21. 05. 2023.

08:21 Capitoline Triad - Wikipedia

Capitoline Triad
The Capitoline Triad was a group of three deities who were
worshipped in ancient Roman religion in an elaborate temple on
Rome's Capitoline Hill (Latin Capitolium). It comprised Jupiter, Juno
and Minerva. The triad held a central place in the public religion of
Rome.[1]

The Triad
The three deities who are most commonly referred to as the
"Capitoline Triad" are Jupiter, the king of the gods; Juno (in her
aspect as Iuno Regina, "Queen Juno"), his wife and sister; and
Jupiter's daughter Minerva, the goddess of wisdom. This grouping of
a male god and two goddesses was highly unusual in ancient Indo- Jupiter, the supreme
European religions, and is almost certainly derived from the Etruscan Roman god of the sky.
trio of Tinia, the supreme deity, Uni, his wife, and Menrva, their
daughter and the goddess of wisdom.

In some interpretations, this group replaced an original Archaic Triad made up of Jupiter,
farming/war god Mars and war/farming god Quirinus.[1]

The Capitolia

Jupiter, Juno and Minerva were honored in temples known as

Capitolia, which were built on hills and other prominent areas
in many cities in Italy and the provinces, particularly during
the Augustan and Julio-Claudian periods. Most had a triple
cella. The earliest known example of a Capitolium outside of
Italy was at Emporion (now Empúries, Spain).[2] According to
Ovid, Terminus also had a place there, since he had a shrine
there before it was built and, as the god of boundary stones,
Capitoline Triad – Museum of refused to yield.[3]
Guidonia
Although the word Capitolium (pl. Capitolia) could be used to
refer to any temple dedicated to the Capitoline Triad, it
referred especially to the temple on the Capitoline Hill in Rome known as aedes Iovis Optimi
Maximi Capitolini ("Temple of Jupiter Best and Greatest on the Capitoline"). The temple was built
under the reign of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last King of Rome prior to the establishment of
the Roman Republic. Although the temple was shared by Jupiter, Juno and Minerva, each deity
had a separate cella, with Juno Regina on the left, Minerva on the right, and Jupiter Optimus
Maximus in the middle. It included a podium and a tetrastyle (four column) pronaos (porch).[4]

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Another shrine (sacellum) dedicated to Jupiter, Juno Regina and Minerva was the Capitolium
Vetus on the Quirinal Hill. It was thought to be older than the more famous temple of Jupiter
Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill, and was still a landmark in Martial's time, in the late 1st
century.[5]

See also
Church of the Holy Sepulchre § Connection to Roman temple

References
1. Ryberg, Inez Scott (1931). "Was the Capitoline Triad Etruscan or Italic?". The American
Journal of Philology. 52 (2): 145–156. doi:10.2307/290109 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F29010
9). JSTOR 290109 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/290109).
2. Blagg, T.F.C. (1990). "The temple at Bath (Aquae Sulis) in the context of classical temples in
the western European provinces" (pp. 426–427). Journal of Roman Archaeology 3 (pp. 419–
430).
3. Ovid, Fasti 2.667–676: "What happened when the new Capitol was being built? Why, the
whole company of gods withdrew before Jupiter and made room for him; but Terminus, as the
ancients relate, remained where he was found in the shrine, and shares the temple with great
Jupiter. Even to this day there is a small hole in the roof of the temple, that he may see naught
above him but the stars. From that abide in that station in which thou hast been placed. Yield
not an inch to a neighbour, though he ask thee, lest thou shouldst seem to value man above
Jupiter."
4. Fishwick, Duncan (1987). "Seneca and the Temple of Divus Claudius" (pp. 253–254). Britannia
22 (pp. 137–141).
5. Richardson, L. (1992). A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome (p. 70). Baltimore and
London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4300-6.

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