NAME : IRUNGU EDWIN KIAMA

INDEX NO :

COURSE NAME : CERTICATE IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

CENTER NAME : KENYA INSTITUTE OF PROFESSIONAL STUDIES

COURSE CODE : 1704/201

PRESENTED TO : THE KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION

COUNCIL FOR PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF CERT IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

EXAM SERIES : JULY SERIES

DECLARATION
I edwin personally carried out the project whose report after the declaration. I received no undue
help from unauthorized persons other than the normal guidance from the supervisor. The report
submitted the council is the original work and it has else or to the Kenya national examination
council or any other examination body in TVET institutions.

CADIDATE NAME IRUNGU EDWIN KIAMA

Signature Date

Signature Date

SUPERVISORS NAME MR THOMAS

Signature Date

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DEDICATION
I am as ever greatly indebted to my parents Mr. joseph irungu and Mrs. Jane wajiru for the support
they gave me in order to attain my dreams and the moral guidance they gave me. Also special
dedications to my sister and brother for the great support they gave me during my period at Kips,
not forgetting friends and and class mates for their cooperative success support. Receive my
heartfelt gratitude.

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ACKNOLEDGEMENT

I thank the Almighty God for His marvelous guidance throughout the project period and in my
education on the larger part. Great appreciations goes to the Building and Civil engineering
department fraternity for the togetherness portrayed within members. It’s tedious to mention each
and every one but kindly accept my heartfelt appreciation.

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Abstract
A truss is a framework, typically consisting of rafter, post and struts supporting a roof, bridge or a
towers and other structures, it function is to give a stable form capable of supporting considerable
external load over large span with the component part.
When fabricating to a perfection to and according to the drawing ,it has a stiffener 75×40mmtwo
flanges each 75×40mm and a tie place diagonally joined by two different joint, truss will be joined
together using mitre joint, dovetail a bridle joint and mortise and tenon joint.
There are different types of truss design, W type used for a low pitch roof ,the scissors type truss is
used in houses with sloping living room ceiling , the type of truss used depends on wind and snow
,the weight applied also is a factor to consider, almost all the trusses are made up of three
fundamental components, the chord ,the bottom and the members, the upper stringer in a truss is
called the chord, the lower stringer of the truss is called the bottom, the members include the struts
the bars ,rod and strip that connects the chord and the bottom of the truss.
The stiffener Which is 75 ×40mm goes at a cost of 25ksh per foot therefore the total price will be
50×3=150 ksh flanges in the structure with dimension 75×40mm add up to 100ksh,there are twoties
each at 50×2=100ksh therefore timber trussed is economical hence saving money and time this
making it to be more common.
Generally during fabricating trusses joint can be a place of weekness therefore nails or glues like
casein type glue can be used to prevent truss from collapsing, tools like making guage, square,
pencil and hammer are used during fabricating of truss.
The timber should be well seasoned and even painted with preservatives or even oil to avoid
deterioration and attack by termite and fungie
By the end of these projects it will help me improve on technical knowledge of construction, doing
cost estimation and scheduling of activities .

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION .....................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION ........................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................... iv
Abstract .................................................................................................................................... v
CHATPER 1 ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Process Of Fabrication .................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Cutting Of Timber Member ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 Assembling the Truss ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2.4 Uses of the truss ..................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................. 3
LITRATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................. 4
3.0 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 4
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................. 6
DATA ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................. 6
FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................ 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................... 7
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 8

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This project revolves around plumbing

PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of the study is to fulfill the requirements of Kenya national examination council to
complete my certificate in building technology and to pursue my passion in building field.

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

The limitations of study are;

• Availability of materials
• Time consuming.
• The cost of the material used in the construction may be high.

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 CHATPER 1
1.1 Introduction
A truss is a framework , typically consisting of rafter post and strust supporting a roof
,bridge or even a tower and other structures , it function is to give a stable form capable of
supporting considerable external load over large span with the component.
The timber used in fabricating should be well seasoned to prevent attack by pest and fungie.
The truss is constructed in rectangular which is very is a very unique way a required less
timber and it is strong
1.2 Process Of Fabrication
The truss which is constructed in a rectangular shape it is made up of seven main part
perfectly functioning, the purlin has two flanges and three stiffeners and two ties each
connected to the other using joint.
The stiffeners have a dimension of 75*40mm and with height of 300mm, the ties have been
placed diagonally well fit on its both sides. The upper flanges, the upper flanges has a
dimension of 75*40mm as well as the lower flanges, the two flanges have a length of 100mm
end
1.3 Cutting Of Timber Member
During cutting of timber all the necessary tool should be put in considerations which include
the following
1. Saw blade- used for cutting along and a close timber
2. Marking guage - used for making line in the timber
3. Tape measure used for measuring for accurate marking
4. Chisel –it is used for shaping and cutting edges in the timber
5. Square- they are used to ensure that all joint made are at right angle
6. Wooden mallet- used for hammering in chisel when making holes in the timber.
All precaution should be taken into consideration during cutting of timber to ensure
accurate working

The following is the list showing the timber member of the truss purlin and correct dimension
ITEAM DESCRIPTION SIZE (MM) SIZE IN
FEET
2 flanges 75*40MM 3*1
3 stiffener 75*400mm 3*1
Tie 75*40mm 3*1
2 purlin 75*400mm 3*1

1.2 Assembling the Truss

After marking has been done to each timber member joint should be assembled according the
drawing
The timber member should be placed close to each other, after assembling all the joint squire
should be used to ensure that the angles are in right angle

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 1.2.4 Uses of the truss
The main function of the truss is to transfer heavily loads of the roof into the walls and to the
column of the building, the truss can also be used when constructed of bridges airport
terminals and aircraft hangers and also in roofs of places like stadium

In a typical single-storey industrial building, trusses are very widely used to serve two main
functions:

i. To carry the roof load:

- Gravity loads (self-weight, roofing and equipment, either on the roof or hung to
the structure, snow loads)
- Actions due to the wind (including uplift due to negative pressure).

ii. To provide horizontal stability:

- Wind girders at roof level, or at intermediate levels if required - Vertical
bracing in the side walls and/or in the gable

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CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW

Research has been conducted on the literature review of the truss point from different
sources, cypress is the type of timber used during fabricating since it is light, strong and
durable the timber is well seasoned before use by the timber companies
The cost of the timber has been indicated below as per size according to Kenya timber millers
limited

ITEAM SIZE IN (MM) PRICE PER FOOT

Flanges 75*40 mm 50*4=200ksh
Tie 75*40mm 50*2=100ksh
Purlin 75*40mm 3*100=300ksh
Stiffeners 75*40mm 50*6=360ksh
TOTAL 1260Ksh
LABOUR WORKING HOURS SALARIES
SKILLED 12HRS 3500Ksh
Unskilled 12HRS 2 500KSH
Transport fee 3000KSh
So the total amount for constructing the truss, and the price of transporting the materials
10,260ksh

The history of trusses indicate that the wood trusses that we so commonly see today are
frames triangulated lumber joined together with galvanized steel connector plates or wooden
joint . Shape of truss has not changed over the years but make up spans possible and the
safety has changed over the years but the makeup spanning between the perimeter walls
allows larger more open room design particularly in areas of great snow loads
The trussed purlin roof system proved to be faster and more cost effective than earlier
practices, much less materials and less labour cutting and fitting material in the field
The truss exhibits a great rigidity and can thus be used for long spans and there a good one
for bigger roof system like a pitched roof, according to carpentry and joinery activities by
brian porter
Sanford made other contributions to the growing truss industry, including contributing to the
development of the rolling press, a method where fabricators use extremely high pressures to
embed nail plates into timber during truss manufacture. The strength of the joints constructed
using this method generates trusses with predictable engineering properties.

Pre-fabricated timber trusses have extended from a simple collection of individual timber
members to become complete building components for building entire roofs or floors.

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 CHAPTER 3
3.0 METHODOLOGY
This study uses a literature study method on frame structure systems and discusses its
application to several buildings to find out the various types of existing truss structure
systems that are grouped into systems of truss frame structure, truss space structure, and
space frame structure.
The flanges timber begins which measure 1000mm in length where marking is done using
the pencil on both sides of the timber .The timber is mounted on a clap to be firm while
cutting begins using a hand saw blade. The second flanges follows which is 1000mm and
marking is done the pencil marking should be visible and are transferred to the other side
using the square and a mortise gauge and the flanges is cut to its length of 100mm
Marking of the first stiffener which are of length 300mm is done in the same procedure and
clamped and cut .The second and the last stiffener are then marked and cut to their length of
300mm.Fabricatng follows which is also 100mm and marking is done the pencil marking
should be visible and are transferred to the other side using a square and a mortise gauge and
the flanges is cut to its 100mm.
Marking of the first stiffener which are of length 300mm is done in the same procedure and
clamped and cut. The second and last stiffener are then marking and cut to their length at
300mm. fabricating of the joint start with the stiffener having two joint a dove tail and a
bridle joint .
The dive tail then follows on the same stiffener on the other side of it dividing its width is
done into three equal parts is done and they are marked, the lines run diagonally from each
side of the width to the center lines marked the part to be cut is then identified and marked
the part to be removed cut is then indentified and marked .The groove of the bridle joint
follows which is positioned in the flanges its width is identified divided into three equal part
to be removed is then marked.
The last joint are the mitre joint and the bridle joint the marking of the part in the stiffener
and the flanges is then the same except the mitre joint if different from the other joint since its
tongue slides in the inside . After cutting the marked part the joint are now connected all of
them leaving out the tie timber should be marked to where they will fit so as to proceed to
cutting.
The ties fit in perfectly without falling out or protruding on one side after the structure is
sandpaper maybe used to smoothen the surface of the truss on the joint and edges to have a
good appearance . Each of the member have their different purpose in the structure where the
stiffener the infill member between top and the bottom flanges.

The main principle of the truss structure system is the arrangement of the rod forming a
rectangle configuration, because the rectangle shape (rectangle) is a good or stable form in
making a balance to direct the load bearing into a normal truss force, namely compressive
and tensile loads. If the rectangle arrangement of the rod has a stable shape, then any
rectangle arrangement also forms a sturdy and stable structure system. In a stable
structure, the external force causes a force acting on the rod which are the tension force
and compressive force

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The forces acting on the trunks of the truss structure are distributed in each of the forming
rod to the fulcrum, so that there is a rod that accepts the tensile force and compressive
force.
The method used to determine the forces acting on the truss is based on a review of
balance at the connecting point. In a simple trunk configuration, the nature of the force of
the tensile or compressive can be determined by giving an idea of how the truss carry the
load, for example by giving a picture of the shape of deformation that might occur when
the structure is given a load [5].

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 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS
ITEAM DESCRIPTION SAWN IN ACTUAL QUANLITY SIZE IN
SIZE SIZE FEET
1 flanges 75*45 3 3*1
2 stiffener 75*45 3 3*1
3 Tie 75*45 4 3*1

FINDINGS

Through the literature review conducted, six lines of research were identified;
• Trust types,
• Factors affecting
• Trust development,
• Trust and project success (improved team work and
efficiencies),
• Contracts,
• Costs,
• Project delivery methods.
Some significant observations were made through the identification.
First, it is seen that most research in the area of trust in construction is geared towards the
first three lines of research, in addition to relational contracting. It does not seem
surprising to find that most studies heavily utilized surveys, case studies, and interviews
to collect data about trust. As for the regions of the world where the research was
conducted, most research was in Asian and European markets with fewer studies in North
American construction market. Although project cost is a pivotal aspect in construction
projects, only two studies were found that attempted to quantify the effect of trust on
reducing project costs. With many authors suggesting having less adversarial and less
detailed contracts, there is yet limited research conducted in the areas of contracts and
trust. As pertains to project delivery methods, it becomes obvious that trust is mostly
addressed in relational agreements such as partnering and alliancing. Thus, there exist a
gap of knowledge in areas of non-relational project delivery methods, North American
construction markets, costs, risk, and contracts, as related to trust.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The aim of this paper is to identify the lines of research conducted in the area of trust in
construction and identify the knowledge gaps.
Through a literature review conducted on more than 50 peer-reviewed publications, it was
seen that trust aspects in construction are gaining greater research attention as they are
implicitly starting to change our contractual environment through less adversarial
relationships.
Researchers are increasingly seen to address trust in a more systematic manner, just as in
other disciplines, in attempt to develop models that could be used to identify trust types,
develop trust, measure, and maintain it in a construction project. Although it is observed
that the trend of construction trust research is increasing, there still exists a crucial need to
systematically introduce trust into our project management operations.
The following recommendations for future research are thus suggested:
1) Develop measures to quantify and relate trust to project cost,
2) Determine the relationship between risk and trust in construction projects,
3) Determine how construction contracts can be drafted to best reflect the trust
perception between the contracting parties, and 4)

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REFERENCES

Atkinson, R., Crawford, L., and Ward, S. (2006). “Fundamental uncertainties in projects
and the scope of project management.” Int. J. of Project Management, 24(8), 687-698.
Bijlsma, K., and Koopman, P. (2003). “Introduction: Trust within organizations.” Personnel
Review, 32(5), 543-555.
Blois, K. J. (1999). “Trust in business to business relationships: An evaluation of its status.”
Journal of Management Studies, 36(2), 197-215.
Chan, A.P.C.; Chan, D.W.M.; Chiang, Y.H.; Tang B.S.;