Section 6

6 1 Magnets

Magnets at vast objects made magnetic materials

of
Magnetic materials include the elements iron nickel cobalt
such as steel and some
of these
some
alloys containing
of their compounds

Magnetic poles are the parts of a

magnet that exerted
th greatest force They occur in pairs and usually
caned north M and south Sl
The Law like repel unlike poles attract
of magnets poles

Magnetic Fields
A magneticfield is a volume of space were magnetic force
is exerted field f fora f
All magnets are
surrounded
by magnetic fields
The shape a magnetic
of field can be shown
by iron
fillings or plotting compass
We use magnetic field lines to
represent a magnetic

field Magnetic field lines always start at a north

pole and finish on a south pole when the field lines

are drawn close together the field is strong The further

apart the lines are the weaker the field is
Practicali Investigate magnetic find patterns
Method I plotting compass
i On a
place a small plating compass
near to
pieceof paper
the north
pole of a magnet Mark each end
of the compass needle with pencil dots
2 place a second
compass in contact with the first one
and mark the position the second needle
of
3 Repeat the process with more compasses so that a
field line is trad from the
north pole to the south

pole of the magnet

Method Ii Iron fillings

the magnet
1 Place a piece of paper over the top of
the paper and
2 Sprinkle some iron fillings on top of
tap the paper
3 Sketch the pattern the iron fillings this shows
of
the shape
of the magnetic field
Some Patens of magnetic fields
I bar magnet
 I magnetic field between two bar magnets

Nffiv
x neutral

not
poin s

ffs
N

Producing a uniform magnetic field

A uniform magnetic field exerts a constant force on a
region
It consists parallel equally
of spaced magnetic field lines
This type
of field can almost be found between a month
and south magnetic pole
3 uniform
N s s magnetic
3 field
6.2 Magnetising
A magnetically hard material becomes a
permanent magnet
when it is magnetized such as steel

A magnetically soft material will make an induced ou

temporary magnet such as iron

The inside magnetic materials are
of split up into small
regions which we all domains Each domain acts like a

very small magnet

In an iron bar the domains are jumbled when there is

up
no
magnet near But as soon as a magnet is near
put
to the bar the domains are made to line
up
in a steel bar once the domains have been lined
up they
stay pointing in one direction
6.3 Currents and magnetism
An electric current in a conductor produces a in
magnet field
around it
hand rule
Right grip
hand
Gripthe wire with right
thumb dilution
of electric current
of the
fingers direction circular
magnetic field

conductor
Magnetic field patterns of different current_carrying
I Straight wire
The magnetic consists concentric
field
circles centred on the wire
of
Themagnetic field is strongest near the
wire
The strength the field inneases
of
the electric current is inweaned
if
x means into the paper
go
means
go
out
of the paper
I Flat circular coil
A flat circular oil can be
regarded as two straight wire
that carrys opposite current
flow
 正 solenoid
A solenoid is a coil
of
an electric current
wire
carrying
The strength
with of thefield innes

i the electric current

is the number turns in oil
of
Electromagnets
I Suture of an electromagnet

An electromagnet consists
awn solenoid
of a
⼆
aging upped
负⼼ around an iron
core

I Making a
stronger electromagnet
Electromagnets can be made stronger by
is Adding more turns to the
oil wine of
ii Increasing the current in the wire
iii
Adding a soft iron core
亚 Uses
of electromagnets
is Swap
yard crane
ii Electric bell
iii Circuit breaker
6.4 6.5 Motor Effect 电磁 ⼒ 运动1
when a
current carrying wine is placed in a magnetic field
it will experience a force provided that thu conductor is
not parallel to the field lines This is called The motor
paid
etat
 hand Rule
Left is used to
find the direction
of force
thumb direction
of force IFI
direction
first finger of magnetic
field B
Second
finger direction
of current II

I Gwenn carry wire 不考计算

if 近照
The four increases
is strength magneticfield is
increased
of
ii current is increased
iii length Hu wire between The
of
poles increases

The dirwmof fora is reversed

if either the direction
the current or the direction
of of magnetic field is reversed
I Electric charges
Eleni changes are deflated by magnetic
field provided they are not
travelling parallel
to the field lines
The 照
of the force depends on
is strength the magnetic
㐡凸
淖
of
ii speed of Hu particles
field
iii amount
of
charges on Hu particles
The
firing force is reversed
1positiveif
i
jignarge
ii direction
changes negative1
of magnetic field reverses
 Electric Motors
Explain why the coil start to
spin Motor ETA
There is a current in oil
Gwent creates magnetic around the
wives
field
of oil
Interaction
of this field with that
of
permanent magnets
There is a
force on the wire
Using Left hand Rate
Upwards
force on on side and downward
force on the otherside
Loudspeaker
Dane howthe ac generates a sound wave

alternating current changes direction continuously

current in coil produces alternating
magnetic
field
thus fora is exerted on the coil
reversing direction
of current reverses direction
offorce
so the one vibrates
Cone vibrating makes air
particles vibrate
6.6 b7 Generator
Effect l Electromagnetic Induction 运动仂 磁 电
I Straight wire
If an electrical conductor cuts through magneticfield lines a
Voltage is induced arose the ends the conductor the wire
is a a complete circuit
ofa current If
part of is induced in the wire
This is called electromagnetic induction and is sometimes called the
generator
ten
 The induced voltage increases
i magnet
ofin if
fieldstrength increases
in length the wire between poles
of
in wears
iii speed
of wire increases

is direction
EBL
of Thtdn.ro
induced voltage reverses
if
motion reverses
ii direction of
of magnetic field reverses
I
willsolenoid a magnet is moved into a coil
If wire
of
a voltage is induced across theends
the coil
of
Electromagnetic induction also occurs
if
the magnetic field is stationary andthe
coil is moved

The
照of the induced voltage increases when
i speed
is strength
of monument increases

of magnetic field increases

iii number
in area
of turns on the con increases
of oil is greater
Thed n.no of voltage reverses
i direction
of movement nurses if
ii polarity
of magnet reverses
 Generator
Explain why then is a current in
the circuit
coil mates and cuts through
magnetic field lines Electromagnetic
induction oceans An alternating
current is induced in the coil
The faster the oil is rotated
is Hu
greater is thin amplitude
ii the higher is the
of the voltage and current
frequency of the ac
The
fg of the induced voltage laurenti increases when
is rotating the oil
faster
in using
stronger magnet
iii using more nuns
in
of wire
wrapping the wire around a s
of iron core

6.8 Transformers
A transformer is a device That is used to change one
alternating
voltage level to another

Structure
of a transformer

oil A transformer consists

primary
ofNp
turns
of at least two coils

中 wire wrappedaround

⾄ Ei 卛
0 a laminated iron on
primary i voltage
Voltage

Y secondary
coil
iron core
of
Laminated Ns turns
 Explain how a transformer works
An alternating current flows in the primary oil
Thisproduces a changing magnetic
field
Thechanging magnetic
field is linked to a secondary coil by a
laminated iron core
There is a hanging magnetic field in the secondary oil
So an
alternating voltage is induced
producing an alternating current

加 Transformer equation
primary voltage Primary turns
secondary uge secondary turns 管
可is of transformer
step up transformer use to invent Hu voltage
VpL Vs Np ㄑ Ns
down
step transformer use odeireau the
voltage
Up Vs Np Ns
Transformer power Transfer Equation
Assume the
transformer is 1 吖 efficient
power supplied by primary circuit powerused in secondary circuit

IpVp IsUs
⼆

The National Grid

Tht National Grid is the system of cables used to deliver electrical power
from power stations to consumers
The higher the voltage used thegreater is the efficiency of energy transmiss
Lower voltages result in higher electric currents andgreaterenergy loss to
mat due to the resistance of the tables
 Explain how thin transmission electrical power is made more efficient
of
by using step up and step down transformers

power
V f Il E
7年 IR.az
stain
仰功 twgmw
ER
共 ⾔
stepdown ⽐啊吡
te

increased with
voltage stepup transformer
therefore current reduced
power linked to current
of heating
heat⼆ 项 current reduced power of heating decreases
therefore less energy is lost

step down transformer reduces voltage to domestic

fit appliances