MORPHOLOGHY

KELOMPOK
5
Our members
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Resty tammy zahira

Husni mubarok

Putri ratna nursilla

Hamidah rofi'ah
Morpheme
Morphology Morphemes are the smallest
meaningful elements of a language.
Morphology is the study of these
meaning units. Not all words or even all
syllables are necessarily meaning units.
Morphology employs discovery
procedures to find out what words or
syllables are morphemes.

Example:
meaning "dog"-sound (dog)
(english)
mesing " dog" - (kanis) (latin)
word classes
We can devide words into two broad
types : content words versus function
words.

CONTENT WORDS FUCTION WORDS

(Open class) (Closed class)
Nouns Pronouns
Verbs Conjuctions
Adjective Auxiliaries
Adverbs
 Word Re;lation
Words that can be connected with other words.
The rules that connect groups of words are called
word formation rules.Thus the morphology
contains :
1. Fundamental element
2. Rules of combination
Morphemes
Words like "unhappy"
consisting of more than one
(morpheme) are called
morphologically complex.
1. “ happy”
-“ un” (meaning“ not “ )
2.“ happy”
-“er”(meaning “lebih/more”)
3. More complicated words (dengan lebih dari 2
morfem)
-“unhappier”
-“happy”
-“un-“ (not)
-“-er” (more)
·Three things about every morphemes :
1. It's meaning
2. It's form (the sounds make it up)
3. A rule of combination (put it before /after/inside the stem)
(Stems such as "happy" do not require rules of combination by
themselves, they are free to occur alone.

 Bound and free morphemes

The word "doors" contains two morphemes, namely: "door" and "s".
The morpheme “door” can be used alone, so it is called a Free morpheme. While the
morpheme "s" cannot be used alone, for example:
- "How many doors did you shut?"
“More than one” OK (because it already has meaning)”
"s" Not OK (because "s" has no meaning if it is not accompanied by a
morpheme)
Therefore "s" is called a Bound morpheme.

 Affixes

Morphems added to free forms to create other free

forms are called affixes.
4 principles of affixes
1. Prefixes ( at beginning ) –“un”-“in”unable” >early
2. Suffixes ( at end )- “ed”in”walked” > end
3. Cirumfixes ( at both ends ) – “en-en”in”enlighten”
>beginning and ending
4. Infixes ( in the middle )- “bloody”in”in-bloody-
credible” >middle

 A Rule for Forming

some English Words
·Form: “en”
·Combination: At the end of Adjectives (suffix) to make verbs.
·Meaning: “To make (more) Adjective”

The adjective is: Black

Black+en: Blacken
Meaning: “To make (more) black”
 ANOTHER RULE FOR
FORMING SOME ENGLISH
WORDS

nouns with the meaning
Add “-er” to the end of verbs to make

“someone (or something) that verbs”

Example:

The verb is: Sing

Sing+er: Singer
Meaning: “Someone (or something) that verbs”
 RULES THAT DON’T
CHANGE CATEGORY

Making nouns out of other nouns.

Example:
Noun: Noun+ian
The noun is: Boston
Boston+ian: Bostonian
Meaning: “Someone from Boston”

 ALLOMORPHY
Bagaimana cara kita mengetahui aturan mana yang digunakan oleh
Adjective: “-en” (black-en) and “-0” (yellow-0)
Why not “yellow-en”? Karena kata sifat terbagi menjadi dua kelas
berdasarkan suara terakhir (bukan huruf)
Use “-en” if the last sound is: Use “-er” if the last sound is:
·[P] “deep-en” ·[E] “grey-0”
·[F] “stiff-en” ·[B] “brown-0”
·[V] “live-en” ·[M] “dim-0''
·[T] “white-en” ·[L] “purple-0”
·[D] “redd-en” ·[R] “clear-0”
·[S] “less-en”
·[Sh] “fresh-en”
·[K] “dark-en”
 COMPOUND
The combination of two free forms is called a COMPOUND.
Noun: adjective-Noun
The adjective is “black” and the Noun is “bird”
Meaning: a particular kind of bird
In English the HEAD of a compound is usually the right-hand member.
Example: black bird (the bird is the right-hand member)
Compounds can be used with affixation to produce larger words:
Noun: Verb-Verb
Ex: Sleep walk
Meaning: Someone who walks and sleeps at the same time.
 BOUND ROOTS
Both “blackberry” and “blueberry” are kinds of
BERRIES, and “black”, “blue” exist as free Fine compounds

forms too.
Homophonous Morphemes
But what about “cranberry” and “huckleberry”?
Sometimes two morphemes have the same
We’d like to keep the “berry” part separate, but
pronunciation with different meanings.
then what are “cran” and “huckle”? We call
Example: “-un”
these cases BOUND ROOTS.
Adjective: un- Adjective
Meaning: “not Adjective”, for example “unhappy”
Verb: un- Verb
Meaning: “do the reverse of Verb”, for example:
• Undo
• Untie
• Unlatch
 REDUPLICATION
Reduplication is the copying of a part of a word. As in the case of infixes, we need to say
what part of the word is copied.

For example : THE WORD IS FROM MALAGASI LANGUAGE

Verb 3 Singular : manao
Plural : mananao (wish)
Verb 3 Singular : atamaki
Plural : atamamaki (be wise)
Verb 3 Singular : malosi
Plural : malolosi (be strong)
Other Ways of Forming Words

Blends : “smoke” + “fog” = “smog” ; “motor”+”hotel” = “motel”

Words From Names : “jumbo”,”sandwich”
Truncation (clipping) : “gym(nasium)” , “(tele)phone”
Acronyms : “AIDS” = “Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome”

Inflectional morpohology

Example : people,number,gender,word,things,cases
Inflectional morpheme
dibagi menjadi dua
Inside = “boston-ian-s” (singular) s in the end
Outside =“mother’s in law” (plural) s in
 "Jalan-jalan sama janda jangan lupa beli Goodtime
Terimakasih atas perhatian anda and see you next time"