Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Preventable Adverse Drug Reactions
and
Preventability of Adverse Drug Reactions
Supattra Rerkvaleekul B. Pharm
Wasurat Sungworn Pharm D.
What is preventable ADRs?
ADRs will not occur
if all practitioners give
an appropriate treatment
for the patients
Examples of preventable ADRs
Used inappropriate dose
Drug interaction
Ignoring toxic serum drug concentration
Inappropriate medication administration
practice
Used of contraindicated drugs i.e. G6PD
deficiency, pregnancy and breastfeeding
Incidence of Preventable ADRs
Method : Studies were identified though searching Cochrane,
CINAHL, EMBASE, IPA, Medline, PsycINFO and web of Science
in September 2010
Incidence of Preventable ADRs
Studies included in quantitative synthesis
(meta‐analysis)
N = 22
Incidence of Preventable ADRs
% of preventable ADRs
1.6 Inpatient
Outpatient
2
Factors of injection administration
Route of administration: IV, IM, Sc, IT
Compatibility of diluent: NSS, D5W
Concentration of solution
Infusion rate
Size of vessel
Number of Infusion reaction&
Injection site reaction cases
( during May‐October 2016)
25
Total 50 cases
21
20
Morphine
15 Levofloxacin
Pethidine
9
10 Ciprofloxacin
6
5 Cefazolin
4
5 3
2 Vancomycin
0 Others
Infusion reaction
Red man syndrome i.e. vancomycin, cefepime,
amphothericin B etc.
Kim H and Fischer D. Anaphylaxis. Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology 2011; 7(1): 1‐7
Infusion reaction
Injection site reaction i.e.morphine, pethidine
Available from: http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Morphine
Infusion reaction
Phlebitis i.e. phenytoin, cloxacillin, ciprofloxacin
Available from: http:http://image.slidesharecdn.com/typesofivfluidsanduses‐150324090210‐
conversion‐gate01/95/types‐of‐iv‐fluids‐and‐uses‐12‐638.jpg?cb=1427205774
Example of Inappropriate IV administration
Opioids gr.
Injection site reaction
‐ Morphine ( คัน หรื อ มีผ่ ืน แดงคัน บริเ วณที่ฉ ีด ยา )
‐ Pethidine
Recommend rate: slowly IV push over 4‐5 minutes
Reference Medscape [Internet]. New York: WebMD; c1994‐2016 [updated 2015 November 10; cited 2016
December 10]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com
Example of Inappropriate IV administration
‐ Ciprofloxacin inj. Injection site reaction
‐ Levofloxacin inj. ( คัน หรือ มีผ่ ืน แดงคัน บริเ วณที่ฉ ีด ยา )
Recommend IV administration :
Ciprofloxacin: conc. 1‐2 mg/ml into large vein over 60 minutes
Levofloxacin: 250 – 500 mg infuse over 60 minutes
750 mg infuse over 90 minutes
Reference Medscape [Internet]. New York: WebMD; c1994‐2016 [updated 2015 November 10; cited 2016
December 10]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com
Example of Inappropriate IV administration
Red man syndrome
‐ Vancomycin inj. ( ผื่นแดงบริ เวณใบหน้ า หน้ าอก หลัง ในรายที่มีอาการ
รุนแรง อาจมีอาการแน่นหน้ าอก, ความดันตก ร่วมด้ วย )
Recommend IV administration :
concentration not more than 5 mg/ml infuse not to exceed 10
mg/minutes
Reference Medscape [Internet]. New York: WebMD; c1994‐2016 [updated 2015 November 10; cited 2016
December 10]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com
Case study
ผู้ป่วยหญิงไทยคู่ อายุ 50 ปี
Dx แมวกัด
ได้ รับยาฆ่าเชื ้อเป็ น Ceftriaxone และ Clindamycin แต่แผล
ไม่ดีขึ ้น แพทย์จงึ เปลี่ยนยาฆ่าเชื ้อเป็ น Levofloxacin 750 mg
IV OD ร่วมกับ Metronidazole 400 mg 1x3 pc
Case study
Recommend rate: 750 mg infuse over 90 minutes
Take home message
Concentration
Route Compatibility & Size of Vessel
Infusion rate
Rate reminder card
Rate reminder card
หนังสือ ยาฉีด ที่ใ ช้ บ่ อ ย
โทร 97007
introduction
• G6PD deficiency is an X‐linked recessive inherited
disorder
• Symptomatic patients are mostly hemizygous
males, but also the less common homozygous
females
• A number of heterozygous females may have
decreased levels of G6PD in the intermediate‐
deficient range, due to a skewed inactivation of
the X‐chromosome
introduction
• G6PD deficiency is an X‐linked inherited
disease that primarily affects men
• Women may be affected if they are
homozygous
• Heterozygous women (carriers) can
experience clinical disease
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/200390‐overview#a7
Classes of G6PD Enzyme variants
• The G6PD‐deficient variants are grouped into
different classes corresponding with disease
severity
American Family Physician. Volume 72, Number 7 October 1, 2005
Prevalent and heterogeneity
• G6PD deficiency is prevalent in the Thai ?
population in the range of 3‐18% in males
• G6PD (heterogeneity)
– G6PD Viangchan (class II) is the most common
variant in central and southern Thailand
– G6PD Mahidol (class III) has also been reported to be
the most common variant in the south
– The prevalence and molecular characteristics of G6PD
deficiency in northern Thailand might be different
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public. HealthVol 45 No. 1 January 2014
Pathophysiology
• G6PD catalyzes
the production of
NADPH
• NADPH which is
essential for the
conversion of
glutathione; GSH
(antioxidant)
Drug Saf 2010; 33 (9)
Clinical symptoms
Oxidative agent GSH
Screening test
G6PD Screening Test at Siriraj Hospital
• Indication
– ในเด็ก ที่ม ีภ าวะตัวเหลือ งแรกคลอดทุก รายที่ส งสัย ว่ าเกิด จาก
ภาวะพร่ อ ง enzyme G‐6‐PD
– ในผู้ป่ วยเด็ก ที่ม ีอ าการเม็ด เลือ ดแดงแตกโดยไม่ ท ราบสาเหตุ
Drug
Definite risk
– Quinolones: ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin
– Sulfa: co‐trimoxazole, sulfasalazine
– Nitrofurans: nitrofurantoin
– Other
primaquine, doxorubicin, phenazopyridine,
methylene blue
Drug
Caution risk
– Antazoline, Aspirin, Aminopyrine
– Colchicine, Diphenhydramine, Dimercaprol
– Dopamine, Furazolidone, Gibenclamide
– Hydralazine, Isoniazid, methyldopa
– PAS, Phenytoin, Paracetamol (>20 mg/kg or 3g/day)
– Probenecid, Procainamide, Quinidine
– Streptomycin, Sulfa‐like drugs**, Trihexylphenidyl
– Vitamin C (>20g/does), Vitamin K
** ex Sulfaguanidine, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamerazine
Food
ถั่วปากอ้ า ไวน์ แ ดง
บลูเ บอร์ ร่ ี
Chemical
• ลูก เหม็น (naphthalene)
• Toluidine blue
G6PD alerting card
G6PD booklet
38
G6PD label
G6PD deficiency
39
Summary
• G6PD deficiency เป็ นภาวะที่ม ีค วามผิด ปกติบ นโครโมโซม X
Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles
associated with severe drug allergy
• HLA‐B*5701 positive: Abacavir
• HLA‐B*1502 positive: Carbamazepine
• HLA‐A*3101 positive: Carbamazepine
• HLA‐B*5801 positive: Allopurinol
คําแนะนําในการปฏิบ ตั งิ าน