Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

Chapter One
Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
1.1. Types of Programming Paradigm
Programming
In computer science fields, the word program characterizes what a computer actually does and this process is
known as programming. Programming is the process that models or structure the set of instructions that
instruct the machine how to perform a task and what to perform. It can be done using a variety of
programming languages such as C, C++, C#, Python, Java, etc.

Programming Paradigms
When programming, complexity is always the enemy. Programs with great complexity, with many moving
parts and interdependent components, seem initially impressive. However, the ability to translate a real-world
problem into a simple or elegant solution requires a deeper understanding. While developing an application or
solving a simple problem, we often say “If I had more time, I would have written a simpler program”. The
reason is, we made a program with greater complexity. The less complexity we have, the easier it is to debug
and understand. The more complex a program becomes, the harder it is to work on it. Managing complexity
is a programmer’s main concern. There are many general approaches that reduce complexity in a program
or make it more manageable. One of the main approaches is a programming paradigm.

A programming paradigm is a style, or “way,” of programming. It does not refer to a specific language, but
rather it refers to the way you program. Programming paradigms are a way to classify programming languages
based on their features. Some languages make it easy to write in some paradigms but not others. In the context
of programming language, it refers to a set of design principles that defines the program structure.
Programming paradigm is a way to deal with tackle issues utilizing some programming language.

It differs in the concepts and methods that are used to represent the elements (such as objects, variables,
functions, and constraints) of a program. The steps that involve a calculation (like assignations, evaluation,
continuations, and data flows). The lowest programming paradigm is machine code.

There are lots of things for programming languages that are known. However, every one of them needs to
follow some procedure when they are executed and this approach/methodology is a paradigm.
1|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

Types of Programming Paradigms

A. Imperative Programming Paradigm
Imperative programming is a programming paradigm that uses statements that change a program's state. An
imperative program consists of commands for the computer to perform. It describes the detail of how the
results are to be obtained. It describing the inputs and describing how the outputs are produced.
They are said to be command driven. This paradigm directs the written code execution as sequence of
statements executed one by one. The imperative style program consists of set of program statements. Each
statement directs the computer to perform specific task. In this style the programmer has to elaborate each
statement in details. Each statement directs what is to be done and how it is to be done.

The execution of the program statements is decided by the control flow statements. And the program flow can
be directed as per the program logic.
Examples: C, FORTRAN, Basic, Java, C++, Python, Ruby, PHP, etc.

Types of Imperative Programming Paradigm

1. Object-Oriented Programming
The object-oriented programming paradigm is based on the concept of object. An object contains data in the
form of fields that are known as attributes and the procedures are known as methods. Since objects work
independently, they are encapsulated into modules. We can communicate with an object by using message
passing. Object-oriented programming can be achieved by using programming languages such as Java, C++,
C#, PHP, and Python, etc.

2. Procedural Programming
This paradigm consists of set of procedures which is referred as function, method or subroutines. Each
function performs specific operation. The function consists of group of computational steps that directs the
computer to perform specific operation. The function once defined can be called many times in the program to
repeat the same operation. The programmer can either use standard library functions or create library of user-
defined functions.
Examples: FORTRAN C,
C++, Java, Ruby, PHP,
JavaScript, Python, Pascal,
ColdFusion and COBOL.
2|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

3. Database Query Language

Database is vital component of most software projects. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)
support the SQL for database programming. Structured Query Language (SQL) is the most commonly used
example of model-based language.

B. Declarative Programming Paradigm

Declarative programming is a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs. It expresses
the logic of a computation without describing its control flow. It emphasizes what the program should
accomplish. Examples of declarative programming paradigm are Scala, Haskell, Erlang, Lisp, ML, Closure,
SQL, XSQL, etc.

Types of Declarative Programming Paradigms

1. Functional Programming
Programs that are written using the paradigm use functions, blocks of codes, intended to behave like
mathematical functions. It discourages changes in the value of variables through the assignment. Instead
makes a great deal with recursion. Functional programming is mathematical functions. It attempts to solve the
problem by composing mathematical functions as a program component. The computer program is created
with the application and composing the Mathematical functions. It is also known as Parallel processing
approach.
Example: JavaScript, Scala, Lisp, SQL, XQuery, Clojure, Ajax, C+, Java, etc.

3|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

2. Logical Programming
This declarative programming paradigm that is based on the logic and control. The term logic means
essentially facts and rules. Whereas control means, an order of rules. The term algorithm is defined as logic
plus control (Logic + Control). The logic defines what should be solved and the control defines how it should
be solved.

The program written in logic programming language consists of set of program statements in the logical form.
Each statement is an expression of facts, rules and order of rules. The logic programming is an abstract model
of computation. It is based on the first order predicate logic (FOL).
A logical program is divided into three sections:
1. a series of definitions/declarations that define the problem domain
2. statements of relevant facts
3. statement of goals in the form of a query
Example of Logic programming is Prolog, F-Logic and etc.

Multi-Paradigm
The programming languages that support more than one programming paradigm fall into this category. The
design goal of such languages is to allow programmers to use the most suitable programming style associated
with languages constructs for a given job.

The example of multi-paradigm programming languages is C++, Java, Python, etc. The languages support
object-oriented programming greater or lesser degree, typically in combination with imperative and
declarative programming paradigm.

Usually, in a program, distinctive programming standards are utilized. Henceforth, programming dialects
offer help (with various degrees) for the different standards.

4|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

The following table provides a brief description of programming paradigms.

Key
Paradigms Program Program Execution Result
Concept
Execution of Final state of computer
Procedural Command Sequence of commands
commands memory
Executions of
Functional Function Collections of functions Value of the main function
functions

Logic formulas: axioms Logic proving of the Failure of success of

Logic Predicate
and a theorem theorem proving

Object- Collections of classes of Exchange of messages Final state of the object's

Object
oriented objects between the objects state

Imperative Vs. Declarative Programming Paradigm

The following table describes the key differences between the imperative and declarative programming
paradigm.
Basis of Comparison Imperative Paradigm Declarative Paradigm
Define what the problem is and what
Programming Style step by step
data transformations are needed
Approach follows a traditional approach follows a non-traditional approach
Programmer
describes how to solve problems describes what the problem is
Focuses
The user makes decisions and
Decision Capability allows the compiler to make decisions
instructs the compiler
Consist of It is a sequence of commands It is a set of statements
Flow expresses control flow expresses data flow
State Change It is important does not exist
Primary Functions as first-class object and data
Instances of classes and structure
Manipulation Unit collections
Order of execution Order of execution is important Order of execution is not important

5|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

1.2. Overview of OOP Principles

Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It
simplifies software development and maintenance by providing the following fundamental object-oriented
principles.
❖ Object
❖ Class
❖ Inheritance
❖ Polymorphism
❖ Abstraction
❖ Encapsulation
Object
Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For
example, a chair, pen, table, keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical
or logical. An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An
object contains an address and takes up some space in memory.
Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each
other's data or code. The only necessary thing is the type of
message accepted and the type of response returned by the objects.
Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name,
breed, etc. as well as behaviors like
wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.

In the above diagram, the object ‘Dog’ has both state and behavior. An object stores its information in
attributes and discloses its behavior through methods in Java program.

6|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity. A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which
you can create an individual object. Class doesn't consume any memory space.
Example, if you had a class called “Car” it could have objects like Mercedes, BMW, Toyota, etc. Its
properties (data) can be price or speed of these cars. While the methods may be performed with these cars are
driving, reverse, braking etc.

Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known as inheritance. It
provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat

Polymorphism
speaks meow, dog barks woof, etc.
If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism.
Example: to convince the customer differently, to draw something, for
example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.
In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve
polymorphism.
Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction.
Example, phone call, we don't know the internal processing. In Java, we
use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation. For example, a
capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines. A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the
fully encapsulated class because all the data members are private here.

1.3. Overview of Java Programming and Types of Java Program

Java – the world’s most widely used computer programming language. Java is the preferred language for
meeting many organizations’ enterprise programming needs. Java has also become the language of choice for
implementing Internet-based applications and software for devices that communicate over a network. Java

7|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was initiated by James Gosling
and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems’ Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]). Sun
Microsystems in 1991 funded an internal corporate research project led by James Gosling, which resulted in
a C++-based object-oriented programming language Sun called Java. As of December 2008, the latest release
of the Java Standard Edition is 6 (J2SE). With the advancement of Java and its widespread popularity,
multiple configurations were built to suite various types of platforms. Ex: J2EE for Enterprise Applications,
J2ME for Mobile Applications. Sun Microsystems has renamed the new J2 versions as Java SE, Java EE and
Java ME, respectively. A key goal of Java is to be able to write programs that will run on a great variety of
computer systems and computer-control devices. This is sometimes called “write once, run anywhere.” Java is
guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere.

1.3.1. Definition of Java Application, Java Applets

Java Editions
There are basically four editions of java.
❖ Java Standard Edition (JSE) – it is used to develop client-side standalone applications or applets. It
defines everything from the basic types and objects of the Java programming language to high-level
classes that are used for networking, security, database access, graphical user interface (GUI)
development, and XML parsing. Consists of a virtual machine, development tools, deployment
technologies, and other class libraries and toolkits commonly used in Java technology applications.
❖ Java Enterprise Edition (JEE) – is geared toward developing large-scale, distributed networking
applications and web-based applications. In the past, most computer applications ran on “standalone”
computers (computers that were not networked together). Today’s applications can be written with the
aim of communicating among the world’s computers via the Internet and the web.
❖ Java Mobile Edition (JME) – is geared toward developing applications for small, memory-
constrained devices, such as BlackBerry smartphones. The Java ME platform provides an API and a
small-footprint virtual machine for running Java programming language applications on small devices,
like mobile phones. The API is a subset of the Java SE API, along with special class libraries useful for
small device application development. Java ME applications are often clients of Java EE platform
services.
❖ JavaFX – it is a platform for creating rich internet applications using a lightweight user-interface API.
JavaFX applications use hardware-accelerated graphics and media engines to take advantage of higher-

8|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

performance clients and a modern look-and-feel as well as high-level APIs for connecting to networked
data sources. JavaFX applications may be clients of Java EE platform services.

Types of Java Applications

1. Standalone Application
Standalone applications are also known as desktop applications or window-based applications. These are
traditional software that we need to install on every machine. Examples of standalone application are Media
player, antivirus, etc. AWT and Swing are used in Java for creating standalone applications.
2. Web Application
An application that runs on the server side and creates a dynamic page is called a web application.
Currently, Servlet, JSP, Struts, Spring, Hibernate, JSF, etc. technologies are used for creating web
applications in Java.
3. Enterprise Application
An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications, etc. is called an enterprise
application. It has advantages like high-level security, load balancing, and clustering. In Java, EJB is used for
creating enterprise applications.
4. Mobile Application
An application which is created for mobile devices is called a mobile application. Currently, Android and Java
ME are used for creating mobile applications.
Features of Java
Programmers have accepted java very quickly because it provides everything that is needed in a modern-day
language including the following features.
Java is:
❖ Object Oriented – In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on
the Object model.
❖ Platform Independent – Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when
Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into platform-independent
byte code. This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on
whichever platform it is being run on. Platform-independence is a program’s capability of moving
easily from one computer system to another. A platform is the hardware or software environment in

9|Page
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

which a program runs. There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java
provides a software-based platform.

❖ Simple – Java is designed to be easy to learn and understand, and its syntax is simple. If you understand
the basic concept of OOP Java, it would be easy to master. According to Sun, Java language is a simple
programming language because:
o Java syntax is based on C++.
o Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for example, explicit pointers,
operator overloading, etc.
o There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an Automatic Garbage
Collection in Java.
❖ Secure – With Java’s secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems.
Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption. Java is secured because:
o No explicit pointer
o Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox
❖ Class loader – it is part of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which is used to load Java classes into
the Java Virtual Machine dynamically. It adds security by separating the package for the classes of the
local file system from those that are imported from network sources.
o Bytecode Verifier – it checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access right to
objects.
o Security Manager – it determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing
to the local disk.
❖ Architecture-neutral – Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes
the compiled code executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system and the
size of primitive types is fixed. In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit
architecture and 4 bytes of memory for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for
both 32 and 64-bit architectures in Java.
❖ Portable – Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the
specification makes Java portable. Java Byte code can be carried to any platform. No implementation-

10 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

dependent features. Everything related to storage is predefined, for example, the size of primitive data
types.
❖ Robust – Java makes an effort to eliminate error-prone situations by emphasizing mainly on compile
time error checking and runtime checking. Robust simply means strong.
Java is robust because:
It uses strong memory management.
There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
There is automatic garbage collection in java which runs on the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of
objects which are not being used by a Java application anymore.
There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java. All these points make
Java robust.
❖ Multithreaded – With Java’s multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs that can perform
many tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct interactive
applications that can run smoothly. A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can
write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. It shares a common
memory area.
❖ Interpreted – Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not stored
anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an incremental and
light-weight process.
❖ High Performance – With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance. Java is
faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is “close” to
native code. It is still a little bit slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++). Java is an interpreted
language that is why it is slower than compiled languages, e.g., C, C++, etc.
❖ Distributed – Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet. Java is distributed
because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. This feature of Java makes us able
to access files by calling the methods from any machine on the internet.
❖ Dynamic – Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an
evolving environment. Java programs can carry an extensive amount of run-time information that can be
used to verify and resolve accesses to objects at run-time. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It
means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and
C++.

11 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

Components of Java Programming Language

• Java Editor – You can use any text editor or IDE to create and edit a Java source-code file.
• Java Development Toolkit (JDK) – it consists of a set of separate programs, each invoked from a
command line, for developing and testing Java programs. Besides JDK, you can use a Java
development tool (e.g., NetBeans, Eclipse, and TextPad). It contains a private Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) and a few other resources such as an interpreter/loader (java), a compiler (javac), an archiver
(jar), a documentation generator (Javadoc), etc. to complete the development of a Java Application.
• Integrated Development Environment (IDE) – it provides tools that support the software development
process, including editors for writing and editing programs and debuggers for locating logic errors (errors
that cause programs to execute incorrectly). Popular IDEs include Eclipse (www.eclipse.org)
and NetBeans (www.netbeans.org).
• Application Programming Interface (API) – contains predefined classes and interfaces for developing
Java programs.
• Java Runtime Environment (JRE) – it is a set of software tools which are used for developing Java
applications. It is used to provide the runtime environment. It is the implementation of JVM. It physically
exists. It contains a set of libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.
• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) – is an abstract machine. It is called a virtual machine because it doesn’t
physically exist. It is a specification that provides a runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be
executed. It can also run those programs which are written in other languages and compiled to Java
bytecode. JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. JVM, JRE, and JDK are
platform dependent because the configuration of each OS is different from each other. However, Java is
platform independent.

12 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

1.3.2. Editing, Compiling and Interpreting

Java Class Libraries
It is known as the Java APIs (Application Programming Interfaces). It is used to create each class and method
you need to form your Java programs.
Java programs normally go through five phases. They are edit, compile, load, verify and execute.
Phase 1: Creating a Program
It consists of editing a file with an editor program, normally known simply as an editor (Notepad, EditPlus
(www.editplus.com), TextPad (www.textpad.com) and jEdit (www.jedit.org). You type a Java program
(source code) using the editor, make any necessary corrections and save the program on a secondary storage
device, such as your hard drive. A file name ending with the .java extension indicates that the file contains
Java source code.

Phase 2: Compiling a Java Program into Bytecodes

In this, you use the command javac (the Java compiler) to compile a program. For example, to compile a
program called Welcome.java, you’d type in the command window of your system (i.e., the Command
Prompt in Windows). If the program compiles, the compiler produces a .class file called Welcome.class that
contains the compiled version of the program.

The Java compiler translates Java source code into bytecodes. Bytecodes are executed by the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) – a part of the JDK and the foundation of the Java platform. A VM is a software application
that simulates a computer but hides the underlying operating system and hardware from the programs that
interact with it. If the same VM is implemented on many computer platforms, applications that it executes can
be used on all those platforms. The JVM is one of the most widely used virtual machines.

13 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

Unlike machine language, which is dependent on specific computer hardware, bytecodes are platform
independent. So, Java’s bytecodes are portable – without recompiling the source code, the same bytecodes can
execute on any platform. The JVM is invoked by the java command. For example, to execute a Java
application called Welcome, you’d type the command

Phase 3: Loading a Program into Memory

In this, the JVM places the program in memory to execute it – this is known as loading. The JVM’s class
loader takes the .class files containing the program’s bytecodes and transfers them to primary memory. The
class loader also loads any of the .class files provided by Java that your program uses. The .class files can be
loaded from a disk on your system or over a network (e.g., your local college or company network, or the
Internet).

Phase 4: Bytecode Verification

In this, as the classes are loaded, the bytecode verifier examines their bytecodes to ensure that they’re valid
and do not violate Java’s security restrictions. Java enforces strong security to make sure that Java programs
arriving over the network do not damage your files or your system (as computer viruses and worms might).

14 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

Phase 5: Execution
In this, the JVM executes the program’s bytecodes, thus performing the actions specified by the program. The
JVM analyzes the bytecodes as they’re interpreted, searching for hot spots – parts of the bytecodes that
execute frequently. For these parts, a just-in-time (JIT) compiler – known as the Java HotSpot compiler –
translates the bytecodes into the underlying computer’s machine language. When the JVM encounters these
compiled parts again,

the faster machine-language code executes. Thus, Java programs actually go through two compilation phases
– one in which source code is translated into bytecodes (for portability across JVMs on different computer
platforms) and a second in which, during execution, the bytecodes are translated into machine language for
the actual computer on which the program executes.

Starting Java Application

A Java application is a computer program that executes when you use the Java command to launch the Java
Virtual Machine (JVM).
Example:
Let us begin with a simple Java program that displays the message “Welcome to Java!” on the
console. Console refers to text entry and display device of a computer.

Output:

15 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

The line numbers are displayed for reference purposes but are not part of the program. So, don’t type line
numbers in your program.
• Line 1 defines a package. It is a way of organizing a program at one place.
• Line 2 defines a class. Every Java program must have at least one class. Each class has a name. By
convention, class names start with an uppercase letter. In this example, the class name is Welcome.
• Line 3 defines the main method. In order to run a class, the class must contain a method named main.
The program is executed from the main method. A method is a construct that contains statements. The
main method in this program contains the System.out.println statement (line 4). This statement prints
a message “Welcome to Java!” to the console. Every statement in Java ends with a semicolon (;),
known as the statement terminator.
• A pair of braces in a program forms a block that groups the program’s components. In Java, each
block begins with an opening brace ({) and ends with a closing brace (}). Every class has a class block
that groups the data and methods of the class. Every method has a method block that groups the
statements in the method. Blocks can be nested, meaning that one block can be placed within another,
as shown in the following code.

Note:
Java source programs are case-sensitive. Example: main and Main are different.

Summary of a Java Program with its Phases

You have to create your program and compile it before it can be executed. This process is repetitive. If your
program has compilation errors, you have to modify the program to fix them, then recompile it. If your
program has runtime errors or does not produce the correct result, you have to modify the program, recompile
it, and execute it again.

16 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

The Java program-development process consists of repeatedly creating/modifying source code, compiling,
and executing programs.
From the command window, you can use the NotePad to create the Java source code file, as shown in Figure
below.

You can create the Java source file using Windows NotePad.

File Name:
The source file must end with the extension .java and must have exactly the same name as the public class
name. For example, the file for the source code above should be named Welcome.java, since the public class
name is Welcome.
Compile:
A Java compiler translates a Java source file into a Java bytecode file. The following command compiles
Welcome.java:

17 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

Note:
You must first install and configure JDK before compiling and running programs. “Installing and Configuring
JDK 6 or above,” on how to install JDK and set up the environment to compile and run Java programs.
.class bytecode file:
If there are no syntax errors, the compiler generates a bytecode file with a .class extension. So the preceding
command generates a file named Welcome.class, see figure (a) below. The Java language is a high-level
language while Java bytecode is a low-level language. The bytecode is similar to machine instructions but is
architecture neutral and can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM), see figure (b) below.
Rather than a physical machine, the virtual machine is a program that interprets Java bytecode. This is one of
Java’s primary advantages: Java bytecode can run on a variety of hardware platforms and operating systems.

Typical Programming Cycle

During the implementation of a program, programmers always run into a typical cycle.

It normally starts with the coding step, in which the source code is written in any text editors or integrated
programming environment. In Java, source code files are usually saved with .java extension. Once the Java
source code is saved, it is compiled using a java compiler, such as javac.exe, to obtain the resulting Java
bytecode, which is also called a Java class. The actual Java class file is created with .class extension. Then,
the program is executed by running the command ‘java.exe’ on the class file. If the result appears as expected,
the cycle terminates. Otherwise, the source code has to be edited, then compiled and executed again. The
process of fixing the source code in order to obtain the right result is called ‘debugging’.

18 | P a g e
 Object Oriented Programming in Java Lecture note

(a) Java source code is translated into bytecode. (b) Java bytecode can be executed on any computer with a
Java Virtual Machine.
Interpreting bytecode:
To execute a Java program is to run the program’s bytecode. You can execute the bytecode on any platform
with a JVM. Java bytecode is interpreted. Interpreting translates the individual steps in the bytecode into the
target machine-language code one at a time rather than translating the whole program as a single unit. Each
step is executed immediately after it is translated.
Run:
The following command runs the bytecode:

The following shows the javac command for compiling Welcome.java. The compiler generated
the Welcome.class file. This file is executed using the java command.

19 | P a g e