co ObITOBRIK oe eS CL Ta Le ENS ada 3 yee] Saori Na Lal Sere Pera Sao CONT ea ONO CAT cL Uo Ooo Saou NC Baroni Soon Bana) Sea oe el \ Scan & DjVu Bookingolz Bonyc: ‘cnpasounbie Marepnanel warn cHaykn wTexnuKu lo pemonty a CDMaprana 0. H. Cnpasounnk no pemoHty 6brToBbix anektponpu6opos, Kaira + CD. — CN6.: Hayka wt Texua, 2010. — 400 c.: un. ISBN 978-5-94387-811-4 Cepma «Cnpasounnn BTOT cnpaBoUHk NOCBAULeH PeMOHTY 6EITOBO! aNeKTPOTeXHMKH: OT MCTOUHNKOB MMTAHMA, dnektpoHarpeearenbHbix npHGopos Jo XONOAWN’HMKOB M CTMpANbHbIX MaulAH. KHitry 3agepuiaeT Tapa No peMoHTy o6opyAoBaHiA ANA cnyTHAKOBOrO Tenenpiema. PaccmotpeHsi anektpomamepnTenbHbie npAGOpEI M MpaBM/a Mx HCONbsOBAHHA MPH peMoHTe dNeKTpOTeXHMKH, B YesIOM, M GbITOBLIX 3NleKTpoNpAGOpOS, B YaCTHOCTH. Kanan rnaea conposoxqaeTca 0630p0M pecypcos ceTH MHTepHeT No Teme raBbi, a 6 HeOGKO- Anmbix cnywanx — 6NOKHOTOM cXeMoTexiMkH, [Ja OcosHaHHOrO NPoBes|eHMA peMoHTa B KaMAOM mage paccMaTpneaerca yCTpoiicTso w paGoTa GeiToBeIx 3neKTponpnGopos. PaccmatpnaaeTca u 2oMauIHAA 2neKTpOOCBeTHTeNbHaA CeTb: YCTPOHICTBO, NpasHNbHaA SKCNAya- Talia, NONCK HEMCnpaBHocTeM, peMoHT. Knura npeaasHaena Ana wpoKoro Kpyra WuTaTenel, AoMaWHKx MacTepos, cnocoGHEIX Nop Aepyveate CaMocToRTeNbHo McnpaBHOCTb AOMaUIHel 3TeKTPOTeXHMKM. K cnpasounnky npinaraetca CD, Ha KOTOpOM noMeujeHbI cnpaBouHble MaTepnanbl K KaxAOH mage W KHiITH MagaTenbcTea «Hayka Ml TexHinka» no peMOHTy 6biTOBOH TeXHHKiA. ‘Arop w aarenscroe we wecyr oaercraiocH SSactuontl yes, npmenennl sane ‘eromscoa wsTepranon aol Konrakribie Teneponbi wsnarenbcrea (812) 412-70-25, 412-70-26 (044) 516-38-66 OdnunanpHeii caitr: www.nit.com.ru '785943"878114 © Maprana0.H. ISBN 978-5-94387-811-4 © Hayka # Textinka (opurmtan-maker),2010 000 «Hayxa u Texnmna» ‘SImyerssna Ne 000350 or 23 nexa6ps 1999 rona. 198097, r. Canxt-NlerepGypr, yn. Mapuiana Fosoposa, a, 29. Mopnncaro 8 nevare 24.11.2009. dopmar 70x100 1/16. Bymara rasernan. Nevate ocbcetuan. OGbem 25 n. n. ‘Tupanx 3500. 3aKas 980. (Omevarano c rorostix ananosuTns08 2 [MIMO «Mlexoackas o6nactHas THnorpacbas> 180004, r. Flexos, yn. Porhaa, 34.Tnapa 1. Mock HencnpasHoctei sneKtpooGopynosanna .. 1. 12, 13. Thaa 2. nextpousmepurenbubie npuGopbt. 21. 22. 23. 24. COMEPKAHUE TlonesHbie copeTbi no novicky HeucnpaBHocTeli np pemMoHTe 3nexTpoo6opyjoBaHia Tunostie npnunie! HevicnpasHocten Npuatakn ebinennembix HencnpasHocten . YactHble cnoco6tl noucka HencnpasHocTei. Octosbie npnuntti HencnpasHocTa anemeHTos. Aanevumi nonck Hexcnpastioro anemesra. ‘Avanv3 NpMUMH BOSHMKHOBEHA OGHapyxXeHHbIX HeMcnpasHocTeh . ; Npocteiiume cnoco6ti nposepKu ucnpaBHocTu snekTpo- v paqMosnemeHtos . Nposepka nposonounbix HenposonouHbix pesncTopos. Nposepxa koHmeHcatopos scex THNOB Nposepxa katywek mapyKTMBHOCTH. Mposepxa cunosbix tpakcopmatopos, TpaHcpopMaTopos M Apoccenelt HH3KOI wactorei : Mpoctefwan nposepxa ucnpasHocTu nonynposopHMKOBbIX ANOAOB. Npocran nposepka TpaHsvcTopos CaitTbi no novcky HeucnpaBHoctei snektpoobopynoBaHuA. ViaMepenie anektpnuecknx senMuni . Octostbie anekrpnueckne sennunte. Bugbi cpeacTe sneKTpoTexHuuecknx u3MepeHnin . PasHOBMAHOCTH MsMepuTenbHbKX npHGopos. Pexomerifalinu no UcnonbsoBaHiiio naMepuTenbHbIx npHGOpOB Uvpospie vameputenbbie npuGopel ..........+- PekomeHpaumu npv uaMepeHiax yHABepcanbHbiMn vsmepuTenbHbima npMGopamn Vsmepenie conpoTHBneHiit........eseceseeseeee Vismepenue noctorHHbix HanpaxKeHnii VisMeperive nocronHloro ToKa Vamepenne nepemeHHoro HanpaxeHHAa. UcnbitaHva KOMNOHeHTOs C McnonbsoBaHNeM: YHNBepcanbHbXx MsMepuTenbHbIx npHGopos Amonei . Tpansnctopwi.... Tupucropt Cra6untponet KoHpexcaroppt .. Mnayxrisroctu 4 tpatcbopmatopet Vicrounnkn nutalia v cra6unvaaTopbl HanpaxeHin. Teeparopsi curHanos cnoxHoi opmel. Tpwnyvn geticreua. . Mlpoxoxgetne carHana Vamepetne uactoTHbix xapakTepHicTuk. 12 12 12 13 13 15 15 7 18 18 18 19 20 21 22 24 24 24 24 25 26 26 28 28 28 30 30 31 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 40 a 4325. 26. 27. 28. Thasa 3, PemoHT MCTOUHMKOB NMTAHHA......+ 3A. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 3.10. 311. 3.12. Yactotomepet . Apmnynn peficteua.......-. ‘Texineckve XapakTepUCTIKM HaCTOTOMEPOB «4+. ++++ Ocunnnorpades. . Npmnuun pesicreua. Apynyuesoi ocynnnorpad. Unbposon sanommtaiouii ocumnnorpad ‘Tunbi cospemeHHeix aneKTponsmepuTenbHbx npuGopos . Mynetumerpe. Teteparopes carnanos . Caittel no aneKtpousmepurenbibim npwGopam . Tloxsatwa w onpenenenna . Hecra6unvsiposahibie AcTOuHMKA niMTaHiNA DsyxnonynepnogHbid seinpamurent Mocrosoi sbinpamurenb . Creme gunetpos .. Hashauenne. Emkoctibie gnnéTpbt RC-pintrpel. Lc-punstper . ‘Crembl yasoenna HanpAKeHMA, Hashauenne. ‘Ontiononynepopibie Cxembl yABOeHIA HanpAKeHIA DsyxnonynepnopHbid yasoutent HanpaxeHHA. : Victounnkn nuraHinn ¢ nocnegosaTenbHoit CTaGMnW3aUMelt .......sececeeeeee Hastauene Npocreviwmi cra6unusatop HanpaxeHMA . Tlocnegosarenbieiit cra6unusatop. . Cra6unwaarop Ha cra6unurpore 4 Tpaxaucrope. ‘TpatiaucropHbii craGunusatop c napoh apniurrona Cra6unwaarop ¢ o6patHoi caAsbio Ha TpaHsMcTopax . Orpannuntenu ToKa . Cxema saute! Harpy3ki. Apununn peficrena PasHoempHoct cra6unuzaTopos HanpaxeHina Ha VIC. Victouninkn nivTaHia c napannenbHol crabunnsayneh Mpenmywectea w HenocratKn..... Apwnuuin pesicrena. . CunbHotounbie cra6unuaaTopbl HanpAxKeHM“A . Meron noucka HecnpasHocted, Brew ocmorp.. Vamepenne HanpaxeHnit. Vismepeine TOKoB . O6uyne tpyaHoctu 3ameHa KOMNOHeHTOB . 45 45 46 48 48 49 50 51 51 51 57 BSSIRRRRALTES 6 6 6 70 n 72 23 2B 2B 74 74 74 75 76 76 76 7 7 783.13. Vimnynbclble McTOUHMIKA nuTaHMA 314, 3.15. 3.16. Thapa 4. Pemont snextpooGopynoBanna B AoMe . 41. 42. Tnapa 5. PeMont ocseljenia .... 5 Crpyktypuaa cxema. : WuporHo-vmnynbcHaa Mopynauna. . seseeeeeees Aoctomuctea u HepocTaTKn. . ‘CxemoTextinka onHokomMyTaTopHbix npeobpasosarenel Tloixaioumis npeo6pasosarent .. Nlosbiwatounii npeo6pasosarenb...... Towxaioue-nossiwiaiouyni npeo6pasosatent. .. Tlostmarouje-nonmxaiouynit npeo6pasosarent YyKa - HevicnpasHocTv MMnynbCHbIx ACTOUHMKOB NMTaHMA OcHosHble HevcnpasHocTn .. VicuesHoperine BbIXOHOTO HaNPAXKEHMA ... PaBeHcTBO BXOHOFO M BLIXOAHOTO HANPpAXKeHNA . Victounukn 6ecnepe6oiiHoro nuTaHiMA Wx HeMCnpaBHOCTM ... BeiGop HcTouHMKa GecnepeGodiHoro nuTaHMA .... Mnanposanine saujurel snexrponirania o6opyaoBaHnn. NponomxurensHocte x3Hn MBI... MapannenbHble cuctemes. Xapaktepbie HevcnpasHocTa UcTOUHMKoB GecnepeGoiiHoro NUTAHIA... Pewexne npo6nem c aKkyMynATopom ‘Tunostie HeucnpaBHocTH. Caifrei no ucTouHnKam aneKtponMraHn. HevcnpasHoct anektponposopKn Mepp! npenoctopoxxHocTH npv nposeneHnn paGor 6 ome XapakrepHble HevicnpasHocTA anleKTponposonKH Koporoe sambikanie .. Yerpoiicrea 3auyuTHoro OTKMONEHHA . Pemont sneKTponpoBOpKH......+.++ 3auiem Mev npoBopky?. Bug sneKponposopKn. Kak paccuntats MowHocTs NpoBOAKH Tipanuynes MoHTaxKa NPOBOAKM .. Kak sbi6pare Mapky 4 ceueHne nposona H KaGena KoHcrpykya nonynapHix npoBopos m Kabenei Peon pozeTok Mapxuposka poseToK Kak ycrpaninte HencnpasHocTn B poseTKax. Kak 3ameHuTe Banky... 3nexrputieckne npenoxpanitenn Yannuirrenn w nepexonHinkit. . Caintbi no peony anextpoo6opynoBaHua B nome . CCoeTunbHink m wx Tan Onpenenenwe u HasHavenve. PasHOBMAHOCTH CBeTHBHMKOB. . 79 79 81 RRRSS 87 87 88 389 89 89 a1 91 Bees 7 97 97 98 98 100 100 100 101 102 102 104 112 12 3 us 5 7 8 n9 19 119 12052. 53. 54, 55. 56. 57. PeMonT cBeTHNbHHKOS C naMnaMn HakanMBaHAA........ Onpegenenne nan HaKAMMBaHAR «.......+sesesseeseseeseses AoctomHcrsa W HeROcTaTkH NaMN HaKaAMBAHMA .......-.++ Yetpoiicrso w paGora namn HakanneaHinn .. OGosHaveHMA NAMM HAKANMBAHUA.......s.ecsessseesesesees YcTpoviCTBO CBETHABHMKOB C NaMNaMM HakaNMBaHVA YeTaHOBKa CBETUNbHUKOB . . MoHtax v nogknioueHve nioctp. . HencnpasHocT cBeTMnbHiikos c NaMnaMn HaKannBaHMA Npucoeguienne uiHypa k natpory. BesonacHocre ucnonbsoBaHia cBeeTAnbHAKOB. 3amena nnn soccTaHoBneHve neperopesulel NaMntl....... Tiponnesve cpoka cayxk6bi nan HakanMBaHAA.........+.-+ PemoHT cBeTHnbHHKos ¢ ranoreHHBiMH aMnaMn HaKannBaHna ‘OcoGeHHOCTH rANOTeHHEIK MAM .....seeseseseeseee KoHctpyKTHBHbte OCOGEHHOCTH ......-+e+ee0+ Yetpoiicteo ranoreHHenx an HaKANMBAHMA ........cceesees Tlogkmouenne ranoreHHbix CBeTHMbHMKOB - OcoGeHHocTu akcnnyaTaynn. PeMOHT CBeTHNDHNKOB C MOMMHECeHTHDIMM NaMTIaMH .. To TaKOe MOMMHECHEHTHAR MAMMA ......eseseseseseeee Aocromnctea mommHecyeHTHbIx aMn.. Hepocrarkn miomnbecyeHTHbix namn ... Nipnnuun peiicreua. XapakTepnctikn OBbIUHENX MOMMHECHeHTHEIXaMn . DHeproskoHOMMunbie mommHecyeHTHELe namnet (3/1). KomnakTHble MOMMHeCueHTHbIE NaMnbi. Tyckoperynupyiowan annaparypa (NPA) ... PeMoHT CBeTHNBHHKOB C MOMMHeCYeHTHBIMM aMrIaMH SNEKTPOMAPHTHDIMA TIPA.......+esesseseesesesessesessssssasseessseeesees PeMoHT ceeTHnbHnkos ¢ raopaspanHbiMM naMnaMin. Npwnymn zeiicrenn, Oco6enHocta axcrnyaraynn rasopaspaqHbXx naMn Dxcnnyarayna namin . Bxniwouenve.. Nostoproe saxnranne Cxembi noakmioveHna rasopaspanlbix samn OSRAM.. Ceetunbankn Ha cBeToAHonaX ... Yerpoiictao ceetopvona . Nipwnyun pesicreua.. Xapaktepnctukn cseTonnopos.... CeeTomnonHiie cbeTHNbHHKM — HoBbIe pewleHna Pa6oune pexnme ... Ceetognontie nants. CBeTHMbHINK Ha CBETOAVODAX «......sseseseseseee Opratmueckve cseTonvonts 8 KavecTBe CBeTHNbHMKOB Caittui no anexrpoocseujenio... 122 122 122 123 123 123 126 126 128 129 130 130 131 131 131 132 133 133 134 135 135 136 136 137 138 139 141 “41 143 146 146 147 149 150 150 151 152 152 153 154 154 155 156 157 158 159Tnapa 6. SneKrporiarpesatenbubie npuGopst .. 6.1. 62. 63. 64, 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. Tnasa 7. PeMonT KyXOHHOM aneKTPOTEXHMKH. +. 7A. 72. 73. Harpesarenbieie snemenTes oTKpbrToro THNa Aoctomncrea 4 HefocTaTKn . DneKtpokaMMHbl ¢ HarpesaTeMAMM OTKPLITOFO TUNA. ...+.+se+++ Pemont aneKTpHuecknx Harpesatenel c OTKpbITOH cnmMpanbio HarpesartentHble snementbl 3akpbiToro Tuna - Harpesatenbibie snemeHtbi 3akpbiToro Tuna HerepMeTHYHBIE Tpy6uarbie HarpesaTenbHble anlemeHTel 3aKpbsTOro TNA repMeTHUHBIe. Viipakpactibie Harpesatenn Perynnpyembie anektpovarpesatenbibie npnGopst. Knaccnukayna w ocHosHbie onpeneneHan ........ Tpwnyvn aeiicreua....... BnektpokoHsextopel . ‘Tunbi n HOMMHanbHbIe MOU\HOCTA aneKTpOKOHBeKTOpoB Yenosibie o603HaUeHIA .. BnextpoKoHBeKtop «OHiKe 3BYA-1,25/220». Bnextpopapmatopt . . ‘Tunbi HOMMHanbHble MOULHOCTH 3neKTpopanMaTopos . Yenosneie o6osHaveHna Knaccpmxayna ... = Cyxoh anexrpopagnatop «PoBHO 3PCB-0,75/220> ........++++ 3nextpopaqnatopt c NPOMEXxyTOUHBIM TenNOHOCHTENIEM ..... MacnaHbii cexywoHHbii aneKtpopaquatop «Florida Maya» Cyumntutie anektponpnGops... Tlonestitie cxembs sneKTporarpesaTenbHbx npHGopos 13 ceTH MHTepHeT .. ‘Cxema NPI. PerynaTop MOW\HOCTH AIA SMeKTPONMMTKN «...-+. +++ ‘Cxema N®2. Npocrom yxneepcanbHbin perynatop MouHocTH ‘Cxema Ne3, Anppaxpachbilt Harpesarent TIMKCAH. . ‘Cxema Ned, Cxema aneKTpoKoHBeKTopa c TepMoperynAaTopoM. Cxema N°S. Tennosentunatopel .. Cxema N°6. nextpoxanopudpeppt K3B. . Cxema N°7. Snextpoxanopndepaa ycTaHosKa COO-40... Cxema N°B, SneKtponet 31140.......2seseceeees Cxema N°9, Snextposononarpesarenb 3BE0T Cxema N°10. Perynstop MoW\HOCTH HarpesaTenbHoro npHGopa. Caiirei no pemonty anektpoHarpesarenbHbix npHGOPOB........... PemouT mikcepos m 6neHgepos Cocras w pasHoswgHocu Mixkcepos . Peon snextpomnkcepa «Apmasip» MH-202 BneKrpomnKcep « 3aunra asuratena nepenswxHoro nbiecoca. Tunosbie HencnpasHocTn..... Pemont nbinecocos: HeMcnpasHocTu anektpoobopyAoBaHin . Peon nbinecocos: Mexannteckne HencnpasHocTn. . Pexomensaunn 10 yxony 38 MBINECOCAMM, «e+e sess sree Dnekrphueckie MannnbHble MauMHbs. Xapaxrepucmuki . Kovicrpykuna # npunuunwanbHan cxema . Texniteckoe o6cnyKMBAHHE........+ 3neKTpoMaUIMHKy ANA CTPYKKM M NoAPABHHBAHKA BONOC Snektpomawmnika IN-35. DNEKTPOPEHE cesses HasHayenne u xapaktepucTuKn en «MinKma-400> .. BuGpomaccaxntie snextponpuGoptl. Hashauenve n xapaktepucTnkn BuGpomaccaxnbi npHGop BMI-1 . BuGpomaccaxneii npuGop 3MA-2M . Pemout snextpo6purs... O6uyne cBenenna 06 anexrpo6puTsax. Octosntte napametpts anektpo6puts. 3nextpo6pwrsei c uMnyNbCHbIM ABvraTeneM . NpvGopsi uv craHyn ana onpeneneHiia AedekTos aneKTpO6pHTs. Caiiroi no pemotty AomaulHel 3neKTpOTeXHMKH .. Snexrpnveckoe OGopyAOBAHHe XOMOAMNEHMKOB ....- OcHosibie rpynintt sneKtpooGopyqoBaHna XONOAWNEHNKOS ..... Bnextpopsuratenn ..........+ 230 230 232 237 238 239 239 240 240 241 241 242 243 244 244 244 244 245 246 247 253 253 254 254 255 256 257 257 258 258 259 260 260 261 262 263 263 264 265 269 an 272 272 272 27392. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. Npoxoptoie repmeTMuHbie KOHTAKTEI. Ocserurenbiaa annaparypa .. BexTunatopti.... NpwGopei astomatiKn . Mpn6op nonyastomatmueckoro ynpasneHina oTTaMBaHnem .. TpwGop ynpasnexinn npoyeccom orranBanina ucnapuTenA MpvGop asromatwueckoro ynpasneHiia oTTamBaHiem . Yetpoiicras ana ucnapenina Tanoi Bonet . Tyckosauyuriie pene . Mexannuecoe o60pynoBaHiie XONOAMNHMKOS .. Kopnyc......+++ Buytpenive wkadbi xonopAbHHkos: Dsepu ... Tennowsonauna KypkoBbilt 3aTBOP ABEPM...... ese eseseseees CekTopHbilt 3aTBOP ABEPH ...-.eseeeeeceeeee Marnureiit sarsop asepn . Ynnotantenn asepen .. Xonopunbabie arperare! oTevecTBeHHEIX XOMOAMNBHAKOB. Cocras u pasmeujeline xonopwnbHoro arperata Komnpeccopst Tyckosaurrueie pene . Yerpoiicrso komnpeccopa . PaGora knaniaos Komnpeccopa Komnpeccop KpisouNMnHo-kKynMcHoro Tuna c BHYTPeHHeih NOABECKO ... XnagoHosbiit repmeTMuHbilt KoMnpeccop C KPMBOWMANHO-KYAMCHEIM MexaHviaMoM 4 BepTikanbHoit ocbio BpauyeHina (KKB). BneKtpogenratent . KongeHcatop xonoqunbHoro arperara . AgcopGentet . Ocyuintenbibii narpoH. Vingukatoprsnaxroctn YeraHopku ana ocyuikn macna, PaGota xonopunbHoro arperara MapareHme ....seseeeeseeesees PeMont m akcrinyaTana oTevecTBeHHoro XonoAMNbHMKa ‘CosersI no akcnnyaTaynn xonopunbHinka. YetPOWCTBO XONOAMABHKA .....eseeseeeseeee Tlovick HencnpasHoctel KoMnpeccopHbix xonoAMABHHKOB Ges cuctembl «No Frost»... Pemo#T umnoprHoro xonoqUAabHika. Uro Takoe cuctema «No Frost»... Tlonek w yctpaeHine yrevex xnaparelita 8 CoBpeMeHHbIx XONOAMABHUKAX. BnokHoT cxemoTexHAki.. Caifret no pemority xonogMABHHKOB... 275 275 276 277 283 285 287 288 290 295 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 301 303 303 304 305 305 307 307 310 312 313 318 319 321 322 322 324 329 329 330 331 334 334 338 340 343Tnasa 10. Pemout cTupanbHbix Maine .. 10.1. 10.2. 103. 10.4, 105. 106. Thaa 11. Pemont cnyTHuKosoro o6opyqoBaHin. Wa. Haatauenve, KnaccnonKaynn, pexambl pa6orel Ana vero npentasHauenti cTupanbHble MauIMHts? OchosHble nporpammbl cTMpKH . Kak kniaccudmumpylorca 6biToBble cTupanbHble MaluMHbi 348 Bapmanrel akTusaljnn Moloujero pactsopa . _ we 348 Cnoco6ei Harpesa MOIOUIMX PACTBOPOB..........csecseeeseseseees 350 UNCNO GaKOB «sess esses Ornmuna astomaTaueckix M4 nonyasToMaTHuecKiX CTMpanbHbix MauH Cnoco6si sarpyskn enor... Ha kakwe knaccbi enaTca CTupanbHble MaLIHbI?. Nonkniovenie asTomaTMueckoii CTMANbHOM MALIAHEL........2seeeeee Demonrax TpaicnopriaposouHbx neTanelt......-.+ Tloakmiouenne k KoMMyHMKalAAM. . Perynnposka Hoxkek CTMpanbHolt MalUAH « Nonkmiouenne k anexrpocemn. PemonT orevecTBeHHEIx CTHpanbHbix MaLIMH « Meroati pemonta. Pemout crupanbHbie Mawimbi Tana CMP . Pemout crupanbHbix Maun CMM akriBatopHoro Tuna. ApTomaTaueckie CTMpanbHO-CyUIMNbHbIe MaLLAHb! . Yerpolictao u npnryn gelicrana. @yHKyonanbHan cxema... Octiostuie mexannueckie yanbi CMA. DneKtpoo6opyqosanie CMA . Cuctema ynpasneHia asTomaTHueckix cTupanbHbix MaLIMH PeMoHT aBTOMATHMECKHX CTHPANDHEIK MALI «..-.ssssesecsesssesesseassesses 378 Yenosibie o603Ha¥eHinA Ha neKTPAYECKHX M MOHTAKHBIX CXeMaX 2apyOemHEIX ABTOMATHMECKHX CTMpANbHbNX Mal .... enn enn 379) CaiiTei no cTMpanibHbim MaWMHaM .. 383 Kak opraHi30BaTb pemoHT?. Bwardoctnka HeNCMPABHOCTeH ........-e-scseseseesesestseseenes Heo6xopmbie HCTpyMeHTet u npHicnocobneHnA. 11.2. 3arpy3ka nporpammuoro o6ecneueHia . . OcHOBHDIE CBEREHIA ........sce05 Cnoco6e1 3arpy3kv «npowMeKn» 387 CamoctoatenbHoe usroTosneHve «npowmBo4uHoro» Ka6ens. .. 389 Vsrorosnenue JTAG-anantepa . . 389 11.3. Pemont ectpoettoro DRE Monyna n sHeuHero neKonepa (QOHIMA)............ 397 Cnucok MntepHet-pecypcos .. seeeee 395 Crncok nureparypes...- eee 397CAABA 1 NOUCK HEUCMPABHOCTEN SIIEKTPOOBOPYQOBAHNA Inaea nenremca esodHoll, npedHasHaueHa Ona Hawu- Harouux, Aaem cogemb! no noucky HeucnpasHocmeti Npu pemoHme anekmpoo6opydoeanua, paccmampu- eaem npocmetiuiue cnoco6s! nposepku ucnpasHocmu anexmpo- u paduoanemenmos 1.1. NonesHble coBeTbI no noucky HevicnpaBHocTen Np pemoutTe anektpoobopygoBaHua ‘Tunosbie npvunubi HencnpasHocten HanGonee yacto BcTpeyaioumeca HeMcnpaBHOCTH B oIeKTpMyeCKMX cxeMax 9/1eKTpompu6opos uM 6bITOBON TEXHMKM: o6psis (conpoTHBmeHne aneKTpeckoi em paBHo 6ecKoHeyHOCTH); SHauMTeNbHOe yBeMMYeHMe CONPOTUBIEHUA; SHauMTeNbHOe YMeHbULeHMe CONPOTMBIEHMA; KOporkoe sambikanve (conporupmenme aieKTpwueckow yen 6nu3- KO K Hymi0). O6umMe npwunust BOSHUKHOBeHMA HeMcHpaBHocTeit: * O6psis 43-3 CTapeHMA 9TeMeHTOB, MIPOXOXKI[CHMA MOBbILLEHHBIX TO- KOB, Yaapos, BHOpalun M KOpposuns * sHauMTeMbHOe YBeIMYeHMe CONPOTUBIEHMA SNeKTpUYECKUX YeTeit TIO CpaBHeHM0 C HOMMHasIbHBIM 3HaYeHMeM (BbISbIBaeTCA CTapeHM- €M 9/eMeHTOB, YXYMULEHMEM KOHTaKTOB M KOHTAKTHBIX CoeqMHEHMIt, OTKOHEHMeM NapaMeTpos OTeNbHbIX 971eMeHTOB); eoeeTloncx HencnpasHocTei anektpoo6opynosaHin 13 * 3HadMTebHOe yMeHbINeHMe CONPOTHBICHMA SIeKTPMYeCKNX ene 10 CPaBHeHMi0 C HOMMHa/IbHBIM 3HaYeHMeM M13-3a YBeMMYEHMA T10- BepXHOCTHBIX yTedeK M CTapeHMA 9nemMeHnTos. Koporkve 3aMblkaHua ABNALOTCA CHe/ICTBMeM NPOGOM HSONAMM, 3aMbIKAHMA NPOBOAHMKOB M 97leMeHTOB Ha Kopnyc u MexAy co6oit (sya MPOBOAHMKOB pasHbix nlonapHocteit u a3). Tpu3Haku BbIABAAeMbIX HeMcnpaBHocTei Tipu moncke HevcnpaBHocTM HeOGxOAMMO 3HaTb KM YMeTb MctONb30- BaTb IpM3HakM MclipaBHoKt paboTsI ameKTpoobopymoBanna. Vix MoxKHO pasyenuTs Ha [Be OCHOBHBIe TpynmBi: * rpynna 1, akKTMBHbIe NpMsHakM — MOKa3aHMA CBETOBbIX Mt 3BYKO- BBIX CHTHAMOB, CMTHaMMsaTOpos, cpa6aTbIBaHMA CpefCTB sall{KTbI, a TaloKe IIpM3HaKu, BbIAB/IAeMble IPM MsMepeHuM npuGopom; + rpynma 2, naccMBHBIe WIM BTOpMIHbIe MpusHaku, BOCHpMHUMae- Mble IIpM BHEIHEM OCMOTpe sMeKTpoobopyfoBaHMaA (BM3yaMbHBIe, SBYKOBBIe, OcASaTeNbHbIe, OOOHATENDHEIC). YacTHble cnoco6p! novcKa HeNcnpaBHocTen Creropuie 4 sByKoBbIe cMTHanbI, CHTHaNMsaTopsI NosBonAOT Ha6m0- Harb 3a cocrosHMem sieKrponpuGopos. Npumeuanne. Cpedcmea saujumed (npedoxpanumenu, MakcumanbHbie unu MUHUMae- Hole pene, aamomamel um. n.), cpaGameleaa, omknio¥aiom anexmpu- veckue yenu om ucmouHuKoe afekmposHepeuu npu HaNUYUU 6 omKNIO- eHHoll yacmu cxeMbI NoBBILIeHHbIX MoKoe ymeuku, MoKos Nepeepysku U kopomkux samsikanud. Tlpu Hevcnpasnoctax «rvma o6pstpay sama o6braHo He cpa6a- TbIBAeT, HO: €€ HOPMa/IbHOe COCTOAHME Ip HaIM4YMM HeMCIpaBHOCTH B NEKTPMYECKOM CXeMe ABMAETCA KOCBEHHBIM CBM[eTEMBCTBOM TOrO, 4TO MloBpexjeHHe UMeeT XapakTep O6psIBa. Tlouck HeucnpaBHoctei MpoMsBOAMTCA NyTeM HanpaByeHHbIX U3Me- peHMit MapaMeTpoOB 9/eMeHTOB 9/1eKTPMYeCKMX CXeM C MOMOLbIO Mepe- HOCHBIX MpM6opoB M M3MEpMTEMbHBIX KOMIVIEKTOB, C MCHOMb3OBaHMeM AKTMBHBIX MpM3HakoB.14 Tnaea Tipu vsmepenum napamerpos (conporupnenve, TOK, HampsKeHMe) OT/eMbHEIX 971EMEHTOB B 9/leKTPM4ECKMX CXEMAX C IOMOUIbIO MepeHOCHBIX mpu6opos Heo6xoxMMo Mcrionb30BaTb KapTbI COMpoTMBNeHMi, Hampa- 2KeHMit, TOKOB Ha BIXO[e OTAENBHBIX 97IeMeHTOB 1 6NOKOB, TIPMBOAMMBIE B MHCTPYKIMAX Mo 9KCIyaTalMM STMX arnapaToB. TIpm mposeyenvm creymanbHbIx HalpaBneHHEIx MsMepeHMit B IIpaK- TUKe MCNONb3yeTCA PAN YACTHBIX COCO6OB NoMcKa HeMcnpaBHocteit: * IIpoMexkyTOUHBIX M3MepeHMit, WalONMX BOSMO2%KHOCT MocmeqoBa- TeNbHO MPOCHeAUTh NPOXOKAeHMe CHTHANOB MO pasIM4HbIM KaHa- mlaM CMCTeMbI; * McKMOueHKA, MOsBONmONIMe TlocpencTBOM UsMepeHMit McKMOUNTD McIIpaBHble YacTM MpOBepxeMOM CXeMbI M BbIJeNMTb OTKasaBLIMt onement; * + sameubi 6n0Kos (sleTaneit), B KOTOpEIX Mpeyfonaraerca Hanuume He- MCIpaBHOCTH, Ha OAHOTMMEBIe 3aBe]OMO MCHpaBHBIe; * cpaBHeHMa pesynbTaToB McKbITAHMi OTKasaBUel CXeMBI C pesyyb- TaTaMM McHbITaHMit McIpaBHOit CXeMBI TOO 2ke TUMa, 9KCIUIyaTHpye- MOit B TeX >Ke YCNOBMAX. B o6uyem cmyyae nonck HevicrpaBHOcTeit COCTOMT M3 ClEM{YIOUIMX STATIOB: * stan 1 — ycranosnenue chakra HemcnpaBHocTu asnexTponpu6opa 110 MSMeHeHMYO AKTMBHBIX M MaccMBHBIX MpMsHakoB HOpMambHOt pa6orsi; * ram 2 — ananms mMeioWMXca MpusHaKoB HeMcnpaBHocreit M cono- cTaBMeHMe MX C BOSMOXKHBIM COCTOAHMeM 9/leMeHTOB 9/eKTponpH- 6opa; * stam 3 — cpaBHeHMe NpvsHakos HeMcnpaBHOcTeit, yka3aHHbIX B MH- CTpyKYMAX HO SKCIMIyaTANMM M M3BECTHIX M3 OMBITa 9KCITyaTayMM, ¢ Ha6moqjaeMbIMM IIpMsHakaMu; + stan 4 — BuiGop onTuMambHOit MocnenOBaTenbHOCTH NOMcKa Ht O6B- eMa JONOMHMTeNbHEIX M3MepeHMit pyia O6creqoBaHMA aeMeHTOB, B KOTOPEIX BOSMO2KHO TloaBreHHe HecrpaBHocTeit; * 9Tam 5 — nocneqosatenbioe usMepeHne; * gran 6 — o6miaa oueHka pesymsraTos McnbITaHMit M 3aKMOyeHMe O vanGonee BeposTHBIX MpMuMHax HeMcMpaBHOCTH BHIyeNeHHOTO STe- MeHTa; * gTam 7 — ycrpaHenme HencipaBHocTn.Tlonck Hevcnpastocreit anextpoo6opynosaHnn 15 OcHoBHble Npu4NHbI HeNcnpaBHOCTU aneMeHTOB. OcHOBHBIMM IpH4nHaMM HeMCNpaBHOCTH 9eMeHTOB 9IeKTPOHMKK ABNAIOTCA: * Meperpy3ku Mo ToKy; * nepeHanpaxenna; * MOBbILleHHaA TeMIlepatypa OKpy>kaloujelt cpenbl; * HejonmycTuMas BuGpalna, ynapst. Tipu BosHMKHOBeHMM HeMcIpaBHOCTM WIM OTKasa O6BeKTa (cHCTeMBI, ycTpovicrBa, 610Ka, MOAyNA, 9eKTPOHHOM MaTBI) MOMCK HeMcnpaBHorO: 9ieMeHTa SNeKTPOHMKM PeKOMeHIYeTCA HAaYMHATb Mocie MpeABapMTenb- Hoi nposepku McmpaBHocTn: * CMTHANbHbIX NaMM, Npewoxpanutenedt, BbIKMOYATeNe M ApyTux CPpey{cTB KOMMyTalHM M 3alMTEI O6beKTA; + 670Ka MIM y3na MMTaHMA OObeKTa MyTeM M3MepeHMA BORBTMeTpOM HallpsPkeHMA Ha BXOpe M BBIXOTE; * WaTUMKoB, CMrHaNMsaTOPOB, KOHEYHEIX BbIKMOYATENel, MOHMTOPOB, KMHECKONOB, aKYCTMYECKMX CMCTEM M [PyTMX BHELLHMX yCTpoHcTB. Mpumeuanne. napamempos umnynscos 8 KOHMponbHeIX MouKaX, npedycmompenHErx uncmpykyueii no skcnayamayuu, AjanbHetwui nonck HeucnpaBHoro snemeHTa Tanpueitmmit nonck HencnpaBHoro snemeHTa peKoMeHAyeTCA BBITION- HATH c YdeTOM CnemyIONIMX yKasaHMit: * WOmkeH 6bITb M3y¥eH M yACHeH MpMHYMN AelicTBMA HeMcnpaBHOrO o6bekta; * cHauaria OTBICKMBaeTCA Goree CNOOKHBIM HEMCHpaBHbIit O6beKT, ave — 6onee npocroit (10 npuHunmy cucrema — 610K — ysen — semen); * aHanMsMpyioTca IIpM3HakM HeMcnpaBHOCTH, BbIABUTaIOTCA Mpepmo- NOXKeHMA ee TIPMIMH M BbIGMpaeTcA MeTO TIpoBepKH; * mposogurca BEIGOpodHad MpoBepKa YYACTKOB M OTHEMbHBIX 91eMeH- TOB, HeMcipaBHOCTM KOTOpBIX HavGomee BepOATHBI, a NpOBepKa UX SaHMMaeT HaMMeHbulee BpeMa; * ecu BbIGopouHoit mpoBepKoit HencnpaBHbIit semeHT He O6Hapy- 2KeH, cneyeT TlepeiiTH K MOMCKy MeTOAOM McKMOUeHMA, ABMTAACh16 fnasa1 OT Bxoya K BEIXoAy O6beKTa, 160 Jena ero Nepex Ha4yamoM ce- nyloue mposepku Ha ABe paBHEIe M0 TpyqoemKOcTH mpoBepKH wacTn; * eciM HeMclpaBHOCTb HexapakTepHa, TO Wenecoo6pa3Ho, onycTuB 9Tall BbIGOPOYHOM MpOBepKM, HaYMHaTb MOMCK cpa3sy Cc MeTOya Mc- KOWeHKA, Tpumeyanve. Beodumb u ebieodums us deticmeun coemHole oBvexmes Ana ocmompa, 3MeH6i Ha 3anacnele uu noUcKa HeUCnpaeHeiIx snemeHmos pexomeHdy- emca npu ebiknio4eHHOM HanpAxeHuU numaHuA, ocoGeHHO npu HanuMuU pazvemnbrx KoHmakmHelx coeduHeHud. Tipu suemnem ocmorpe o6sexra Heo6xouMo O6pailarb BHMMaHMe: + Ha HapynleHMs salquTHBIX M MSONAIMOHHEIX NOKpBITH; * Ha maMeHeHMe UpeTa, HanMane NoTeMHeHMit, BaqyTHit M TpeUTH; * Ha McnpaBHOCTs KpervmenMit, KOHTaKTHBIX MOBepxHOcTeii, coeqMHe- HM M MaeK; + Ha Temmeparypy snemeHtos (Kopnycos TpaHsMcTopos, pesvicropos, TMONOB, MUKPOCXeM, 9eKTPOMMTHYECKMX KOH[eHCaTOpOB) Cpasy 2e TlOcMe BEIKOWeHMA CXeMEI. Tipu stom Heo6xoqMMo NOMHMTS, YTO TeMMepaTypa KOpmycos mpu HOpMaNIbHO! SKcIUIyaTaMM He JO/DKHa MpeBiiuaTb 45—60 °C Ha omynp. 7] Npumeyanue. ALE] Mpeseienue memnepamypei snemenma eoiuse 60 °C pyka He mepnum. Snemenrst c o6Hapy>KeHHBIMM USbAHAMM MOWEKKT MpoBepKe B Tep- Bylo ouepenb. Brumanne. Onpedeneue Heucnpaenoeo anemeHma 6 o6vexme, Haxodaujemca nod HanpAxkeHueM, peKoMeHOyemca BbINONHAMb C UCNONb30BaHUeM UCNpae- HeIx ynuHumeneii u nepexodHex ycmpoiicme, usmepumenbHex npubo- P06 ¢ BbICOKUM eHympeHHUM ConpomusneHUeM U UMeKUUXcA 6 doKy- MeHmauuu ykazanull 0 3HaYeHUAX U NONAPHOCMU NomeHYuanos. Tipu orcyrcrsum Heo6xomMMBIX WaHHbIX TOMCK MoxKeT MIpoMaBO- AMTbCA NYTeM CpaBHeHMA NO yuacTKaM HallpwKeHMM Ha OMMHAKOBEIX 97Ie-Tlonck Hevcnpasocrei anextpoobopynosaHun 7 MeHTax SaBeqOMO McTIpaBHOro (sarlacHoro WIM aHanorMuHoro) Hu Henc- mpaBnoro o6bexTos. Onpenenenve HemcnpaBHoro onemexHTa 6e3 noqauM HanpwKeHMA Ha O6beKT MOET MpOMSBOAMTECA M3MepeHMeM COMpoTMBIeHMi Mocpen- CTBOM OMMeTpa..]JO/DKHS MpOMSBOAMTHCA MSMepeHMA TIO yaacTKaM MIM 9neMeHTaM, pa6oTocnoco6HOCTb KOTOpEIX BEISbIBaeT COMHEHME. Tpumeuanme. Mpu Heo6xodumocmu oul unu HeckonbKo eb1e0d08 snemeHmos Mozym Geib om«niouente! (omnanHe). Tipu napymrenmu mcnpaBHoctn snementa (yBenm4eHve TOKa yTe4KM, YMeHbUICHMe CONPOTMBIICHMA HSONALMM WIM HaNpwDKeHMA MepeKmio¥e- HMA MT. 1.) HEOOXOAMMO BBINONHMTb M3MepeHMA efO OCHOBHBIX Mapame- TPOB MOcpeyCTBOM OGBIMHEIX WIM ClelMabHBIX MpHG6opos M TIpoBepoy- HbIX CxeM. Tipu orcyrcrsuv MacnopTrHbix JaHHbIX 9eMeHTa pesynbTaTsl M3Me- peumit Moryt 6biTb conocTasneHbi ¢ aHaMOrMYHbIMM WaHHBIMH saTlacHBIX 3aBeJJOMO McHpaBHbIX 9eMeHTOB. Coser. ed] 8 npouecce noucka, nposepxu u saMents HeucnpasHerx snemeHmos (oCo- Gero nonynposodHuKoéerx npuBopos) ¢ UCnonssoeaHUeM Haubonee npocmemx cpedcme Heo6xoduMo BHUMamenbHO MapKUposamb ebieodb1 npu6opos. Avanu3 npwuu BOsHUKHOBeHMA O6HapyxKeHHbIX HeEMCNpaBHOCTen Tlocne o6uapyxxeHMa HeMcrpaBHoro syleMeHTa aHanMsMpyloTCA BO3- MOXHBI€ IIPpMYMHbI HEMCNpaBHOCTH, KOTOpbIe JO/MKHBI 6bITH ycTpaHeHbi lo 3aMeubI ero M BBOMa O6beKTA B AelicTBMe. T7141 NoBbIeHMA HOCTOBepHOCTH pesybTaTOB M3MepeHNe Napamt 9SIEMEHTOB PeKOMeH|lyeTCA BbINONHATS B CYXOM MOMeleHMM Y Patype Bosyyxa 20—25 °C (oco6exHo pa TepMopesucTopo BBIX AMONOB M TpaHsucTopos). Npwmeyanne. Ecru npuxambie mepei no ocmompy u nposepke Heucnpaé He npusenu K eoccmanosheHuto e20 pa6omocnocobHocmu,18 Tnasa 1 npaeHiozo anemerima ne dan pesynemama, o6seKm nodnexum nepedaue 6 peMoHM 6 cneyuanbHble Macmepckue. CamocrosTenbHoe BCKpBITHE M PeMOHT CHOXKHBIX O6bEKTOB, OCHOBAH- HIX Ha COBPeMeHHBIX TOMYNPOBOAHUKOBBIX 9TIeMeHTAX, IIpH OTCYTCTBM WeTKUX ykasaHMit B MACTPYKUMM Mo oKcHAyaTaNMM He peKoMeHsyeTCA. 1.2. Mpocteiume cnoco6b! npoBepku ucnpaBHocTu 3NeKTpO- VU pagvosnemeHToB Nposepxa nposonoynpix 4 HeENpOBONOYHDIX pesucTOpoB Tina nposepxu nposonouxoro u HenpoBonouHoro pesMcropos MocTosH- HOTO M TlepeMeHHOTo ConpoTHBeHuA HeO6xoMMO Mpopenars cnemyrouyee: * MpouspecTu BHEMIHMi OCMOTp; * mpoBepuTs pa6ory ABMKyUero MexaHM3Ma MepeMeHHOTO pesvcTo- pa“ cocTosume ero uacreit; * 110 MapKMpoBKe M pasMepaM ONpeyenMTs HOMMHaNbHyIO BenMIMHY COMpOTMBIeHMA, HONYCTUMYI0 MOLIHOCTS paccesHMA M Kiacc TO- HOCTH; * OMMeTpOM M3MepHTb AeliCTBMTeNbHY! BeEIMYMHY COMPOTMBNEHMA K onpepenur OTKNOHeHMe OT HOMMHANa; + y MepeMeHHEIX pesMCTOPOB MSMEpHT ellje M TINAaBHOCTS M3MeHeHMA CONPOTHBNEHMA NPM ABIDKeHMM TomsyHKa. Tpumeuanne. Pesucmop ucnpaeen, ecnu Hem MexaHuyeckux nospexdenuli, senuyuHa e20 conpomuenenua_Haxoumca @ donycmumbx npedenax BaHHoz0 Kflacca Mo4HOCMuU, a KOHMaKM non3yHka ¢ MokKOnposodAWUM cnoeM nocmoaneH u HadexeH. Mposepka konfeHcaTopos Bcex TunoB: K onekrpuueckum HencnpaBHOCTAM OTHOCATCA: * mpo6oit KoHpeHCcaTOpoB; * KOpoTKoe saMbikaHve macTHH;Tlowck HecnpasHocrelt sneKtpooopynosaHnn 19 * M3MeHeHMe HOMMHaNbHOM eEMKOCTM CBepx WOMYycKa M3-3a CTapeHuA UuanekTpuka, NolayaHMa Ha Hero BiarM, Meperpesa, HedbopmaMn; + MOBDIMeHMe ToKa yTe4KM 13-34 YxyAMeHMA Ms0nauu. HomHad wH YaCTM4Had MOTepA EMKOCTH 9/eKTPONMTMYECKMX KOHJeHCaTOPOB MPOMCXOgMT B pesynbraTe BbICIXAaHMA 971eKTPOMMTa. TIpocreimmit cnoco6 mposepKu vcmpaBHocTM KOHJeHcaTopa — BHeMHMM OCMOTP, IPM KOTOpOM O6HapyxKMBaloTcA MexaHMueckne noBpexyeHua. Ecnu mpm BHeuIHeM ocmorpe jecexTsI He O6HapyxKeHbI, MpOBOAAT anexrpueckyio npoepxy. Ona BKmouaer: * MpoBepKy. Ha KopoTkoe 3aMbikaHne; + mposepky Ha npo6or; * MpoBepky Ha WenOcTh BEIBO_OB; * mpoBepky Toka yTeuku (conpoTuBieHne nsonAynH); * M3MepeHie eMKOCTH. TIpm orcyTcrsmu cneyMambHoro mpu6opa EMKOCTb MOXKHO IIpoBepuTb Apyrumn croco6amu, 3aBMcALIMMM OT EMKOCTM KOHJeHCaTOpOB. Kongencaropst 6omsmo% emkocru (1 MK® um BbIle) mpoBepaloT Mpo6HUKoM (oMMeTpoM), IOAKI04aA eTO K BbIBOZaM KOHJeHCaTopa. Ec KOHJeHCaTOp McIIpaBeH, TO crpenKa mpuGopa MepmeHHO Bo3BpaliaeTca B McxogHoe NonoxkexMe. Ecnv %é yTeuka BeMKa, TO CTpenka npuGopa He BepHeTCA B McXOMHOe NonoxKeHHe. Kongexcaropsi cpequeit emkoctu (ot 500 n® go 1 mk®) nposepsior ¢ MOMOMIbIO NOcHefOBaTeNbHO MOpKMOYeHHBIX K BbIBOJaM KOHeHCaTopa tenedouos u ucTouHMKa ToKa. IIpu McnpaBHOM KOHseHcaTope B MOMeHT SaMbIKaHMA LierIM B TenedoHax MpOCcMyuIMBaeTCA WeM4OK. Koxjencatopsi Mano emxoctu (40 500 n®) mposepmior B yenM TOKa BbICOKOH YacTOTbI. KonpeHCaTOp BKMOYAIOT MEK ]y AHTEHHOM M TIpHeMHMKOM. EciM TpoMKocTb Mpvema He YMeHbLLMTCA, 3HaIMT, O6PbIBOB BLIBONOB HET. Mposepka katywiek MHAYKTMBHOCTH Tlposepka McrpaBHOCTM KaTylleK MH[YKTMBHOCTM HauMHaeTCA C BHEUI- Hero OcMoTpa, B xoje KOTOporo y6exaloTCA: * B McIpaBHOCTM KapKaca, 9KpaHa, BbIBONOB; + B MpaBMMBHOCTH M HaeKHOCTU COeqMHEHMIt Bcex HeTael KaTyUIKK Mexay co6oit; * B OTCYTCTBMM BUMMBIX O6PbIBOB MpOBOLOB, 3aMbIKAaHMit, MOBpexk- WeHMA M3ONALMM M MOKpbITH.20 Traea 1 Mpumeuanne. Oco6oe enumanue cnedyem o6pawjame Ha mecma obyenueaHun Us0N8- uu, kapkaca, novepHeHue unu onnaeneHue sanueKu. Snekrpuueckasd NpoBepka KaTYWeK MHAYKTMBHOCTH BKIOUaET: * mposepxy Ha o6psiB; * o6Hapy2kKeHMe KOPOTKOSaMKHYTHIX BUTKOB; * ompejenenne cocroaHna u3s0nauMn OOMOTKK. Tiponepxa va o6psrs Bbintomserca TpobHMKOM. Yaenwuenne comporun- Tenia OsHadaeT OOPbIB HIM IIOXOMt KOHTAKT OFHOME HIM HECKOMKUX 2H. YMeHbuleHve CONpOTMBIeHUA O3HavaeT HaNMuMe MexBUTKOBOTO aambikanua. [Ip KOpOTKOM 3aMbIKaHMM BBIBOJOB COTIpoTMBeHMe paBHO Hymo. na 6onee Touxoro npeacTaBneHua O HeMcIpaBHOCTH KaTyuIKM Heo6- XOAMMO MSMepuTS MA_yKTUBHOCTS. B saKMOUeHMe peKoMeHyyeTCA Ipo- BepUTb paboTOCHOcobHOCTh KaTYUIKM B TaKOM 2Ke 3aBeJOMO McIIpaBHOM ammapate, 414 KoTOporo ona MpeqHasHayena. Mposepxa cunosbix tpacopmatopos, TpaHcopmaTopos uv Apoccenei HU3KOM YacTOTEI Tlo KOHCTpykKYMM M TeXHOOrMM M3rOTOBIeHMA CHmOBbIe TpaHcopMa- TOpsI, TpaHccpopmaropsi M ApoccenM HM3KOit YacroTEI (HU) uMeloT MHOrO o6ujero. Te 4 Apyrue cocToAT M3 OOMOTOK, BbITIOMHEHHEIX K307MpoBaH- HBIM TPoBONOM, M cepyeTHuKa. HencnpaBHocru TpaxccopMatopos 1 apoccenet HY penatca Ha ABe rpynmbt: * MexaHMueckue HeMcnpaBHOCTH; * oneKrpuueckne HencnpaBHOcTH. K MexaHMuecKMM HeHcHpaBHOCTAM OTHOCATCH TOMOMKM: 9Kpala, Cep- WedHuNKa, BEIBONOB, Kapkaca M KperlexHoii apMaTypBI. K onekTpwueckm HecnpaBHoctaM oTHOcATCA: + O6pbIBbI O6MOTOK; . * 3aMbIKaHMa MexKLy BATKaMM O6MOTOK; + Koporkoe saMbiKaHMe O6MOTKM Ha Kopnyc, cepfewHUK, oKpaH WIM apmarypy; * mpo6oit Mexny O6MOTKaMM, Ha KOpyc WK MExpY BATKAMM OAHOI o6MOTKH; * yMeHbIleHve CONPOTMBNEHMA M3ONANMM; * MecTHbIe MeperpeBbI.Touck HencnpasHocteii snexrpooGopynoBaHKn 21 Tlposepxy ucnpapuoctu TpaHciopmaropos u Apoccenet HY naam- Hal0T C BHellHero OcMoTpa. B xope ero BbIABIIAIOT M YCTpaHAIOT BCe BUAM- Mble MexaHMueckute qedexrsi. IIpopepKa Ha KoporKoe saMbIKaHve MEXTY O6MOTKaMM, Mexkjy O6MOTKaMM M KOpIyCcOM MpoMsBOAMTCA OMMeTPOM. Tipu6op BKmoYaloT Mex BHIBOAAMM pasHBIX OBMOTOK, a TAKE MEX O{HMM M3 BbIBOJOB M KOpmycom. Tak ke NpoBepseTca M COMpOTMBMeHue USOMANMM, KOTOPOe OKHO GbITH He MeHee 100 MOM quia repMetusupo- BaHHBIX TpaHc(popMaToOpoB M He MeHee AeCATKOB MeraoM JVI HerepMeTH- SMpOBaHHBIX. Camas choxkHaa nposepka — Ha MexBuTKoBBIE samprKanus. MapectHo HeCKOMBKO cr1oco6oB MpoBepKM TpaHcdopmaTopos. Croco6 1. Usmeperme ommueckoro conpoTupnenis O6MOTKM M cpaB- HeHMe pe3ynbraroB Cc MaciopTHbIMM JaHHbIMM. Crioco6 mpocToit, HO HeTOUHBIM, OcobeHHO IIpM Mano BeMMIMHE OMMYECKOrO COMpoTMBNeHKA O6MOTOK M Ma/IOM UMC KOPOTKOSAMKHYTEIX BUTKOB. Cnoco6 2. Iposepka KaTyiIkut c Tomon{b10 cnletjMamHoro mpH6opa — aHayIM3aTopa KOPOTKO3aMKHYTHIX BUTKOB. Cnoco6 3. [Iposepxa Koaunentos TpanctbopMaljMu Ha XOOCTOM xony. Kos@uument rpanchopmalum onpepensetca Kak OTHOUIeHMe Hallpw@KeHMM, NOKa3bIBaeMbIX [BYMA BONbTMeTpamm. IIpu Hanmynn MeEx- BMTKOBbIX 3aMbIKaHMi KosdpulmenT Tpanchbopmaumn 6yner MeHbuIe HOPMBI. Crroco6 4. Usmepenve uHaykrusHocr o6MorKn. Cnoco6é 5. Usmepenne norpe6maemoit MoUyHOCTH Ha XoNOcTOM Xxony. Y caopeix rpauccpopmaropos o/HMM M3 TIpH3HaKOB KOpOTKOsaMKHYTBIX BUTKOB #B/AeTCA UpesMepHbIit Harpes O6MOTKI. Mpoctewwaa nposepka McnpaBHOcTu NonynpoBopAHMKOBbIX AMOf0B Tpocreimaa nposepka ucnpaBHoctu NonynpoBOAHUKOBLIX 4KOOB sakmowaetca B MsMepenun ux npamoro R,, n O6patHoro R,,, COnpOTHB- neHnn. EI Mpasuno. [BA] Yem Goneuie coomnowenue R,,/R,, Mem eblue Ka¥ecmso duoda. [na waMepenua qMon nomKmoyaerca K Tecrepy (OMMeTpy) WIM K aMMepBonbToMMeTpy.22 fhapal Mpumeuannve. if Tipu mom bixodHoe HanpaxeHue u3mepumenbHozo npuopa He BomxKHO npesoiuiame MakcumanbHo Bonycmumoeo ana BanHoeo nonynposodHu- ko@020 npubopa. Npoctaa nposepka TpaH3ucTopos, Tipu pemoure 6urrosoit paquoamnaparypsi BosHMKaeT HeO6XOAMMOCTS MpOBepMTb MclipaBHOCTb TpaH3McTopos 6e3 BbINAMKM MX M3 CXEMBI. Cnoco6 1. Usmepenne omMeTpom conpormByeHva MEKIY BBIBOAMK aMMTTepa M KOMMeKTOpa Mp coemMHEHMM GasbI C KOMIeKTOpOM M Ip coequHenun 6a3bI c sMuTTepoM. IIpu 9TOM MCTOUHMK KONIeKTOpHOrO IIMTaHMA OTKMOYAeTCA OT CXEMBI. Tipumeuanve. Manoe ConpomueneHue, 60 emopom — nopadka HeckoneKux comeH MbicAY uu DecAMKoe MbICAY OM. Cnoco6é 2. Iponepka TpaHsvcTopoB, He BKJUOWeHHEIX B CXeMy, Ha OTCYTCTBMe KOPOTKUX 3aMEIKAHMit MpOusBOAMTCA UsMepeHMeM compo- TUBNEHMA MEX;ly UX 9eKTpopamu. Jia 9TOrO OMMeTP NOAKIOYAIOT T100- uepenHo K 6a3e M SMuTTepy, K 6a3e M KONIeKTOpy, K SMMTTepy M KoNIEK- TOPy, MeHAA NOMAPHOCTS MOAKTOYeHKA OMMeTpa. Mpumeuanve. i Tparsucmop cocmoum us deyx nepexodos. Kaxdeiti uz Hux npedcmas- nem co6oii nonynposodHuKoeet} uo’. [oamomy nposepume mpansu- ‘mop MoxHo mak ke, Kak nposepatom Budd. Ina nposepku ucnpaBHocTH TpaHsMcTOpoB OMMeTp TOAKMOYAIOT K COOTBeTCTBYIONNMM BEIBO]aM TpaHsMcTopa. Y ucipaBHoro TpaHsMcTopa: * IIpsMble COMpoTMBMeHUA Mepexopos cocrapnaioT 30—50 Om; * o6parHpie conpoTuBienna nepexojos coctapiiaioT 0,5—2 MO. Tipu sHaumrenbubix OTKTOHeHMAX 9TUX BeMMUMH TpAaHSMCTOp MOxKHO cumtarp Hencnpasuei. Jina Gonee THaTeNbHO! MpoBepKM TpaHsMcTopoB MCHONSsylorca ceyManbHbIe NpuGopsl,Tlouck HencnpasHocteii snexrpooBopynosaHiia 23 1.3. CaiTbI no noncky HeucnpaBHocTen anekTpoo6opyfoBaHuA http://eleczon.ru/ http://stroitca.ru/ http://wwweelektroportal.ru/ http://kran-info.ru/ http://anam.ru/ http://amastercar.ru/ http://volt-nadzor.ru/ http://stroy.spb.ru/ http://elektromontagniki.ru/ http://electromogilev.ru/ http://ctpoum.ru/ http://www.1000ways.ru/ http://electromaster.ru/ http://www.nppems.ru/ http://allremo.ru/ http://www.amukhin.ru/ http://www.energame.su/ Crarbu 10 Moucky HemcnpaBHoctelt Tlouck neucripasHocreit B snextpoobopy- JoBaHMM MOTOUMKNa CrarTbu mo MoucKy HencnpaBHocteit Tlovck HevicnpaBuocteit B amextpooGopy- nopaHun Xapakrepuie HencnpaBHoctn aneKTpo- o6opynoBaHua Crarbv no pemouty apromo6ubHoro o6opynopanna Xapakrepubie HencnpaBHocTH aieKTpo- o6opynoBaHna Cratbu no snexrpoobopynoBaHiio XapaktTepHble HeMCHpaBHOCTM a7eKTpo- o6opynoBaHua Oo6uapy2xenme u ycrpanenne Hencnpas- Hocteit B snexrpoo6opynoBaHunt Tpe6osanua k anexrpoo6opyqoBaHMio Crarby no novcKy HeucnpasHocteit TInanoso-npenynpenuTenbHbIt peMoHT gneKrpoobopyfoBaHua Creng-Tpenakep anexpoo6opynoBanus aBromo6unsa «Kama3» Tlouick HeucnpasHocteit anextpoo6opyno- BaHMa SenexrpoobopyfoBaHKe B3pbIBOOMACHBIX TloMeleHnit Xapaktepuble HencnpaBHOCTH 9neKTpo- o6opymoBaHuaFMABA 2 SNEKTPOU3MEPUTESIbHbIE MPUBOPbI Tnaea pacckastieaem 06 usmepumenbHex npu6opax, kKomoptimu omkeH ymemb nonesoeameca domaui- Hud macmep, npasunax u ceKpemax ux ucnonb306a- Hua, daiomca pexomeH@ayuu no nposedeHuio usme- penuii npu paGome c om@ensHeimu anemeHmamu u cxemamu. 2.1. U3Mepenne anekTpuyecknx BeN4NH OctosHble anektpiueckne BeNMUMHDI Cormacuo cucreme «CV» equHmuamM M3MepeHuit sieKTpoTexHM4de- CKMX NapaMeTpoB ABIUOTCA [IA BENMUMH: * cwmbt ToKa — ammep, ycrosHoe o6o3HayeHMe «A»; * HanpsxKeHNA — BONbT, ycnoBHoe O603HareHHe «B»; * conporusnenna — om, ycnoBHoe o6osHayeHne «Om»; * MOIHOCTM — BaTT, ycnOBHOe OGosHayeHMe «BT». Onpepenenne. Cpedcmeamu snexmpomexnuyeckux u3mepeHuil Hasbieaiom mexHu- ueckue cpedcmea, ucnonbayemble npu UsMepeHUU U UMeloULIe HOpMupo- eaHHble Memponozueckue XapakmepucmuKU. Bub cpepcts anekTpoTexHiuecknx M3MepeHuit Pasmuaaior crenyioniste BUNBI cpeCTB sTeKTpoTeXHITHECKUIX USMepeHHtt: * mepbI — cpeyicTBa MsMepeHsit, npenHasHayeHHble yA BOCTpOMsBe- Renna busuyeckoit BenuumHBl c onpeyeneHHos TOAHOCTHIO (HanpH- Mep, Maras#H comporuenmit);SnexrpovsmepuTenbibie npuBopet 25 + onekrpousmepurenbusie npuGopsr — cpencrBa anexrporexau- 4eCKUX M3MepeHMi, IpeHasHayeHHble [1A BeIPabOTKM CMTHANOB M3MEPHTeENbHOM MHOpMaLMu, ROCTYNHOM WIA HenOocpeACTBeH- HOFO BOCIIpMATHA HaGmOpaTenem (HanpuMep, aMlepMeTp, BONbT- MerTp); + maMeputenbubie npeo6pasonarenm — cpencTsa snexrpotexau- WeckuX USMepeHMit, npeqHasHaveHHDIe yA BHIpaboTKM curHana vaMepurenbHOi undopMayun B hope, yAoHOK ANA Mepenayt TanbHeniuero 1peo6pa3soBanua, o6paborKn uM (MM) xpaHeHMs, HO He Mofsaoulevica Hemocpey{CTBeHHOMY BOCIpUATHIO HabmopaTe- nem (HalipuMep, qaTuMKM TemnepaTypsI KOHTpomMpyemoro O6b- ekTa); * gieKTPOM3MepluTenbHbIe YCTAHOBKM; * M3MepuTebHbIe MHPOpMal|MOHHble CMCTeEMBI. 0 Tpumeuanne. Hau6onbwee pacnpocmpavenue umelom aneKmpousmepumenbreie npu6opti. Pa3HOBMAHOCTH M3MepmTenbHbIx npu6opoB Tlo pogy usmMepaemont husnueckot BenMIMHEI NpM6opbI eMATCA Ha ueTbIpe rpyriibi: * aMMepMeTpsI — JVI M3MepeHMA CHIBI TOKa; * BOMbIMeTpbI — JVI MsMepeHMA HaNpwKeHMA; * OMMeTpbI — JVI M3MepeHMa ConpoTMBNeHMA; + BaTTMeTpbl — [ld M3MepeHMaA MOUIHOCTH HM pyrue. Bui6op npHGopos, BEINoMAOMAX MsMepeHKA TOKA M HaNpsKeHMA, JOWKEH OCYUIeCTBNATECA COBOKYMHOCTHIO MHOrMX daKTOpoB, BaKHeMt- ime M3 KOTOPBIX TaKMe: * Pom M3Mepsemoro TOKa; MIpMMepHbIit [MaNasoH YaCTOT M3MepsAeMON BEMYMHBI; aMIVIMTYAHbIN WMatlasoHn HanpaKeHMit; bopma KpuBoit usmepsemoro Hanps>KeHMa (ToOKa); MOIHOCTb lel, B KOTOpOM OcyiecTBIAeTCA USMepeHne; MouqHOcTS nlorpe6meHust mpH6opa; jonycrumaa norpemmocrs usmepenutit (Knacc ToaHOcT) npu6opa. see eee26 Tnasa2 Coser. & Fcnu Heo6xoduman mouHocme usmepenuil, Jonycmuman mouHocme nompeGnexua u pyeue mpeGoeaHua Mozym Gime oGecneveHtbi amnepme- mpamu u eonemmempamu anexmpomexaHuveckoti epynnel, mo cnedyem npednouecms 3mom npocmoii memoa HenocpedcmaenHoz0 omcuema. PekomeHgaumn no ucnonb30BaHnio M3MepHTenbHbIX NPUGopoB B cna6oTouHbix Werax MOCTOAHHOTO M MepeMeHHOTO TOKOB WA U3Me- peHuit HanpmKeHMA creqyeT MOMb30BaTHCA LMPOBbIMM M aHaOrOBbIMK 9i€KTPOHHbIMM BOMTMeTpaMu. SieKTpuuecke COMpOTUBEHMA, COOTBETCTBEHHO TEXHMYECKMM BO3- MOXKHOCTAM M MeTONaM MX MSMepeHMit, MOXKHO YCMOBHO paswenMTs Ha pu rpynmr: ¢ rpymna 1 — manpie conporusnexnua yo 1 Om; * rpynma 2 — cpequme comporupnexna or 1 70 100000 Om; * rpymna 3 — 6onbume comporusnenna cBpiute 100000 Om. B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT BEMMIMHBI COMPOTUBNeHMA M HeEOGXORMMOM TOXHO- CTM pesynbTaTa cneqyeT NPUMeHATS pasMIHble MeTORbI MX M3MepeHMM: * MeToy 1 — KOCBeHHOe M3MepeHMe C MOMOLIbWO aMIIepMeTpa M BOMIBT- Merpa (MCKOMoOe CONPOTMBMeHKe ONpepenAIOT Ha OCHOBaHMM 3aKOHA Oma no 7aHHBIM M3MepeHMit HalpmKeHMA M TOK); * MeToy 2 — M3MepeHMe Cc MOMOLIbIO MOCTOB; * MeToy 3 — IIpaMoe M3MepeHMe aHamoroBbiM MIM UMcpoBbIM OM- MeTpom. B nocnequme yecatumerma Maccopomy monbsoBaTemo fOcTyTHEIMM cTamM TecTepbI, M3MepAlou\Me TeMIlepaTypy, OCBelleHHOCTb, BI@KHOCTS WM pyre XapakTepucTUKM, He MMeloulMe OTHOLIEHMA K 9eKTpMdeCcTBY. Undpostie u3zmeputenbuble npvGopbt Hapsny c avanorossimm npuGopamu 8 usMepeHum onexrpuyecKux BENMYMH WAPOKO Mcrlonbaylorca uMpoBsie mpH6opsr. Bce BenwaMHbt IIpM 9TOM npeobpasyiorca B UMpoBy1o hopmy Mpu MoMOIM: * aHanoroBo-ynpposbix mpeobpasosarenen; * MHTepBambHO-yMCNOBEIX NpeobpasoBatenei; + yacrorHo-nmpossrx npeo6pasonareneit.nextpovamepuTenbible npUGOpE! 27 ol Onpenenenne. Sopa npedcmasnenun cueHana o busuyeckoii eenuwune 6 eude Koda Haableaemca yudposoll. B 970M ciyyae KakJOMY 3HaveHMIO OTCUeTa usMYeCKOH BeMMIMHBI cooTseTcTByeT KOJOBaa rpyniia B Bue KOMOMHAYMM MIpOCTEIX CHTHANOB. Oco6siit Knacc 9neKTpoMsMepuTenbHLIX Mpu6opos mpencTapiawT co6oit ycTpoiicrBa C KOMMIbIOTepoM B Ka¥ecTBe BbIXOMHOTO ycTpoicTBa. Ha HavanbHoM orale BHeAPeHMA OprTexHMKM B M3MepMTEMbHYWO TEXHUKY KOMIIbIOTep MCMOMbSOBAIICA B KaYeCTBe JONOAHMTEeNbHOrO 6rOKa. Mpumeyanve. i MpuGop umen undukamop ¢ atanozosom unu 6 YUdposom eude, Ho Moz U conpreameca ¢ Komnblomepom ana sanucu cueHanoe, obpaGomKu uxopmayuu u npedcmaenetua ee @ eude epapukos, maGnuy, zucmo- zpamm um.n. B coppemeHubix nmpv6opax MHAMKaTOpbl MHOTa He MCHOMb3yIOTCA, M KOMIbIOTep ABMACTCA e]MHCTBEHHBIM Cpey[CTBaM BbIBORa MHopMayNn. Taxoro pogia npuGopsi MMewor, Kak mpaBymio: + nepswanbiit npeo6pasonarens (qaTank); * ananoro-ympoBoi mpeo6pasozarens (ALIII); * Kommbiorep. Tlockompky “HopMaliMaA B KOMIMbIOTep JO/KHa BBOAMTECA B BUTE Kola, TO Take MpH6opbI MOXKHO OTHECTH K Klaccy cHelMudecKux WM posbix mpuGopon. Yao6crBa Ucnonbs0raHUs KOMMbIOTepHOTO BEIXOAA B M3MepMTebHbIX Mpu6opax COBEpUleHHO OFeBM HEI: + OTCYTCTBME HEOOXOMMMOCTH MCHOMb3OBAaHMA CAaMOMMCHEB; * BBICOKaA OMeXOYCTOMUMBOCTHS + UIMpoKMe BOSMOxKHOCTK O6paGoTKH M NpeicTaBleHMaA pesybTaTOB; * BOSMOX%KHOCTS Mepeyay nonyyeHHOK MHcopMayMn mo KaHanam BASH M MHOroe Apyroe. . B wacToaujeit rape paccmMaTpupalorca mpuOopbl BeAYUIMX sariaqHBIX ¢upM, Koropsie B HacTosujee BpeMA ABIAOTCA He TOMKO LI pOBBIMH, HO MB GOMbIIMHCTBe MMeIOT BBIXOR, Ha KOMMBIOTEp.Tnasa2 2.2. PekcomeHgauun npv usmMepeHuAx YHUBepcasibHbIMu M3MepuTenbHbIMU Npu6opamu yey Onpenenenne. BY nicerconoseascsusoom npubops snepnouueHanpmxenve moe Vismepenne conpotusnenui IIpu usmepenum conpormpnenm + 3aMKHMTe myns mpuGopa M, Bpaian pyyky «YeraHosKa Hy», ycra- HoBuTe crpemky Ha «<0 Om». Haunyaume pesynprarsi usmepexuiit OcTuraiorca Ip HcronbsoBaHMM cBexeit GaTapen, TAK Kak OmmM6- Ku MaMepeHMit Bospacralor mo Mepe paspajia Gatapeu, HecMoTpA Ha COOTBeTCTBYIOMIYI0 ycTaHOBKy HY74; * He BbIGupaltre AMana3s0H M3MepeHMi, Ha KOTOpOM OTKMOHEHME CTpenkM He BEIXOAMT 3a Mpepenbl Meso MonOBMHBI wKanbl. Ukanbt CONpoTMBIeHMA NorapHMMdeckMe, OSTOMY MHTepBalbl OTCHETA, COOTBETCTBYIONIMe BbICOKMM 3HaYeHMAM CONPOTMBNEHMA, CTaHOBAT- CA MaJIbIMM M TOYHOCTS OTCYeTAa NayaeT; * He [lepxkUTe pesMcTop, CONpOTMBNeHMe KOTOporo M3MepseTe, B py- kaX, Tak KaK CONPOTMBNeEHME KOXKU CHIDKAeT TOUHOCTS M3MepeHMii; * HMKorya He usMepsiiTe compoTMBNeHMe pesMcTopa B CXeMe, HaXOps- Ulevica Moy HanpsKeHMeM; * TIpM MsMepeHMM CONpOTMBeHMA pesMcTOpa, BIaAHHOTO B CXeMy, y6equTecb B TOM, ¥TO MapammenbHO eMy He NOAKMOYeH KaKoit-1M60 Tpyroii snement cxembl. Coser. Tpancpopmamopts, mparisucmope, Buodss, udykmueHocmu, a makxe @pyeue conpomuenenun, nodknovenHble napannenbHo usMepnemomy peaucmopy, enuniom Ha peaynsmam usmepenull. Mpu Hanuyuu comHe- Auli omnaatime odun KoKey pesucmopa. Viamepenne nocToaHHbix HanpAKeHiih TIpH wsMepeHnu NOCTOAHHDIX Hanps>KeHMi: * Bcerga yctanapanpaiite mpu6op B TonOxKeHMe MsMepeHMit MOCTOAH- HbIX HalIpwMKEHMIL fo TOAKMOYeHHA MpMOopa K CxeMe;BnextponamepuTenbibie npABOpH 29 + nloqkmoyaitre npuGop napannensHo KOMMOHeHTY, HanpsKeHHe Ha KOTOPOM HeoGxo_MMo M3MepuTD; * ycraHapiupaitre Han6onee BbICOKMit peje MsMepeHMit FO MOAKMO- ‘yeHMiA MpuGopa Kk cxeme. 3aTeM MOXKHO MepeiTM Ha MeHbIIMe Mpepe- Mbt JO MONYYeHUA yROGHOTO OTCHETA HSMepAEMO! BENMUMHDT; + mpuop Moxker Harpy>KaTb WerIb, B KOTOpOit u MpousBoyatca usMepexus. ro osHauaeT, TO co6cTBeHHOe conporuBneHMe mpu6o- pa, 6yRyW MoyKMoyeHHEIM MapamienbHO KOMMOHEHTY, Ha KOTOpOM M3MepseTcA Ha- TIpskeHMe, YMeHbllaeT pesynbTMpyroujee anpskenne. Tlostomy u3Mepsemoe Hanps- 2KEHME OKaXKETCA MeHbIlle JeMCTBMTENbHOTO (puc. 2.1). leiicrButenbHoe HanparKeHve B oTcyTcTBMe NoxKMo“eHMA Npu6opa paBHo Re Ju 2p 3 RullR, Fallin + Ra, = Puc. 2.1. Nodkmovenue U,= URY (R + R)- cobcmeenozo Tipu noycoeqnnenvn npuGopa ero compoTuBe- —— conpomuanenus npubopa une R, Bkmouaerca napanmenbuo R,, usMepsemoe vanpsxenne U, oxaspiaetca paub U, = U (R,|[R,)/(R||R,+R,) Moxer 6sITb cyujecTBeHHO MeHbule U,, ecu He BbITIOMHAeTCA ycnoBue R,>>R,. Conporusnenne npu6opa R,, MoxkHo BETHMCHUTS Mo opmyne R, = SU, rye S — uyscrsutenbuoctp, Om/B, a (U,,, — MaKcMManbHoe Hanps- 2KeHMe, M3Mepsemoe B BHIOpaHHOM jvariasone. Hanpumep, ecnt uyBcTBMTeMbHOCTh mpH6opa 20 KOm/B x sbi6pan gmanason usmepenuit O—5 B, comporupnenue mpu6opa cocrasnaer 100 KOM. C yserom wynrupyrouero peiicrsua mpu6opa noKasanme KoppexrH- pyerca cnenyiouyam o6pasom: U, = [1+ (RIIR)/R,) me R, — comporupnenue, xa KoTOpoM uaMepseTca NajeHMe HanpDKeHUA; R,— cyMMapHoe comporupnenve, BKMOYeHHOe TocmeqoBaTeMbHO C R,, R,, — comporusaenne mpu6opa. Ecau mpuuarp (puc. 2.1), 170 R, pasvo R, To ypasenme nonyuaetca coMompio Teopet Tenenmna quia HocnenoBarenbuoit yenu R, a U. Ecn okeupanenTHas To TeseHuny Yer HarpyrkeHa conpoTupnexnem R,, TO30 fnapa2 U,, +1, (RIIR,)- Ho I,= U,/Ryy TaK 470 U=) J, (1 + (RIIR/R,. Usmepenne noctoaHHoro ToKa Tipu usMepenuu noctosHHoro Toxa: * Bceryja ycTaHaBaMBaitTe pexuM M3MepeHMA NOCTOAHHOTO ToKa Tle- pel BKM04eHveM MpH6opa B en; * BkmouaitTe mpHGop MocmeyOBaTenbHO C KOMMOHEHTOM, TOK B lier koTOporo HeOG6Xxo_MMo M3MepuTD; * ycTaHaBiuBaitre HaMOonbuIMit Mpenen MsMepeHMit Jo NoAKMOUeHKA mpu6opa K cxeMe. 3aTeM MOXKHO MepeiTM Ha MeHbIIMe Mpepenbi FO Tony4eHva yyo6Horo oTcueTa USMepsaeMOit BENHIMHBI; * Mpu6op He JOKeH HarpyxKaTs W3MepseMBIit Y4acTOK CxeMBI, T. e. Tipu NocnejoBatenbHOM BIoHOYeHMM MpuGopa B eM» TOK 3a cueT ero CONPOTMBNeHMA He JO/DKeH yMeHDINaTHCA. B o61jem cny4ae conpoTuBienite mpu6opa Maro, ecim BbI6paH WocTa- TOYHO BbICOKMt Mpesen M3MepeHUA TOKA, HO OHO MOET HOcTMraTb 1 KOM B AMamasoHe MMKpoamnep. Tloxasanme mpuGopa I, c yserom ero conporusnenus R,, MoxHo cKOp- pexTuposarb cnenyionum o6pasom: T=(14R/R)I,y rae R, — cyMMapHoe compoTusnenve, MocneqoBaTenbHO BKHOUeHHOE B WeMb, B KOTOpol UsMepseTcaA TOK, Viamepenue nepemedHoro HanpaKeHua Tipu usmepenun nepemennoro HanpsKenus: + cienyer NOMHMTS, TO YyBCTBMTeNbHOCTS MpuGopa Np MsMepeHuM TlepeMeHHOTO HallpwKeHKA HVDKe, YeM MPM MSMepeHMM HOCTOAHHOTO; Npumeuanne. CoomeemcmeeHHo, npu u3MepeHuU nepemeHHozo HanpAxeHuA npUGop Haepyxkaem yenb cunbHee, YeM npu usMepeHUU nocmoAHHoz0. * qa onpenenenus Benrameel S mpexouTHTeNbHO TonBs0BaTBCA CHa BOWHEIMM JaHHBIMH, HOKENH BETINCAATS ee U3 cooTHOMIeHHA S = I/T;BnexrpovamepuTenblbie npAGopEt 31 * yacToTa M3MepseMoro MepeMeHHOTO Hallps>keHMA JOMDKHa Haxo- MTBCA B Npeyenax, yKasbIBaeMbIX M3TOTOBKTeNeM. ABOMETPbI OObIY- HO He MpefHasHayeHbl JA BbICOKOYACTOTHBIX MSMepeHMit, M MaKCH- MambHas YacToTa AYIA pagla TaKMX Mpu6opos orpanwunpaerca 60 Tu; * rpayymposKa WKambI B CpeqHeKBappaTMUHBIX, MIM aMIVIMTY_HBIX, 3HaveHMAX JleltCTBMTeMbHa TONbKO [VIA HaNpwKeHUA CMHYCOMMaNb- Hoik opm. [Ina usMepenna HanpsDKeHnit HecHHYcOMpambHO!t op- MBI Tpe6ylorca crenManbHBble MpMOOpsI; * mpu6op perncrpupyer cpeqHee sHayeHve M3MepAeMolt BENMUMHBI. Mpumeuanne, Hylo cocmaenaiowyyio, mo omcuem 6ydem owuGo4HeIM. Bede on He Bydem npedcmasname Hu cpedHeKeadpamuunoe, Hu amnnumy@Hoe sHayeHue om@envHo e3amoti nepemenHoti cocmaenawouedi. Canraercs, 470 «sstxopHoe» HanpmxKeHMe Mpenctapnaer coboit mepe- MeHHy10 COCTaBMAIOMY10 HaNpsKeHMA, MMEIOUerO NOCTOAHHYW cocTaB- nmomyio. ¥ Hexoropbix NpM6opos ecTs oTHeNbHLI BIXON (B NelicTBH- TeNbHOCTH MCHOMb3yeMbIit KaK BXO), 3461OKMPOBaHHEIIt [VIA NOCTOAHHON coctapnaioment. Jia 610KMpOBKM MOCTOAHHOM cocTaBMAlouleit MO%KHO MCHONbSOBaTb BHEWHMM KOHJeHCaTOp COOTBETCTBYIOUIei EMKOCTU. 2.3. AcnbITaHvA KOMNOHEHTOB C Mcnonb30BaHNem yHUBepcanbHbIx N3MepluTeNbHbIX NPUG6OpoB Avonpr C nomompio YUM (yausepcansusix vameputensusix mpuGopos), HaIIpMMep OMMeTpa MO>KHO ONPe/eNMTb, KaKOit 13 BBIBOAOB [MONA CooT- BeTCTByeT aHOMy, KaKolt — KaTomy. Npumeuanne, i Bnpamom Hanpaenenuu conpomuenenue duoda mano: nonoxumenbHblii uyn ommempa @ 3mom cnyyae nodkniouaemca K aHody, ompuyamenb- Holi — K Kamody; 6 o6pamHom Hanpaenenuu conpomueneHue duoda eenuko.32 Tnasa2 Ecam Moy, KOpOTKO3aMKHYT, OMMeTP TOKaxKeT HU3KOe (umm paBHoe HY7i0) COMpOTMBAeHKe B IpAMOM M O6paTHOM HalipaBeHMn, ecm B ANOLE o6pEis — BEIcoKoe conpoTuBneHMe B O6oMX Hanpasnenuax. PaccMorpuM peKoMeHyayMn MpM McnbITaHMAX. Pekomengauyta 1. [Iposepsre nomapHocts BXOMHBIX WlyNOB MpHG6opa. Y HekoToppix mpu6opoB mpm MsMepeHMM CoNpoTMBMeEHMit «MMHYC» COOT- BeTCTBY€T «BLICOKOMY» BbIBOY (OTMedaeTCA KpacHbIM). Y6equTecb B TOM, UTO Halips#KeHMe He Tak BeNMKO, UTOGbI MOTO BEIBECTM AMOR M3 CTpoA 3a CueT MponyckaHMa HeyonycTMMmo GonbuIoro TpaMoro ToKa. Tak Kak conporupnenme npuopa orpanmunpaer TOK Mt B yManasone Rx1 mano, He mposepsiitre AMombI (oco6eHHO BHIPAMMTeNbHBIe HIM CHMIOBEIE) B TOM qManasone. Pexomengauna 2. Y6equrec B TOM, 4TO HanpsKeHMe Mla Wytlax npu- 6opa nocrarowHo WA ONeHKM KavecTBa AMORA (sO/DKHO 6uITS He MeHee 0,3 B qa repManmessix quopos ut 0,7 B aia Kpemumessix). YMII c ucrou- HMKOM IOCTOAHHOTO TOKa B PEXMMe M3MeEpeHMA COMPOTMBAEHMK MOET He OGeciledMTb Hy2KHOTO HallpsKeHuA. Y HeKOTOpbIX Mpu6opos Mpery- CMOTPeH Clie Ma/IbHbIit PEKMM VIA IpOBepKM COMPOTHBAEHMA BMONOB. Pexomenpauna 3. Pasubie mpu6opbt WIM OfMH M TOT Ke MpH6op Ha pas- TIMMHBIX Mpeflertax USMepeHMik MOTYT He MOKa3aTb OMHAKOBBIX pesymbTaTOB MaMepeHstit COMpoTMBmeHMta AMoma B IpAMoM HanpaBnenun. HenmHeiHocTb XapaKTepMcTHK AMOfOB NPMBOLMT K 3aBMCMMOCTH CONPOTMBIeHMA OT Mpo- TycKaeMoro Yepes AMOR TOKa. Ja TOHEIX M3MepeHMtit AMON cHenyeT BKTIO- YaTb MOCHeHOBATEMbHO C MCTOUHMKOM TOKa M pesMcTOpoM, OrpaHMaMBalo- 144M TOK. UsMeHsAa HallpsKeHMe MCTOUHMKa, YCTAaHOBMTe 2KeaeMbIit TOK uepes quog I,. Msmepsre nayenve Hanpaxenus Ha auope U, 1 Berancnute R=U,/I,, tne R, — craruueckoe conpotuprenne AMoja. Tpananctopbi Tlepexoge Tpansuctopa sMuTtep-6a3a M 6a3a-KOMMeKTOp MOrxKHO TIpo- BepMTb Tak Ke, KaK M [MOpbI. OcTaHOBMMCA Ha HeEKOTOpbIX MpegocTopox- HOCTAX. Npumeuanue. Conpomuenenun, usmepaembie mexdy KonneKmopom u amummepom, Bonu! Geimb ymepeHHo eenuKu (HeoGasamenbHo pasHbi) 6 saeucU- Mocmu om HanpaefeHua, 6 KoMopoMm oHU UsMepaiomca (nonapHocmu ommempa).Bnexrponamepurenbibie npnGopst 33 Puc. 2.2. BapuaHme! sHayeHutl u3mepAeMmbix ConpomueneHua ‘na pasntix eud08 mpanaucmopoa Ha puc. 2.2 NoKasaHbl BapMaHTbI 3HayeHMi MsMepseMBIX COMpoTMB- NeHMi ]YLA n-p-n- M p-N-p-TpaHsucTopa pM pasmM4HBIX NOAAPHOCTAX HallpsKeHMA OMMeETpa. Cheyer OTMeTUTh, YTO OMpepeneHMA «BbICOKOe» M KHM3KOe> COMpo- TUBNEHMe OTHOCKTEbHBI M peaybHble 3HaveHMA MX MOryT KONe6aTBCA B IIMPOKMX Mpepenax, OCO6eHHO [VLA TpaH3McTOpos pasMM4HbIX THMOB. Npumevanne. if B o6wjem cnyyae omHouleHUe o6pamHozo K npaMoMy conpomueneHUIO donxno Gems He eHee 30:1. [na ucnirranua Tpansucropa, BKO4eHHOTO B CXemy Mt paGoraioero B mMHemHON O6nacTH, HalpuMep, B ycummTene Kiacca A, Heo6xoAMMo M3Me- PHTb NOCTOAHHbIe HaNpwMKeHMA KoMMeKTOp-3muTTep U,, 4 6a3a-aMuTTep U,,. HocrosuHoe Hanpsxenve KonmeKTOp-OMMTTep HOMDKHO HaxomMTECA B MHTeppane Mexpy 0 1 U,, — HallpakeHMem McTOUHMKa MMTaHMA KON- nexropa (10 He focTuraTs Kpaiuux sHayeHMit). Hanpsxxenne U,, JommkHo cocTaBiaTs mpuMepHo: + +0,65 B yi n-p-n-rpanaucropa; + -0,65 B qua p-n-p Tpanauctopa; + +£0,3 B ama repmaumeoro Tpaxaucropa. Ecnm 3To HallpsKeHMe paBHO Hy/0, Mepexoy 3aKOpO¥eH, CIM OHO BbIe ykasaHHOrO 3HayeHKA, B Mepexoye O6ppIB. Ha pc. 2.3 mokasaHa cxeMa, nosBomsrioulaa y6e- MTbCA B TOM, UTO TpaH3MicTop paGoraer, M M3MepuTb senuumuy . [lus p-n-p-rpaHsucropa nonapHocTs MCTOWHMKa HanpsxKenva 10 B 4 MuuIMamnepMetpa Puc. 2.3. Cxema Nomkua 6bITb o6patHont. usmepenun eenuyuHes B34 Thaea 2 Npumeuanne. Ecnu mpavsucmop ucnpasen, yeenuyenue unu ymeHbuienue |, c nomo- ujeto nomenyuomempa 1 MOm ebisbieaem coomeemcmeyroujee yaenuye- Hue unu ymeHouleHue |, Tina uamepenna B Tox I, norenutmoMerpoM ycraHaBmmBaior B mIpeyenax 2—8 MA u uamepmor I, 1 I,. Torna B=1/I,. Benmunua © Beluncnaetca 10 bopmyne a=B/(B +1). Tupuctoppt Ecam Tupucrop He noAKMOUeH K cXeMe, ConPOTHBNEHMe MEx;y MO6Oi napoit omextpoyos (aHofOM, KaTOyOM, ynpaBnAIoMuM oneKTpogoM) OWKHO 65ITb BENMKO HesaBMCMMO OT NONAPHOCTH, 3a McKMOYeHMeM CONPOTMBIEHMA yNPABIAOUIMt sNeKTPON-KaTOA, KOTOPOE JO/DKHO OBITS MaJIO IIpM MONOKMTEIbHOM IOTeHIMasle ypaBlAbOlero S1eKTpoja. Tpumeuanne. Apyeumu cnosamu, manoe conpomueneHue MoxkHO usMepumb, MonbKO nodkmiowaa nonoxumenbHelli 3aXKuM OMMempa K ynpaanajowjeMy aneK- mpody u ompuyamensieiti — x kamody. Tina nposepxu paGorocnoco6uocru Tupucropa HeobxoyHMo co6pars CXeMY ¢ MCTOUHMKOM THtTaHMA 4 PesMcTOpaMM, OrpAHMUMBaIOUIIMH TOK (puc. 2.4). Conporupnenme peaucropa R yomkxo 6prrb TaxsM, YTO681 1,%Ke, Kak CONPOTMBIeHMe O6BIN- Horo qMona. [Ip o6paTHoM cMeujeH“m compoTusne- HMe JOWKHO ObITh BENMKO IPM YCHOBMM, ITO O6paTHOE oJ Hallpskenve MeHbile Hallpakenna 1po6oa (crabunusa- © to J (3 uy) U,, a mponepxn pa6orocnoco6Hocrn AnogoB usMepeHua Hanpsxenna U,, MCIOMb3yeTCA CXEMA, TOKA- uc. 2.5, Cxema 3aHHad Ha pic, 2.5. ucneimanua Conporusnenne R Bpi6upaior mpu6nmsuTenbHo pas- —_ cma6unumpona HBIM U,2/0,5P, me P, — fonycrumas MouyHocTb pacceauna cra6umuTpoxa. Npumep. Mf Mpu ucneimanuu cma6unumpona c HanpaxkeHuem cma6unusayuu 10 B u MouwHocmeto pacceaHun 0,5 Bm, R=10°/0,25=400 Om, npumeHsemca conpomuenenue 390 Om. Mompiocrs pacceauua peaucropa EiGupaerca us ycnoBna P> U,2/R. Tipu nocreneHHoM noBpimenun HanpmKenua E, coOoTBeTCTBeEHHO, yBemM- 4MBaeTCA U3MepseMoe HaNpwKeHMe AO NocTIKeHuA U,. [pu nanbHeii-36 Tnaea2 uiem ysenmuenun E Hanpmkexme U ocraetca mpumepxo TocToAHHbIM, paBubio U.,. He cnegyet yenmunpatb Hanpaxenne E cape 2 U,. Kongexcatopei C noMompio oMMeTpa MoxKHO OnpeenMTS Hanae WIM OTcyTCTBHE KOpOTKOrO 3aMbIKaHMA B KOHyeHcaTope. [1a TOTO Hayo oMMeTp Ha CaMOM «BbICOKOOMHOM» Iipejlene M3MepeHMit MOAKMOUMTb K BbIBOaM KOHeHcaTopa. Eom KOH{eHcaTop 9/eKTpOMMTMYeCcKMit, MOMOKTeRbHBL 3~KKM OMMeTpa Halo MpMcoeAMHMTb K IVHOCOBOMY BEIBOAY KOH,eHCaTopa. Vismepsemoe conporupyenue KoujeHcaTopa O/DKHO MocTeneHHO yBe- AMMMBaTECA (IPM McHBITaHMM KOHeHCaTOpa GonpulOi eMKOcTM compo- TMBMeHMe HapacTaeT MefIeHHO) JO OYeHb 6ombINOrO 3HaYeHMA M 3aTeM OMDKHO OCTaBaTbCA NOCTOAHHEIM. Ina onpenenenna toa yreukn aneKrponuTmueckoro KoHeHCaTOpa MCHOMb3yeTCA CXeMa, NOKasaHHaa Ha put. 2.6, a. [ia nonyyenna Haqex- HBIX pesymbTaTOB Hanps>KeHMe E ycTaHaBiMBaloT HECKOMbKO MeHBILMM HOMMHaNbHOTO paGouero HanpwxeHMA KOHseHCaTOpa. B 9TOM cnywae TOK He O/DKeH MpeBbuuaTs 0,1 MA upu 100 B, 0,2 MA pu 100—300 B u 0,5 MA np 300 B x pute. Heanexrponurvaeckme KoHyeHcaTops! MMeIOT cyuyecTBeHHO MeHb- ume ToKu yTeuKku. [Ip usMepeHuax m0 cxeme putc. 2.6, 6 OHM mpaKTu- YeCKM JOUDKHEI 6bITb paBHbI Hymio. Ecnm 3TO He TaK, BbIYMCMMTe 9KBUBA- neHTHOe comporuBneHve KoHeHCaTOpa R, Om, m0 bopmyme: R=R, (E/U-1), tye R, — conpotTupnexnne BonbTmetpa; R, He RomKHO GpITb cyulecTBeHHO Mexbue 100 MOM. Tlposepurb konjericarop, BKMOeHHBUT B leMb MepeMeHHOTO TOKa B Kaye- CTBe pasyeNMTEMbHOTO, MOXKHO, MSMepsI NayeHMe Hallps>KeHMA Ha HEM. i 1 Mpumeuanne. B Gonbuluncmee nodoGHeIX npuMeHeHUt nadeHUe HanpAxeHUA Ha KoH- excamope domkHo 6eimb 6nusko K HyNio UNU OYeHb Mano 6 cpaeHeHUU C HanpaxkeHuem, usMepmeMbIM Mex@y KoHOeHCamopom u 3emnetlBnexrponsmepuTenbHbie npAGOpE! 37 in (a) c Puc. 2.6. Onpedenenue moka ymeuku anexmponumuyeckozo KoHdeHcamopa: ‘a—amnepmempom; 6 — eonemmempom Heo6xoqumo nomMHuTS, YTO HamaMe TocToRHHOM cocTaBimoueit MoxkeT IIpHBecTH K ouMGouHOMy oTcueTy. TocrosHHad cocraBrmouan Homkxa 65175 3a6noKMpoBana. Vinayktisroctu u tpaxcopmatoppt C nomous10 oMMerpa Mo>kHO onpenlenuTs, cooTBeTcrByeT mM compo- TMBAeHMe MHYKTMBHOCTM 3HaYeHMiO, yka3aHHOMy MS3TrOTOBMTeNeM (nonspHoct mpu 9TOM HecymlecTBeHHa). yy] Mpumeuanne. " B paduoanexmponuke ucnonesyiomca Kamywku uH@ykmueHocmu c eecbma wupokum duana3oHom conpomueneHuii u o6ujux npaeun onpe- @enenua conpomuenenut undykmueHocmed Hem. Viamyxrupxocra, umerouyte Moro BuTKOB TOHKoro MpoBona, o6bI4HO MMeIOT BEICOKMe conpoTMBNeHKa. EciM COnpOTMBNeHMe MHLYKTHBHOCTA paBvo 6eckoHeuHocTH, B KaryuiKe o6puis. Ecnu conporupnenme karyunknt MHYKTMBHOCTH MeHbIe 3HaYeHMA, YKa3aHHOTO MSTOTOBMTENeM, BO3- MOXKHO, YTO 4YaCTb BATKOB KOPOTKO3aMKHYTA. Tleppuubie 1 BTOpM4HbIe OOMOTKM TpaHcthopMaTopos MpoBepALoTca KaK CaMOCTOATEIbHEIe MHYKTABHOCTH, 3a MCKMOYeHMeM aBTOTpaHcdop- MaTOpoB, Y KOTOPbIX OAHa M Ta 2Ke KaTYUIKa BLINOMHAeT yHKUMM Tep- BMYHOM M BTOpMyHO O6moTOK. ConpoTuBmeHne Mexjy M06bIMM BBIBO- TaMM NepBu4HOi M BTOPUYHO OGMOTOK JO/DKHO 6bITb paBHO becKoHeYd- Hoctit («o6pstB»). Npnmeuanne. Conpomuenenue mexdy evieodamu o6momok 3omkHo 6eime nponopyuo- HanbHo Yucny eumKo8. Hanpumep, ConmpoTupnenue Mexily BLIBONOM OT cpenHelt TOUKM UM BBIBOAOM OT 1060r0 KOHIa OOMOTKM JODKHO 6EITb IpuMepHO paBHO38 Tnasa2 HONOBMHe MoMHOTO conporMBneHua O6MorKu. Ec pesynprarnl u3Me- peHuit conpoTuBneHMit BEIsbIBaIOT COMHEHMA, TpaHcopMaTop cnepyeT IIPOBepuTh Ha COOTBeTCTBMe TeXHMYeCKMM J{aHHBIM Ha TepeMeHHOM Toke. Hayjo MsMepuTb MepemMeHHoe HalilparkeHMe Ha BTOpMUHOM O6MOTKE Ip HamMuMM pesMcTMBHOM Harpy3KM M HallpsKeHMe Ha MepBM4HO o6morkKe. Mpasuno. OmHowenue deticmeyouux shaveHull HanpaxeHull Ha emopusHod u Ha nepeusnoli o6momKax olmHo 6oims paso omHouleHul 4ucra eumKoB emopustiol o6momku k Yucny eumkoe nepau4Holl. Uctouxuku nutanua uv cra6unu3atopp! HanpaKeHuA Hayekvocrs CMcTeMbI B 3HadMTeNbHOM CTeneHM oMmpesenmetca Hapexk- HOCTbIO MCTOYHMKOB MMTAHMA, M MX HEOOXOAMMO MpoBepsTh B IlepBy10 O4e- Penb. OveBuqHO, TO ciemyeT M3MEpUTS BbIXOTHOe HaNpAKeHMe BKMOUH- HOTO MCTOYHMKa IIMTaHMA; pH STOM OTCYTCTBMe HalIpwMKEHMA Ha BbIXOTe MCTOWHMKa elle He AB/IAETCA CBMJJETEMbCTBOM eo HeMcIIpaBHOCTH. Npumeyanne. Yacmo npusunol ynomanymod cumyayuu aenaemca npoumblii KoH- encamop dbunempa unu nepeepyaka ucmounuKa. Cospemenubie ucTouHMKy mraHia Ha uHTerpanbHBIX cxemax, HanpH- ep, cepum 7800 (c buKcMpoBaHHbIM BbIXOJHDIM HalipsKeHMem) Mm 723 (c Ppery/MpyeMbIM BEIXOLHEIM HalIpsKeHMeM), MMeI0T BCTPOeHHDle Lier, 4YB- CTBMTeMbHBIe K Meperpy3Ke. OHM aBTOMATMYECKM YMeHbIaIOT BbIXO[HbIE HallpPKEHMA, ECM TOK Harpy3KM MpeBbllllaeT MONYCTMMoe sHayeHHe. Ec Hanpaxkenve Ha BbIXOge MCTOUHMKa IMTAHMA HesOTIycTMMO Mario, OTKMOUNTe Harpysky M UsMepETe BLIXOMHOE HampsKxeHMe. EciM BIXOTHOe HallpskeHMe M0-MpexHeMy MaJIO, TO 3TO CBMJeTeMbCTByeT O HeMcrIpaB- HOCTH MCTOUHMKa HMTAHMA, XOTA BBIXON €TO M3 CTpos MOF OBIT BEISBAH HebektaMu BHELIHUX (110 OTHOMIeHMIO K MCTOUHMKYy) KOMMOHEHTOB. Coser. He samenaiime ucmounuk numanus, noka ycmpoticmeo, Ha Komopoe on Haepymen, He nposepeHo Ha omcymcmeue KOPOMKOzO 3MBIKAHUA,BnexrpovsmepuTenbHoie npHGopbt 39 Henopmamsuaa pa6ora ycrpoiicrsa, Hanpymep: WyM, ryqeHMe B ycu- AuTene HM3KOI YaCTOTEI, MPOMSBONbHBIe OTKMOYeHKA MOTYT 6bITD cHes- CTBMeM AedekTa MCTOYHMKA IMTAHMA, BbISBAHHBIM YTe4KOIi 9eKTPONM- THYeCKOrO KOHeHCaTOpa PuNbTpa M AP. [na usmepennit nepemenHont cocTapasioujeh Hanpw@KeHMA Ha BEIXOTe MCTOWNMKa IMTAHKA YROGHO McronbsoBaTb YUL. BuuMaHne. He sa6bieatime sa6nokupoeamb nocmoatiyto cocmaenntouyto. B o6ujeM cayuae Hanpaxkenue nynecayuil na ebixodHom dunbmpe npu Hopman Holi HaepysKe OonxHO Gbim’ MeHbUIe 1% @bIXCdHOZO NocmoAHHOZO anpaxkeHua. VcnsitsipaTb MCTOUHMKM MMTaHMA Ha COOTBeTCTBMe cHenMnKkalyiaM MSTOTOBUTENA ciemyeT B ABYX pexKMMaX: * BOTCyTCTBMe Harpy3KH (TOKa Ha BbIxoye); ¢ IIpM MomHo Harpyske (MaKCMMa/bHO JOMycTUMbIit TOK Ha BbIXOfe). Mpumeyanve. BP rcmeron ucmowurcs umarus, danpuwe, éamape,ebxcohce Hanpaxenue @ omcymcmeue Haepy3ku @bilue, 4eM npu eknio4eHHou vaspyae, na ouenxu mpouenta cra6unnsayun Mcrounnka nutanna (U_,) cne- ayeT M3MepUuTb HaNpsKeHMe B OTCYTCTBKE M pM HaNMIMK HarpysKu U, u U,, 4 BIUMCAMTS U, = (U,- Uy Uy Y ugeanbuoro cra6unMTpoua 9TO sHa¥eHMe JOMKHO cocTaBiaTe 0 (HE 100 %). Pay MsroToBMTenei yKasbiBaeT BbIXOMHOe MONHOe conpoTuBAeHMe UCTOYHMKa TMTAHMA, KOTOpoe onpenensteTcA Kak R,,, = AU/AL me AU —nonHoe MsMeHeHMe BbIXoMHOTO HanpaKeHKA B MHTepBane Harpy30K OT Hy/a Jo TomHOit; AI — nonnoe usMeHeHMe ToKa HarpyskM B STAX 2Ke yonOBMAX (pH OTKM04HHOM Harpy3Ke BEIXOJHOM TOK OTCyTCTByeT).40 fnasa2 Tpumeuanne. Y xopowo cma6unusuposantioee ucmouHuKa numanua eeixodHoe conpomuenenue ovens mano (nopadka meeaom dna nabopamopHex ucmounuKos). Zina uspectHoro BbixoqHoro conporusnenua Koodduunent cra6w- gallus & mpouenrax onpenenserca rio hopmyne U,= RJ, 100/U,, re I, 4 U, — Tok 4 Hamps>keHMe npv NONHO Harpyske, COOTBETCTBEHHO. 2.4. Tenepatopbi curHanos cCnoxKHO popMbI Npwnumn gevctreua Onpepenenne. TeHepamopti cuzHanoe cnoxHoli bopMbl — 3mo ucmoyHUKU cueHanOS o6uyezo HasHayeHus, Popmupyioujue Cu2Ha/ibl pasnuYHOU PopMbl, BKNKO- Yan cunycoudaneHyio, npAMoyeonbHyto U mpeyeonbHyto. Dopma cuzHa- 108, amnaumyda u Yacmoma ebi6upaiomca onepamopom. B HeKOTOpsIX MOyeMAX TeHepaTopos cUTHANbI pasiMyHolt opm OHoBpeMeHHO CHMMaIoTca c pasMMaHEIx BBIXoMOB. YacroTEI cMrHaT0B TeHepaTopos ycTaHaBmMpaloTca B LIMpoKOM MarlasoHe — oT 1 MIy WK 1 M«Tiy 0 HeckonbKux Merarepy. O6sr4HO YacTOTEI reHeparopos o6u\ero HasHayenua cocrapnator 0,01 Ty —10 MIu. Huakoyacrorubie reHeparopst mpequasHayeHbl Wit rexepuposanus HeUCK@KEHHBIX CHHYCOMANbHBIX KoNe6aHUi HU3KOM YaCTOTHI B OrpaHv- YeHHOM J{Mana30He YacTOT, O6EI4HO oT 20 Ty go 20 KI, mHorga fo 100 KTy. Tla6oparopusie reneparopsr uMeIoT npeuyisMOHHBIe aTTeHioaToppr Mt MPM Goppt Ha BBIXOZe, MOSBOMMOUYKe TOUHO YcTaHaBNMBATb AMIIMTYAY cHTHAA, Muorme Hu3KouacToTHble rexepatopst opMupyloT mpaMoyrombubIe MMMynbcel. Tipumeuanue. 3adaiowum zeHepamopom o6bi4Ho Aenaemca HusKOYacmomHblll zeHepa- mop c azocdeuearoweti RC-yenoukol unu Mocmom Buna.SneKTponsmepuTenbHbte NPUBOPLI Al TIpaMoyrombHble UMMynbcbl PopMupyloTca M3 Kome6aHMit CHHYyCOM- jambuoit opmst c MoMoULbIO orpaHMunTeneit. Husxovacrorusie revepatopbi KoneGanmit TpeyronbHoit opmst o6sraHo npencraBnmior co6oi MynbTHBUOpatopEl, FeHepupyrouyne Kore- 6aHMA MpAMoyronbHONt opMbl. ITM KoNe6aHUA MHTerpupyloTcA Onepa- IMOHHBIM YCHIMTeMeM C EMKOCTHOM O6paTHON cBAsbIO, popMupyioulMM kone6aHua TpeyronbHoi popMBI. Takoe 9/eKTpOHHOe MHTerpuMpoBaHMe O6bIMHO CBASAHO C TOBOpOTOM chasbt Ha 180°, 1 BEIXOnHOe, muHelHO Hapacratomee HaTIpsKeHMe, OKASbI- BaeTCA MMHeMHO Magaiouym. Tpeyrombuaa dopma BEIxomHOrO cMrHama o6pasyetca mpm vepefoBanMn mmHeiHo Hapacraiomero M mMHesHO Tapa- OUleFO HallpspKeHMA. Hanpsoxenne cunycoujansuoit opm: opmupyerca nytem Bpine- neHMa 13 Kone6aHUsA IpAMoyrombHOit PopMsI OCHOBHOI rapMOHMecKoit cocrapimomeit. Usmeneume mapametpos uibrpos mpm vsmMeHeHun WacTOTBI reHepupyeMbIX Kone6aHMMit HOcTHTaeTCA MexaHMYeCKMM coeqM- HeHMeM COOTBETCTBYIOUIMX MepecrpaMBaeMBIX 9/eMeHTOB cxeMbI. Ha Puc, 2.7 moKasaHa O6ulad CTpyKTypHas CXeMa TUMOBOrO TeHepaTopa cur- HaJIOB CHOKHOK POpMBI. A Perynuposxa actoru: Feneparop ‘Cmyconnansitai Apamoyronuitix rey peoSpasosarens —t Teneparop Perynuposxa ‘ypobiia nocToRHHOA Perynnposxa yposna curnana Puc. 2.7. Cmpykmypian cxema zenepamopa cuzHanoe cnomtoll popMe! Npoxoxgenne curnana B npouenype OTbickaHMA HeMcIIpaBHOCTelt BMAHOe MecTO 3aHMMaeT M3MepeHMe ypOBHA cMrHana uni HaGmofeHMe curHana Cc MOMOLIbIO ocuwnmorpata B OnpeeneHHBIX TOUKaX ero TIpoxoxeHMA Yepes MCcTe- jyeMoe ycrpoiicrgo. Zna mpumepa MoxHO mpocneguTb MpoxokKAeHMe curHana Yepes MHO- TOKacKaj{HbIt YCMIMTeMb, HaYMHas C MepBOro Kackasla.42 tnapa2 Buumanve. Ecau Ha exode Kakozo-nu6o Kackada cueHan HopmaneHeil, a Ha ebixode omcymcmeyem unu opma ezo uckaxkeHa, mo Kackad Heucnpagen. Ha pwc. 2.8 noKasaH TpexKackaqHbiit ycunMTenb, B KOTOpOM Bropoit kackayl Hevicnpasen. Puc. 2.8. MposepKa mpexkackadHozo ycunumena Tenepatoppi MoryT 6b1Tb MclOmb3OBaHbI B KaYeCTBe MCTOUHMKOB BXOp- HBIX CMTHA/IOB [JIA IIPOBEPKM YCTPOMCTB B 1e/1OM. Mpumeuanve. Hyrxno vie yeepeHHisim @ mom, umo Ha 6x00 nodaemca cuenan 3aGaH- Hou @opmei u 4acmome1. 310 MoMoraeT OTEICKaTS HeMCHpaBHOCTH MYTeM cpaBHeHMA CHTHaNOB B pasHbIX TOUKAX CXEMBI M OMPe[eMTb MECTO BOSHMKHOBEHMA MCKaxKe- HMM CMrHama WIM HeHOpMaNbHbIX aMIVIMTYAHbIX COOTHOMIeHMM. ITO oco6eHHo yqo6Ho, ecnu BocnpomsBomMMBNt ycrpoitcrBOM cMrHan HMeeT cnoxkuy10 hopmy (peu, My3bIKa) MepeMeHHOrO YacTOTHOrO M aMIIMTyn- HOTO cocTaBa. TeHeparopbi 3aMeHsIOT BOCNPOMSBOAMMBIM CMrHam, HalIpMMep, OT MMKPOdoua; MX MOXKHO TlOAKMOYaTb K M060 3ayaHHOit TOUKe CxeMBI, HalIpuMep, K BXONY YCMIMTENA MOLIHOCTH. Buumanne. Mery evixod0m zeHepamopa u moukott cxembl, K KoMopoll OH NOAKMIO- aemca, ecezda domKeH Geimb BKMOUeH KOHOeHCamop. BLIxod zeHepa- mopa npedcmasnaem co6oii KopomKozamkHymylo no nocmonHHoMy moky yen’, u npoGoti uz0NAYUU 3moz0 KOHeHCamopa Moxem CepbesHO noepedumb usu ebigecmu u3 CMpoA UCNbIMbIBaeMbIt yYacMoK cxembl.