_ Waves and ~ Oscillations U CHAPTER Learning Objectives ‘Alter studying this chapter, students will beable to Understand the potential energy function and restoring force ofa syste Beer Gox ol rations of near harmonicomiJaic,,. understand simple pendulum ‘comprehend the damped harmonic motion explain quality factor O tlucidate coupled oscillations Ust of Symbols U(x)= Potential energy angular dis- V(t) = Velocity of a Fix) = Force acting on placement @ particle aparticle K = Linear restor- @, = Natural fre- m= Mass of a ing force quency of a particle constant system A= Amplitude of 0= Frequency (E) = Average energy oscillation of a physical of a system : = Angular pendulum (P) = Average power frequency of L=Equivalent dissipation oscillation length of (B) = Average kinetic a physical energy aiken (u) = Average poten my tial energy = A positive s Fe eer called gen = oustty ac the damping coefficientSa chamioer of the partic THUS, We the pric fom ts pint sabes, THe 0 reich ep-ordinaten asthe parti at te pot, ASBE?ing the higher order terms, we get Ne i F(x)=-Kox U()=ZE “Tos, any object eae eas rample 6A Io the potent en Graable and unstable ouiitriamse pint of minimum potential ener - where 2k isthe force constant & albosal aah (69) (a,+4,)=4sino Hae) Aeos0 “harmonic oscillation, withthe restoring fore constant being equal sof the particle equal to 2. of displacement is present inWaves axd 03 ciao: 2085 CLLLILLLL LL LL T= ‘The time period of « simple pendulum is independent ofthe oscillation and is dependent on length of the string and the aces! that point. A simple pendulum provides simple and convenient ‘measuring the value of g, acceleration due to svisete sick, Thus the fogucocy i salelted 10 be 4, ate (eon tat uns unis = 0.68 He Mem) {decays t013% when the second decay constant , foran exponentially decaying furction, this bebo i force can be expressed as follows: a Kaba hme 7 Aron ch 60) Differentiating kinetic eerey with time, one get the following eresion: 3) _ke-2k ‘ ~gaz Baecrng Phe: me iv tural tog on both the sides 6 a a0 Biss Toki tural logon both he sides, loglO=/5 <> 4.=2:303«511.55 (6) Thetotal stance canbe valuateby integrating the elocity equation, as follows: Hin)=ne% MD =(-1)ne oe ‘Heil conditions indice that a = 0: x=) c=10y, *=(10),% 4105, ss =I) ae pt 0 = 10% 100=1000cm= 10mAti) 2 2M aay __aé®) AAG +T) ory) Ao AG ae” Thr athe (649) 650) ato of the amplitudes for a tine variation of one time periods ig, (6.4). I we ake the natural logarithm ofthe amples ne) jes, respectively, from Eqs otime, we get the following (6.64) De apart epee oie ee cost (yy) ; The frequency v of the sound wave is given as follows: Substitution of Eq, (7.6 into Eq. (7.5) yields the following relation (KE) =287a" po cos? ay — xy C Maximum value of (KE) of th [aK E)] The total energy F of the clementl layer isthe sum of kinetic energy and potential enerey associated with this ayer. The potential enery values mst reach zero as the kinetic energy reaches its maximum value. Thus, the maxi lemental layer is expressed as follows: =2x'a! pu'dx 78) xy associated with the ele mum kinetic energy also represents the totale mental layer. The total energy dE associated with the elemental layer is given by the following equation: dE =[4(KE)),,, = 20°a'v" pdx Energy contained in length vean be obtained by integrating Eq. (7.9) between Suitable limits. Thus, a9) B-[ar -frxtv'pax 710) resulting in” E=2wa'v'p{de ally yielding E = 2n'a'v' pv ae The progressive wave represented by Eq. (7.1) covers Ca vi — expression (7.12) represents the enerey flowing per second serow 0 held perpendicular to the direetion of propagation. Expression258 Engincering Plsies in the following say roan then be weiter ing intensity ofthe sound wave. Intensity thet form: (13) sea’ pv'v Ee hn pg sores tan been To in yan proper ade 1 en na te a Oe medium 3 Amenity is ret proportional OC Imei is ety roportional HESS esedinunitof Wie. Tracey hie P = En eased of absolute tis however common pate 0 ese n terms of the ratio inrel terms the intensit . yematically, this car in ar ee ety Meas scan pres afl: ee ee Intesiy el (= gear intensty (,) standard ry his taken to be 10" (7.14) Bs sett = Wim? ata frequency se of its FOF i a ying saleand writ iin tbe of oT 1a) = oa a. i y=10, en 719 te loving ae Tog, 101 bel (7.16) Forpractical purposes belisto lagea unit to use regularly: Itis common to use (1/10) ofa be, abso called I decibel to describe the intensity, It sclear that 1 bel= 10 decibels = 100B 17) RI ety of ro ond is increased by a factor of 30 Calculate the increase in the intensity el in dsb unit. Selon Suppose an L epreset the ntl intensity and sound level, respectively. Let L, represent the final sound level, ‘Wecanthen write that 1,= 10109, (01) 18) sett -10en( 24) ‘Using Eqs (7.18) and (7.19), we get the following expression: bok pr nme!) leading to ‘ Seca a } I a (7.19) Architectural. rousties 259) whi results in Ly by =10 log30= 14.845 pxample7.2 Determine the pe Feetion Sound level L canbe crmeney ne Solutio can be expressed as follows, L=100g4(111,) decibel lesity represented by 348, Fora loudness increase of 3B, we can wrt tthe following equation using Ea. (7.203 3=10 og, (H,) yielding (1/1,) = Antilog(0.3)=2 Thus, 1=21, 34B increase in loudness, there A therefore, represents a 100% ineease in intensity Example 7.3. Fora given intensity, Calculate the intensity in bel, Solution The intensity is calculate as follows I(bel)=log 11, ran 2, where [represents reference intensity ‘Substituting the given value of 1, in Eq, (7.21), we gt the fllowing relation I(bel)=log,,2=0.30bel IEeimghe74_ For the prob gnenin Example cal hens debe In addition, calculate the intensity in decibels if 1 Solution The intensity iscalelted sf: 1(4B)=1010g, Using the given value of Zin Eg (7.22), we get the following expression 1(4B)=10108,,2=34B Form, logy 4 = 64 we get the following value: (4B) Notice that the intensity doubles every 3B. EXample7.5) Guess the ratio 1 ifthe intensity is 124B. Solution As indicated in Example 74, 1, doubles every 348. ‘Thus, for intensity tobe 124B, Il, =2*2x2*2=16. Tkaigle 746, Express a 240% increase in imtensty in units of decibel Solation Sound level Lis represented as follows: 1 =10og9(H!) For the given situation, we have 1 leading to 1 =1010g,(34)=534B260 Engineering Physics pe ER RCN mmitude of any sensation is cord rechner law “The magi 2 ito Wee which produces the sensation, proportional to the logarithm of ‘the physical stimuli prod “Thus mathematical, a = klog? ete sound, and k is a constant of si i ein 8 eae Tow hs rg in appeal a at tes back 0 te 13th century, whichreates the eesved payeholoial magnitude tthe Jost Sr the physial stimu A more accurate relationship between stimulus an judgement is given by the Steven law ee ‘According 1o Steven a, sensory perceptions correspond more closely to the powers of stimulus Thus, R=k(S-S) ‘where $ represents the stimulus, R the response, and S, the threshold of stimulus. (7.25) 7.6 REVERBERATION Suppose a source produces sound in a building. The sound travels at a particular velocity and reaches the listener to produce a sensation. There are, however, a lot of objects such as walls, windows, ceilings, and floors in the building. All these objects reflect sound and thus become secondary sources of sound, though of diminishing intensity. The intensity diminishes because a part of the energy is lost at every reflection. The persistence of audible sound even after the source stops emitting sound energy is referred 10 a ees tte sound alsbelow te aucily , s luce any further sensation. e ake ortho alia ll low hema eae tobe I-1.5sfora 0,00 cube fat, Of around 50,000 Archtectaral Acoustics 264 7.7 SABINE'S FORMULA everberation time is an important factor hat is used in determining acoustic characteristics of a system, A aware important requirement for designing an effective acoustic systems ‘Thi en ) fig. 74 Elemental area of pane wal Figure 7.4 also shows two semi-circles of radii r and (r+ dr) drawn from the centre of the element ds. The circles have been drawn such that they le ina plane that contains the normal tothe element ds, The shaded portion in Fig, 7.4is an elemental area between the angles @ and (0 + d6) lying within the two circles. The variable @ represents the angle between the radii and the direction of the normal to the element ds. The area da of the shaded portion isexpressed as follows dd=rdedr Suppose the area elements rotated about the normal through an angled, with the radius of rotating figure being kept at rsin 6, The distance travelled by the element area will ber sin 6 dg, thus, the volume d¥ traced out by the (726, elemental area would be as follows: dV =r dO dr(rsin8.d9) yielding dV =r sing d@dr dg If E represents the sound er Contained in the volume dV’is given by the following expression: dE= Ep sind 40 dr dg per unit solid angle any direction, d,s given inthe am (7.28) snergy per unit volume, then the sound energy 129) The sound energy following form: Jno 40 dr db 0.30) ere Ee tind d0 6 4n=== __—_———seawitiéié 262 Engincering hoses atipecemental volume dV isexpressed “The sold angle df2subtended by ds as follows: ante : i ntheclemental volume that 1 (7.30)and (731) the sound ener oe on be eqromedin ie Sow = is travelling towards ds can be ex BP sin 0drd6 dscos0 ey whch canbe revriten as follows i srsingeoso 009 Ir vis the velocity of sound, the sound ne times obtained by integrating over within theliitsr= Ba, (7.33) over @leads to the following expression: (aey sgy reaching element ds in v Otor=y. Imegratin ts Pi ysndcoso sf s4 Fas yielding “4 tpsineosade 2x yieaing a implying that a FS Gysindcos6 parsindcosod0 Carrying out an integration of Eq, (7.36) over 6, can be written as follows: ving lsd f 4 Eergy resid by een! dpe nit ime can be obtained by ing Eq. (7.38) between the limits r = Ba and r = v. This yields the following tds dr Bit inrogn otal absorption rate 18 of the wali given as ol ‘py Dad phere the summation has to be carried out overt ral or the a rt is then EV : Mey tt @ 7.42) Berth total volume of the room is independent of ti In addition Rate of growth of Rate of na mth R If P represents the power from the source, then Eq, (7.43), using Eq, (7.42), ‘ean be written in the foll m : VSE_p_£ surfaces on which the sound ent. Total absorption i express in units of : In steady sta ), and Ea, (7.4) vets the following expression: E o-P oa Ch : From Eq, (7.4 i de : E E av Ww aE Multiplying (4 ee following expression 4PA ) ee. as) ¢ ar v0,264 Bagicering Physics ritten in the following form: which ane a § (ge) =5 tet uation Antegration of Eq, (50) yes the following °F AP ean (751) oe ives the expression for tegration, Equation (7.50 8 is constant of int where Kis a constant of pe time dependence of energy density 7.7.1 Growth of Energy Density aay ag ieot tis bounaryconion a (51) Letus assume that E= results inthe following relation: AP aKn0 (7.52) vieding K=E (753) ‘Substitution of the value of Kin Eq. (7. Si) leads to the following expression: (7.54) From Eq, (7.46), we know that 4P E,-= . = (755) Substitution of Eq. (7.55) into Eq (7.54) yields the following expression: E=E, (1 3) A plot of Ea. (7.56)is shown schematically in Fig. 7.5, From Fig 7.5, tis clear that the energy density ‘increases exponentaly with ime and finally saturates at E= East, ' 7.1.2 Decay of Energy Density i ‘Suppose the source producing the sound is switched oad o ret ‘ic Freche minum ale Let ws eet assume that the comesponding times ="), Peds) ee pe bang me Fm M75 Potency sity vs time Architectural Acoustics 265 E,=K s1 since the source producing the found has been switched off, we can put P= 0in Eq, (7.51). Thus, using Faq, (7.57) in Eq, (7.51), we get the ere following, relation: =Be* (758) Figure 7.6 shows a schematic repre- 8-7-6 Decay of eneray density win sentation of decay of E with time, ™° 7.7.3 Reverberation Time Reverberation time, 7, is defined as the time taken for the energy density to fallto the minimum audible value from an initial value that i 10" times higher. From Eq, (7.58), we can thus write that . eto ree (739) leading to eT =10' (7.60) Logarithm of both the sides of Eq. (7.60) results in the following expression: AT =60g, 2,3026%6 61) Use of A= 2r in Eq, (7.61) leads to the following equation: “Gz in Eq, (7.61 leads to the following equa vey rp ri which gives 2.30266 4% 2.30266 (7.82) Substituting v= 340m/s in Eq, (7.62), one gets the following expression: 7 2 hn23006%6 1 0a) 340 ay e (7.64) yielding T = 0.165: a, Using o, = Za, ds in Eq, (7.64), we can write ‘the following expression for reverberation time T: Vv. 65) T=0.165.Determine Solution Average absorption coeffic ing the given values in Eq. (7.68), we get the following equation 0.02200 + 0.8100 + 0.05100 200+100+100 89 jelding @ - 52 0.22 yielding @ otal absorption a can be obtained from the following expression: a, = 0.22 x 400= 88 sabin Finally, the reverberation time, T, is given as follows: 06s a @ ‘Using the given value of V and the calculated, 1 toe value of a, in Eq. (7.70) following result: =O _ 35 ‘Bitimple7.9) A conference room has a total vol A Acs lume of 2000m?. The magnituds ae ption within the conference room is 100 sabin. 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Oe Cae ‘the natural frequency of vibration of a rod, oe Sn kao v's tube method fOr determination of frequency of soung P A | PI 8.13. Explain the; sensitive flame method for the determination of frequency of ultra. sonic waves a) i tation. ve the phenomenon of c= ie ns Gee See of she phenomenon of cavitation “iG What isan acoustic erating? : " ‘How can one use an ‘acoustic grating to determine the velocity of an ultrasonic wave? 818 Differentiate between A-scan. and B-scan. Numerical Problems §.1 Velocity of ultrasonic waves in sea water is 1440 m/s. Find the depth of a sub- ‘merged submarine if a teflected ultrasonic pulse is received 0.25s after being sent out. (Hint: d= vx!) 8.2 The submarine indicated in Problem 8.1 relocates itself to a depth of 200m. ‘What will be the new time interval between the received and the sent ultrasonic pubes [Hint d= vx!) 8.3. 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