1 Water moves into plants from the soil and exits through the leaves.

(a) Explain how water moves from the soil into the root.

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Water reaches the leaves from the roots through the xylem. Fig. 4.1 shows images of stomata
on the lower surfaces of leaves of two varieties of olive plant, A and B. Both are shown at the
same magnification.

A B

Fig. 4.1

(b) (i) Describe the function of stomata.

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 (ii) Compare the density of stomata between the two varieties of olive plant, A and B, shown
in Fig. 4.1.

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(iii) Under identical environmental conditions the rate of water uptake in plant A is higher
than plant B.

Explain why.

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(c) The density of stomata is an example of a leaf adaptation to the environmental conditions.

State two other adaptations of leaves for survival in a dry environment.

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(d) Water lost from the leaves enters the atmosphere.

Describe how water is recycled from the atmosphere back to the roots.

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[Total: 15]
2 Ecologists study plants and animals in their natural environment.
Some ecologists inserted probes into the water-conducting tissue in trees, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
The ecologists measured the time taken for water to move up from probe 1 to probe 2.

tree probe 2
probe 1

data logger

Fig. 4.1

(a) (i) Name the water-conducting tissue into which the two probes were inserted.

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(ii) Describe how the structure of this water-conducting tissue is adapted to its function.

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(b) Explain the mechanism of water movement from the roots up the tree to the leaves.

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(c) Fig. 4.2 shows the rate of water conduction up three
different trees in a forest over 24 hours.

Fig. 4.2
(ii) Describe the rate of water conduction in tree A, during this 24 hour period.
You will gain credit for using the data in Fig. 4.2 to support your answer.

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 (iii) Suggest how the ecologists used the data in Fig. 4.2 to calculate the total volume of
water used by a tree in 24 hours.

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(iv) In Fig. 4.2, tree A is a tall tree, tree B is a medium-height tree and tree C is a short tree.
Suggest reasons for the different rates of water conduction in the three trees.

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(d) Loggers often cut down the tall trees in a forest.

Describe the effects on the forest ecosystem of cutting down trees.

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[Total: 18]
3 All mammals have a double circulatory system. Fig. 1.1 shows part of the human double
circulatorysystem.

right lung left lung

P J

O B K
C
A
D
N muscular wall
of heart

right kidney left kidney

L
M

Fig. 1.1

(a) Name the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the human heart.

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(b) (i) Describe what is meant by the term double circulation.

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(ii) State one advantage of a double circulation.

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 (c) Table 1.1 describes some of the structures of the human circulatory system shown in Fig.1.1.

Complete the table.

One row has been done for you.

Table 1.1
description name of structure letter on Fig. 1.1

heart chamber with the

thickest muscular wall

blood vessel that carries

oxygenated blood to the heart

blood vessel that carries

oxygenated blood away from the heart

blood vessel that carries blood away

from the kidneys

blood vessel with the largest vena cava N

lumen

[4]

(d) Describe how blood is transported from the vena cava to the lungs. You may use the letters
on Fig. 1.1 in your description.

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(e) (i) Doctors recommend that a healthy diet can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.

Give one other lifestyle improvement patients can make that can reduce the risk of
coronary heart disease.

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(ii) Sometimes surgery is required to treat coronary heart disease.

Describe one named example of surgery that can treat coronary heart disease.

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[Total: 14]
4 Mammals have a double circulation system.

(a) Explain what is meant by a double circulation system.

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(b) Table 5.1 shows some of the main organs in a mammal and the vessels that deliver blood and
take it away.

Complete the table.

Table 5.1

organ blood vessel

delivers blood takes blood away

1 ..................................................... 1 aorta
heart
2 ............................................... vein 2artery

lungs pulmonary artery

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1 hepatic artery
liver hepatic vein
2 .....................................................

kidney
............................................. artery ................................................ vein

[5]
(c) Table 5.2 shows the blood pressure in the different blood vessels that supply and drain a
muscle in the leg.

Table 5.2

blood vessel mean blood pressure / kPa

aorta 13
femoral artery 12
distributing / muscular artery 9
arteriole in muscle 6
capillary in muscle 4–1.3
venule in muscle 1.1
femoral vein < 1.0

(i) The table shows that the mean blood pressure decreases from 13 kPa in the aorta to
6 kPa in the arterioles.

Explain why blood pressure must decrease in the arterioles before entering the
capillaries.

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(ii) Explain how blood returns to the heart in the femoral vein against the pull of gravity.

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(d) Fig. 5.1 shows a section across part of an artery.

Fig. 5.1

With reference to Fig. 5.1, explain how the structure of an artery is related to its function.

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[Total: 14]