1.

10 Automobile Engineering

(e)

-
1
(16
20
1. Engine 2. Air cleaner 3. Battery 4. Steering wheel 5. Gear lever 6. Car body
7. Differential 8. Shock obsorber 9. Fuel tank 10. Back light 11. Rear brake
12. Wheel and types 13. Tail pipe 14. Leaf spring 15. Rear axel 16. Silencer
17. Universaljoint 18. Hand brake lever 19. Exhaust pipe 20. Clutch 21. Track rod
22. Carburettor 23. Distributor 24. Radiator 25. Fan 26. Head lamp 27. Alternator.
Figure 1.5 Layout of an automobile
 Ignition Ignition
switch
coil
Battery
0000 L
To
spark plugs

Distributor
(a) Contact point ignition system

Ignition Sensor coil

lgnition
switch coil

Electronic
Battery control
unit

Distributor Armature
system
(b) Electronic ignition
 Working:
When the ignition switch is closed (i.e. switch is ON".), the reluctor rotates which makes
the teeth of the reluctor cone closer to the permanent magnet. It reduces the air gap between
reluctor tooth and sensor coil. Thus, the reluctor provides a path for the magnetic lines from
the magnet. The magnetic field is passed on to the pick up everytime when the reluctor teeth
pass the pickup coil in which an electric pulse is generated.
This small current then triggers
the electronic control unit which stops the flow of battery current to the ignition coil. The
magnetic field in the primary winding collapses and the high voltage is generated in the
secondary winding. It led to spark in a spark plug via distributor. Meanwhile, the reluctor
2.46 Automobile Engineering
teeth pass past the pickup coil. Therefore, the pulse unit is ended. It causes the electronie
control unit to close the primary circuit.
2.5.4. Common Rail Direct injection System (CRDI)
Generally, diesel engines have the specific advantage of good fuel efficiency and low
CO emissions. Therefore, various new technologies have been developed in order to reduce
harmful emissions. One of such technologies is called Common Rail Direct Injection (CRD)
system of direct fuel injection. In this system, commencement of combustion takes place
directly into the main combustion chamber located in a cavity on the top of the piston crown.
nis system injects diesel five times more accurately than the normal injection system by high
Csponse injectors with electronic control. It results the greater reduction of particulate matter
NOx thereby improving the fuel efficiency and increasing its torque. So, they lead to
and
reduce engine noise and vibration. Various components of CRDI System are:

High Pressure Fuel Pump

Common Fuel Rail

Injectors
Engine Control Unit

A common rail system consists of pressure accumulator called common rail (or in simple
Words, a fuel distribution pipe) which is mounted along the engine block. The rail is fed bys
pressure multi-cylinder fuel pump.iThe injectors are activated by solenoid valves. Bon
C SOlenoid valves and fuel pump are electronically controlled.
 Auxiliary Systems 2.37
gine.

Common rail

Fuel from fuel tank

through low pressure
pump and fiter

Multicylinder fuel pump

Figure 2.30 Common rail direct injection syste

the injection pressure does not depend on engine

In the common rail injection system,
control of injection parameters is easy. Usually, a pilot injection is
Snged and load. So, the
emissions. The injectors use a needle-and
introduced in order to reduce er.gine noise and NOx
and bottom of the
seat-type valve to control the fuel flow. The fuel pressure is fed to both top
needle valve. The pressure on the bottom will push the
needle off its seat by bleeding some of
e pressureoff the top. Thus, the fuel will flow through nozzle holes.

Advantages:
) It delivers 25% more power and torque than the normal direct injection engine.
(i) Initial cost is low.
(i) Superior pick up is possible.
iv) It maintains lower levels of noise and vibration.

() Higher mileage is obtained.

(vi) Emissions are low.
(vii) Fuel consumption is less.
(vii) Improved performance is obtained.

Disadvantages:
Many parts involve the complicated design.
i) Production cost is high.
(ii) High degree of engine maintenance is required.