scale enterprise is significant. While there is an

absence of accurate numbers of these small businesses, estimates suggest they range from about 55,916
small industries to 511,612 cottage industries. Based on the Bangladesh Planning Commission estimates,

133
f
 M. A, Kaium et uL

various categories of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are reported to contribute between 80 o/o and

85 % of industrial employment and23 %o of total civilian employment. Moreover, SMEs contributed BDT
741 ($12.5) billion or nearly 25 % of the gross domestic product (BDT 2,996 billion) in 2003 (Mintoo,
2006).

Hossain & Deewan (2012) described micro-enterprises are tiny businesses with one or two employees
including the owner. The other significant feafures of micro enterprises are the micro enterprises are
heavily dependent on loans to raise the necessary capital and increasingly being seen as a significant way
to help the working poor class and the unemployed.

Informal Sector:
Quasem et .al (1998) mentioned about the term informal sector is as old as around 40 years. In 1983i84,
informal economy contributed to 96.4Yo of the total employment which found to drop to 84.5% in
1995196.Informal economy continues to grow annually at the rate of 2%o in Bangladesh.

Brambila & Guido (2010) discussed about the informal sector as it is known in many names as black
market economy, shadow economy, illegal economy, comrption economy, not registered economy,
underground economy, informal economy, and so on. Nevertheless, all these definitions refer to
unregistered activities within the economy.

Becker (2004) defines the term "informal economy" as all economic activities by workers and economic
units that are in law or in practice not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements. In fact, at
one end of the spectrum of the informal economy are small-scale modern manufacturing and service
enterprises. At the other end are street vendors, shoe shiners,junk collectors and domestic servants.

Street Vendor Business :

Indira (2014) stated that street vendors include all those selling goods or services in public spaces with a .!

temporary built up structure. In developing countries millions of people depend on street vendors for their -l

daily requirement as the goods are more economical than those available in the formal sector. It is
--.,]

difficult to estimate the exact number of people employed as street vendors, due to their high mobility and
the marked seasonal variation in work. Recent study by the official labor force statistics states that there
are about l0 million street vendors. The informal economy can no longer be considered as a temporary
phenomenon. It is clear that the informal economy has a significant job and income generation potential.

Therefore, in order to intervene in the best way to stimulate sustainable economic growth and job
creation, the informal economy needs to be better understood both by governments and the other
stakeholders.

t34
ti

I The Impacts of Urban Flooding

I
I

I Hasan & Alam (2015) classified the street vendors as firstly on-street vendors who vend beside the roads;
t-.
secondly off- street vendors who vend in area like a local market; thirdly food item street vendors who
r
L particularly sell foods and finally non- food item - Street vendors who sell goods and services which are
I
F\ non-food. Generally the street vendors are self-financing by the owner through cash, equity loan on his or
I her home, and or other assets; loans from friends or relatives; grants from private foundations; personal
t-
, savings; private stock issue; forming partnerships; angel investors; banks; financial platforms such
V
as lending club and on deck and SME frnance, including collateral based lending and venture capital,
V

given sufficiently sound business venture plans.

V
t^
I Indira (2014) also gave the important information about street vendor business in Bangladesh
t
,
perspectives. The number of street vendors in Bangladesh is large. According to the Dhaka City
,-
t,
Corporation (DCC) there are around 90,000 street vendors in the city. Street vending is considered as an
illegal trade and the street vendors face constant harassment from the authorities. The vendors have to pay
a sizeable part of their income as bribes in order to practice their trade. According to the Bangladeshi
delegates who had attended the Asian regional workshop on street vendors held in February, 2002 in
Bodh Gaya, India, the street vendors of Bangladesh were more vulnerable than those in the neighboring
countries due to poverty, lack of space for vending and lack of awareness about their rights. There are
several unions working to safeguard the interest of street vendors which is linked to the different political
parties. Due to their insecurity, street vendors tend to flock to these parties for protection. These parties
use street vendors for their political gains, and in return provide them some security for their trade.

Bhowmik (2005) also mentioned about the positive aspect is that there is a fair level of unionisation
among them. However till now street vendors in Bangladesh is continue to be regarded as illegal traders

and will continue to be harassed by the authorities.

/
I
Mullah S and Islam Z (z[l4)reported that there are over 5 lakh hawkers in the country and each of them
I on an average pays Tk. 50 every day to linemen, who are private agents of extortionists. The rates vary
depending on the location of the stalls, hawkers trading busy streets buzzingwith commuters have to pay
more. Around Tk. 850 crore is extorted from hawkers every year claimed hawker leaders in a press
conference. If the hawkers are unable to pay the extortion money, they are torfured, and their makeshift

stalls and goods are damaged.

135
 M. A. Kaium et al.

Husain, Yasmin, & Islam (2015) mentioned about the study by Andringa and Kies where it said that in
Southeast Asia, the average earnings of a vendor may be three to ten times more than the minimum wage

and they are often comparable to the wages of skilled laborersz employed in the formal sector. The
employment context of street vendors varies. Many street vendors work long hours from the same site on
daily basis. These vendors and their families typically rely on profits from vending as their primary
source of household income. Other vendors rotate among two or more sites, taking advantage of different

types of clientele and different patterns of urban movement over the course of the day. While some rely
on street vending as a regular primary or secondary occupation, others vend only when an opportunity
presents itself to earn extra income. A variety of employment statuses can be found among street vendors

as well. Most vendors work as independent self-employed entrepreneurs, either with or without
employees. There are also many vendors who work as contributing family members, and some work as
employees of informal or even formal enterprises.

Findings:
Respondents Proftle:
The total number of respondents was 90. Out of the respondents 86% were male and l4o/o were female.
Mostly young to adult respondents age group from starting from 18 to 45 years old responded. The age
group 26 to 35 years old respondents answered 32o/o, 18 to 25 years old responded 24oh and 36 to 45
years old responded 22o/o. According to educational qualification, among the total number of respondents

42%o went to school, 34%o can write their name and l2%o are illiterate. It is found that 40o/o of the
respondents are doing business for not more than 5 years and 24o/o of the respondents are involved in
business from 6 to 10 years.

Table 1: Profile of Respondentsl Source: Primary data collection

Gender Educational
Percent Age Percent Percent
Oualification
Male 86.0 t 8-25 24.0 llliterate t2.0
Female 14.0 26-3s 32.0 Can sign 34.0
Total 100.0 36-45 22.0 Attend school 42.0
46-s5 10.0 SSC 10.0
56-6s t2.0 HSC 2.0
Total 100.0 Total 100.0

Business Profile:
Among the total respondents,44o respondents' monthly income is between tk. 5001 to 10000,32ok
respondents' is within tk. 10001 to 20000 and2}Yo respondents' monthly income is less than tk. 5000. It
is found that only 2Yo of respondents who have monthly income between tk. 20001 to 30000. The study

t36
 The Impacts of Urban Flooding

shows 72Yo of respondents are selling different types of products as retailer through purchasing from
wholesaler such as electronic accessories, food items, fruits, convenient products, garments etc. On the
other hand 24Yo respondents are involved in business by producing the product by himself or instantly
serving the consumer such as making Jhalmuri, ice-cream, barbering etc.

Table 2: Business Profile of Respondentsl Source: Primary data Collection

Business
Monthly Income
Involvement Percent Percent Business Tlpe Percent
(vear) (tk.)

40.0 <5000
Production of
0-5 20.0 24.0
nroduct
6-10 24.0 5001-10000 44.0 Product sale 72.0
I 1-15 20.0 10001-20000 32.0 Service orovider 4.0
15> 16.0 20001-30000 4.0 Total 100.0
Total 100.0 Total 100.0

Starting Business No. of

Product Type Percent Percent Percent
Canital (tk.) Emplovees
Garment 14.0 <5000 34.0 None 92.0
Food 46.0 5001 -l 0000 8.0 l-05 8.0
Resular oroduct 20.0 r000 -20000 8.0 Total 100.0
Others 20.0 2000 -30000 18.0
Total 100.0 3000 -40000 14.0
4000 -50000 2.0
50000> 16.0
Total 100.0

Most of the respondents are involved in buying and selling various food items that is 46o/o.Moreover 40%o

of the respondents are selling various regular convenient products like garments; fruits; food items like
cheese, drinks; electronic items, accessories etc. Most of the Businesses are operated completely by the
owner himself that is 92% of the total respondents. On the other hand only 8% of business owners have
employees and that is within 5 employees . 34o/o of therespondents had less than tk. 5000 starting business
capital andlS%o have the capital within tk. 20001 to 30000. In the study, only 16%o of businesses are
L,
( found who have more than tk. 50000 capitals.
I

i
r
Effects of Rainfall in Business:
/'I
In the study, it is expected that the relationship between regular day sales and rainy day sales is negative.
i That means high value in regular days sales (X) associated with low value in rainy day sales (Y). Pearson
!

a Correlation between regular day sales and rainy day sales was 0.459 which means that the relationship is
r

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t37
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 I
M. A. Kaium et al.
!

not perfectly corelated. Nevertheless the resulted level of significance is less than 0.01 , so the correlation
I

is statistically significant. Finally it can be said that there was the slight correlation between regular day I

sales and rainy day sales is existed in the population, rather than no correlation.

t
Table 3: Relationship between regular day sales and rainy day sales; Source: Primary data
collection ,
,(

1
Regular Day Sales Rainy Day Sales I

(Dailv) (Dailv)
Pearson Correlation I 0.459-- I

Regular Day Sales

Sig. (2tailed) .000
(Daily) {
N 90 90
iI
Pearson Correlation 0.459.. I
Rainy Day Sales (Daily) Sig. (2{ailed) .000 1
(
N 90 90 !
**. Correlation is simifican at the 0.01 level (2-tailec ) I

The study reveals that the daily sale of the street vendor business is low and the rainfall has great impact I
I
on this daily sale. Because ofrainfall, it is found that the daily sale dropped from regular day sale even I

sometimes there is no sale. On the regular day,560/o of businesses have the daily sales less than tk. 500; I
i
24ohhave tk. 501 to 1000 and /
160/o have the daily sales between tk. 1001 to 2000. On the rainy day 66y,
i
of the business has no sale and if there is any sale it is not more than tk. 500. In addition only 2Ooh has I
sale between tk. 501 to 1000 during rainfall. The study reveals that 92%o of the respondents face loss on
the rainy day.

Table 4: Variation in sales on rainy day; Source: Primary data collection

'l
Maximum
Vlinimum Salel Sum of Total
N
amount (tk.)
Sales
sales
Mean j
amount (tk.)
Regular Day "t
90 200 12000 176600 1962.22
Sales (Dailv)
Rainy Day Sales {i
(Dailv) 90 50 2500 62750 697.22

The table 4 shows that the minimum sale in regular day is Tk. 200 where as the sale become only Tk. 50

on the rainy day. On the other hand the maximum sale is Tk. 12000 in regular day and Tk. 2500 on rainy

day. It is also found that the mean value of sale in regular day is Tk. l962.22where as it is Tk. 697.22 on
rainy day.

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 The Impacts of Urban Flooding

Problems of street vendor business during urban flooding:

The major problem because of rainfall is decline in the number of customers. The business people face
other problems like troubles is collecting raw materials, arranging and decorating the products, limited
stock and supplier. For solving these problems the business people take some initiatives before the
rainfall such as collecting raw materials is advance and stock the products at home or any convenient
places. Sometimes the business people reduce the price of the product so that they can sell the products to

t reach minimum target sale. They even use umbrella,large plastic sheets etc. to protect the products. As
\ the street vendor business people have limited capital they required government assistance to setup a
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t permanent shop or more financing.

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Conclusions
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! Bangladesh is a country that faces natural disasters each and every year and people ofthis country learn
V
how to survive in these disasters. Most of the people come to Dhaka city to change their fate and some of
them stats their own business with a small capital. In this study, found that these people also face the
lJ
suffering of the nafure when they run their business. Heavy rain fall becomes curse for these people as
V
their source of income depends on selling various perishable and nonperishable products on roaming
L
different places or beside walks way. Most of the street vendor faces loss in rainy days. It is not because
V of rain but also poor drainage system and carelessness of the residents of the Dhaka city. Maximum time
t the rain water could not pass due to huge substance which blocks the drains. The used polythene, plastic

bottle and other garbage at road side block the drains. As a result during the heavy rain roads, pavements
are cover with dirly water. People could not move easily and unable to do their regular activities. The
t
more suffering faces by the people whose earning varies due to healy rain. The drainage and sewerage
t' system in Dhaka city needs to be planned and improved to control sudden natural or man-made disaster.
, Afterward the system needs monitoring and enforcing body to run and practice the system successfully.
I
I The awareness program among the residents can be conducted to educate the importance of cleaning the
V

city.

139
 !
I

M. A. Kaium et aL *'
l

The municipality should update national policies for the management of vendors which will be helpful to -,

tackle the social and economic problems associated with vendors. Street vendors suffer from lack of
1
security and lack of access to credit. The policy maker can providing social security system by providing
\
health services, child care services, and small pockets in the city for secured space to sell and give the
legal status and placing in the urban planning system. (Kusakabe, 2006).

The street vendors need the initiatives and supports from government and/ or NGOs for the improvement
of their social and economic status significantly. Street vendor business is a potential area for the massive
unskilled/semi skilled unemployed population so they need business knowledge, training and capital more
than the higher education. Government should formulate some comprehensive plan like different training
programs to improve the life style of street vendors and introduce credit facilities. As street vendors in
Bangladesh are unlicensed, it is necessary to issue licenses to those who want to start the street vending
business. In addition for proper management of street vending the cooperation between municipalities and

the police is necessary. The street vendors need the cooperative society for financial and social benefits.

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Abbreviations
GoB- Govemment of Bangladesh
I
L CDMP- Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme
L DFID- Department for Intemational Development
t: EU- European Union
SIDA- Swedish International Development Cooperation Agencies
UNDP- United Nation Development program
SME- Small Medium Enterprise
IFRCS-International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
NGO- Non- Government Organizations

141