Section 3

3.1 Introduction
of waves
transverse waves direction
vibration
ofvibration is perpendicular
to the direction

vW.is EM waves of
wave travels
water waves

longitudinal waves direction vibration is

Vibration of
th s parallel to
direction
of wave travels
um travels Sound waves
Describe waves
⼈ ⼊
pea .tt nut

All
名
⼊

⼀ ing I
amplitude I A1 distance between
peak iran or trough
and x axis
wavelength IN distance between two
adjacent peaks 1crests
distance between two
adjacent troughs
distance between
the first and third points
on x axis

frequency f how many waves can be produced in Is

time period Ti how long it will take a product on wave
Wave spend

Ef ⼋ ⼆ 年 f f
3.2 Water Waves
i angle
Reflection normal of incidence
r angle
of reflection
Er
incident reflected All types of waves show
wave
in wave
the property of reflection

Refraction
waves travel water
from deep
lift to shallow water wave pad
decreases and wavelength
decreases waves change direction

Deep water shallow water

Doppler Ett
relative motion between observer and want source causes

in the frequency the wave

apparent change
of

ǜi
Car moving towards you
carmoving away fromyou
有 ǜǒ
frequency seems to be larger
you can hear a higher pitch sound of
frequency seems to be lower
you can hear a lower pitch sound of
3.3 Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic spectrum

c energy frequency increasing

Fray x.gs uv IR microwaves radio

ǐij waves
wavelength increasing

similarity
All the EM waves
of can
transfer energy and information
All the EM waves
of are transverse waves
They all travels at a speed
of 3 ㄨ 108mls at a vacuum
Radio waves
uses broadcast
television signals and international phone calls

Microwaves
Uses satellite transmission
mobile phone connection
cooking
Hazards Excessive internal
exposure
of mi.rowaves can cause

heating
of body tissues
Infrared
uses heaters
nightvision equipment
cooking
remote control
Hazards Excessive
exposure
of IR can cause skin burns
Visible light
visible communication
vt uu.io
photography
yellow
green
Waugh
blue increasing
optical fibres 华岳
photosynthesis
Hazards
very bright light can damage Huge
Ultraviolet
Uses kill bacteria
media use like treatment
security marking
of skin diseases
fluorescent
lamp
Hazards snow_blindness
iauu skin cancer
X rays
Uses X ray photograph used to check something
wrong on
the bones because x rays can be
absorbed
by bones
Airports security cheek
cancer treatment
Hazards cause cancer and mutation

kill healthy as

trays
Uses sterilize food and medical instrument
because
Frgs can kill banteria
Cancer treatment
because
trays can kill cancer cells
Hazards
cause cancer and mutation
kill healthy as
34 3.6 light
Law
Reflection n.mu of Reflection
The angle
ofincidence is gud
to the angle reflection i r
incident
n Med of
vg ray
The incident
vg.hn vetted
it rang and Hu normal always lie
in This am plane

How to
find the position
of the virtual image in a mirror

Red world virtual would

d ⼺ d
d d
s ys
i n
s ii
nl f iz n
i21 y
ㄑ
9
4
L f
⼺
Miwov

Refraction
because
Refraction happens light travels faster in air than in
other substances
The amount buhi.hn a
light rag bends depends on
What the material is
the angleof incidence
 ⼩ Less to more
ofcat dense transition
你⼼ bed towards the woman

leq.aivtoglau j.lv 7
is r

air glass
More to less
optical dense transition leg water nail
TN bends
away from the normal
icr
i
water air
why a pool appears shallow

I
air
water

Refractive index
sin
Pm s
in r
Dispersion 散射
Dispersion concurs when a prism split thu colors of white light
into spectrum

the ufvaet.in index of Theglass or

Dispersion occurs because

perspex of the prism varies with the

colors
of spectrum that
make
up white light violet has Hu greatest
refractive index and therefore
deviates the most
Rid has the lowest and
deviates the least

Total internal reflection l TIR l

Total internal reflection occurs when
light is incident on a boundary between optically denser to
less dense substance
Theangle
of incidence is greater than the critical angle

criticangle criticangle criticangle

杰
Glass
Air ⼷
icc
Glass
Air

Ec
贰 in
Refraction and Refraction at qó No refraction

partial reflection and partial reflection total internal

region
Critical angle equation
sin C h
 Uses
of total internal reflection
prismatic periscope
Bicycle or reflector

Optical fibres
Endoscope

37 3.8 Sound waves

I Sound is produced objects
by vibrating
K 20Hz infrasound can cause harm to people

tiiii
f 20000Hz ultrasound can be used to measure distance

Infrasound and ultrasound can't be heard humans

by
I Sound is a longitudinal wave
compression

器
iii iii
ravefaet.in
A compression is a
region the air pressure is greater than
the normal atmospheric pressure
A rarefaction is a region the air
pressure is lower than
the normal atmospheric pressure
The wavelength Hu sound wave is
between
of
tht centre
to the distance equal
two successive
of compressions for rations
speed of sound
Usaid 7 7 Ii
Yas
mini
V1iguid

sound can't travel through a

Measure the spend sound in a
of laboratory
loudspeaker

signal I oscilloscope
generator
⺃
ly Miguel 豐 iphone

u
f d
d distance between two microphones measured a metre ruler
by
tape measure
t time differencebetween these two microphones when
they relieved
sound signal Measured
by the oscilloscope x axis mind the
time base
in time interval between tract
tracefrom from minephone A and true
fu microphone A
from microphone B is

tan from t 8 ms 8 ㄨ 10 35
fun microphone B

timebainms Perm
Measure the Speed sound outside
of
echoes
Method Ii Use
use a metre
ruth tape measure
and the tan
to measure the distance
between people building marked as d
 clap hands and when hear The echo clap
again repeat
until no echoes are hard Mount Hu time taken
for
people to produce to echoes using a timer marked as t

Calculate the speed

of sound v 到

乔
cl
Method I producer tvecinuer

Two people stand separately measure the distance between

these two people using a menu
vuleytape measure marked as d
A fires a pistol people B starts the Timer
People
when m saw the smoke
of pistol and stops the timer
when he heard the sound pistol time interval is
measured marked as t
of
Calculate The speed
of sound
i
in

A B
是
k
d
Refraction of sound
The cooler air over the water retracts the
sound waves
downwards
properties
of sound
I loudness describe how loud a sound is
depends on amplitude
of vibrations
I Pitch describe howhigh a sound is
depends on frequency a wave
区 Quality depends on thu
of
shape of wantform
Using an oscilloscope to measure Hu frequency a sound wave
Connect oscilloscope to microphone
of
Adjust the oscilloscope to
steady true
a

Adjust the time base to

get2
get complete waves
use oscilloscope to measurethutimeperiod
nnnnnnnr

50f.lk
time taken between
l
peaks Kuni on an oscilloscope

troughs
first and third points