AXIOM

 An axiom is an elementary statement, which are self evident

and which are accepted without questions.
 A statement or proposition on which an abstractly defined
structure is based.
 A statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise
or starting point for further reasoning and arguments.
 The word comes from the Greek “axioma” that which is
thought worthy or fit or that which commends itself as
evident.
 Used in two related but distinguishable senses: “logical
axioms” and “non-logical axioms”. Logical axioms are usually
statements that are taken to be true within the system of
logic they define and are often shown in symbolic form (e.e.,
(A and B)implies A), while non-logical axioms (e.g.,a+b=b+a)
are actually substantive assertions about the elements of
the domain of a specific mathematical theory (such as
arithmetic).
 Mathematicians assume that axioms are true without being
able prove them.
 It is not as problematic as it may seem, because axioms are
either definitions or clearly obvious, and there are only very
few axioms.
 Axioms are important to get right, because all of
mathematics rests on them.
 For philosophers, an axiom is a statement like “something
cant be true and not be true at the same time.”
 An example of a mathematical axiom is “a number is equal
to itself.”
EXAMPLES:
Parallel Axiom
-Does not specifically talk about parallel lines; it is only a axiom relate to
parallelism.

Birkhoff’s Axiom
-Are all based on basic geometry that can be confirmed experimentally
with a scale and protractor.

Hilbert’s Axiom
-Are a set of 20 assumptions proposed by David Hilbert in his book
Grundlagen der Geometrie (The foundations of geometry) as the
foundaton for a modern treatment of Euclidean geometry.

Tarski’s Axiom
-Due to alfred Tarski, are an axiom set for the substantial fragment of
Euclidean geometry.

Axiom of Countability
-Is a property of certain mathematical objects that asserts the existence
of a countable set with certain properties.

Axiom of Constructibility
-Is a possible axiom for set theory in mathematics that asserts that every
set is constructible.

Axiom of Determinacy
-Is a possible axiom for set theory introduced by Jan Mycielski and Hugo
Steinhaus. It refers to certain two-person topological games of length.

Martin’s Axiom
-Is a statement that is independent of the usual axiom.

Axiom of Projective Determinacy

-Is the special case of the axiom of determinacy applying only to
projective sets.

Generalized Continuum Hypothesis

-The continuum has the same cardinality as the power sets of integers.
EXAMPLES:
Side-Side-Side (SSS) Congruence Postulate
-If three sides of one triangle are congruent respectively to three sides of another
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Side-Angle-Side (SAS) Congruence Postulate

-If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are congruent to two sides and
the included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Angle-Side- Angle (ASA) Congruence Postulate

-If two angles and the included side of one triangle are congruent to two angles and
the included side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Side-Angle-Angle (SAA) Congruence Postulate

-If two angles and a nonincluded side of one triangle are congruent to two angles
and a nonincluded side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Ruler Postulate
-The points on a line can be matched one to one with the real numbers. The real
number that corresponds to a point is the coordinate of the point.

Linear Pair Postulate

-If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary.

Perpendicular Postulate
-If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there is exactly one line through
the point perpendicular to the given line.

Corresponding Angles Postulate

-If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then the pairs of corresponding angles
are congruent.

Corresponding Angles Converse

-If two lines are cut by a transveral so that corresponding angles are congruent, then
the lines are parallel.

Area of a Square Postulate

-The area of a square is the square of the length of its side.
POSTULATE

 A statement, also known as an axiom, which is

taken to be true without roof.
 Postulates are the basic structure for which
lemmas and theorems are derived.
 The whole of Euclidean geometry, for example,
is based on five postulates known as Euclid’s
postulates.
 Is an assumption, that is, a proposition or
statement.
 Postulates are the fundamental propositions
used to prove other statement known as
theorems.
 Used to derive the other logical statements to
solve a problem.
 A unique straight line can be drawn from any
point to any other point.
 A finite straight line can be extended
continuously in either direction in a straight line.
 If a straight line that meets two straight lines
makes the interior angles on the same side less
than two right angles, then those two straight
lines, if extended, will meet on that same side
(the parallel postulate).
 A circle can be described with any given center
and radius.
THEOREM

 A theorem is a statement that needs to be proven

before it is accepted as true.
 A theorem is an embodiment of some general
principle that makes it part of a larger theory.
 The process of showing a theorem to be correct is
called a proof.
 A non-self evident statement that has been proven to
be true, either on the basis of generally accepted
statements such as axioms, or on the basis previously
established statements such as other theorems.
 Hence a logical consequence of the axioms, with a
proof of the theorem being a logical argument which
establishes its truth through the inference rules of
deductive system.
 Theorems are at the heart of mathematics, and they
are considered to describe facts that are absolutely
true.
 Can be demonstrated to be true by accepted
mathematical operations and arguments.
 They are conditional statements, whose proof
deduces the conclusion from conditions known as
hypothesis or premises.
 In light of the interpretation of proof as justification
of truth, the conclusion is often viewed as a
necessary consequence of the hypothesis.
 Namely, that conclusion is true in case the hypothesis
are true-without any further assumptions.
EXAMPLES:
HyL (Hypotenuse - Leg) Triangle Congruence Theorem
- If hypotenuse and a leg of a right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another right triangle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

LL (Leg - Leg) Triangle Congruence Theorem

- If the legs of a right triangle are congruent to the corresponding legs of
another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

HyA (Hypotenuse - Angle) Triangle Congruence Theorem

- If the hypotenuse and an acute angle of a right triangle are congruent
to the corresponding parts of another right triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

LA (Leg - Angle) Triangle Congruence Theorem

- If a leg and an acute angle of a right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding parts of another right angle, then the two triangles are
congruent.

Segment Properties
-Congruence of segments is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Supplement Theorem
-If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary angles.

Supplementary Congruent
-Angles supplementary to the same angle or to congruent angles are
congruent.

Right Congruent
-All right angles are congruent.

Vertical Angles
-Vertical Angles are congruent.

Alternate Interior
-If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of alternate
interior angles is congruent.
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
Line Segment
-a part of a line having two endpoints.
Ray
-a part of a line having only one endpoint.
Angle
-consist of two rays that have a common endpoint called the vertex of
the angle.
Straight Angle
-an angle whose measure is 180 0.
Right Angle
-an angle whose measure is 90 0.
Acute Angle
-an angle whose measure is less than 90 0.
Obtuse Angle
-an angle whose measure is more than 90 0 and less than 180 0.
Complementary Angle
-if the sum of their measures is 90 0.
Supplementary Angles
-if the sum of their measures is 180 0.
Intersecting Lines
-two lines that cross.
Parallel Lines
-two lines in the same plane that do not intersect.
Perpendicular Lines
-two lines that intersect to form right angles.
Vertical Angles
-two angles with equal measure formed by two intersecting lines.
Segment
-part of a line that consist of two points called endpoints and all points
between them.
Triangle
-the figure formed by three segments joining threenoncollinear points.
Each of the three points is a vertex of the triangle and the segments are
the sides.
Ratio
-comparison of two numbers by division.
Proportion
-equation that states two ratios are equal.
Radius
-segment whose and points are the center of the circle and a point on
the circle.
Bases
-congruent polygons lying in parallel planes.
Altitude
-segment joining the two base planes and perpendicular to both.
Hypothesis
-in a conditional statement the statement that immediately follows the
word if.
Conclusion
-in a conditional statement the statement that immediately follows the
word then.
Tangent
-for an acute angle of a right angle, the ratio of the measure of the leg
opposite the acute angle to the measure of the leg adjacent to the acute
angle.
Cosine
-for an acute angle of a right triangle, the ratio of the measure of the leg
adjacent to the acute angle to the measure of the hypotenuse.
Sine
-for an acute angle of a right triangle, the ratio of the measure of the leg
opposite the acute angle to the measure of the hypotenuse.
Conjecture
-an educated guess based on known information.
Area
-of any surface is the number of square units required to cover the
surface.
Perimeter
-of a polygon is the distance around the polygon.
Line of symmetry
-divides a figure into two congruent halves that reflect each other.
Volume
-number of cubic units contained in a solid.
Right Prism
-is a prism whose lateral faces are reactangles.
Surface Area
-sum of the area of all its faces.