Q4 RWS LESSONS

Week 1
Hypertext was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963. It is a non-linear way to present information and is usually
accomplished using “links”
Hypertext allows readers to access information particularly suited to their needs.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource
that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it.
Hypertext is a non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using “links”.
The World Wide Web (www) is a global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked
across the internet.
Hypertext is the foundation of World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to obtain more
information on a subsequent page on the same site or from website anywhere in the world.

Hypermedia links that are not just limited to text or documents but may also incorporate other forms of
multimedia such as images, audio, and videos that stimulate more senses.
Why hypertexts?
In a hypertext system, the reader is free to navigate information by exploring the connections provided.
Hypertext is very different way of presenting information than the usual linear form.
Text no longer flows in a straight line through a book. Instead, it is broken down into many smaller units
(lexias, to borrow a term from literary criticism), each addressing a few issues.
It acts as a bridge between two basic, opposite, and complementing elements that may be called gender
of knowledge representation: free and shortcut.
To add hyperlinks in a Word document:
Highlight the text or image that you want to link.
Right-click the text and choose Link or Hyperlink (depending on the version of Microsoft Word).
Select the type of destination you want to link to, then fill in the appropriate information. For example,
you can choose Existing File or Web Page, go to the Address text box, then paste the URL that you
copied in the website where you want to link the word in your text/poem.
4. Select OK

Assessment:
Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1.. Which of the following allows the reader to jump from the original text to another connected text
using a link?
A. HTML B. Highlighted words
C. Hypertext D. Web address

2. Which of the following is a global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across
the internet?
A. Domain address B. http
C. Uniform Resource Locator D. World Wide Web
3. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Hypertext is usually read in a linear manner.
B. A link may stock the reader to only a brief sentence, to a paragraph, or to whole pages of new text.
C. User follows a link from its source to its destination, usually by clicking on source with the mouse.
D. Hypertext refers to "links" on a computer screen that, when inactivated, will bring the reader
immediately to a new site of text, audio and video.
4. Which of the following refers to other forms of multimedia (pictures, sounds, and videos) that could
stimulate more senses and are incorporated in the
links?
A. Hyperlinks B. Hypermedia
C. Links D. URL
5. Which of the following statements is not true about hypertext?
Hypertext allows readers to analyze information from multiple perspectives.
A hypertext environment gives the learner control over paths of learning.
All textual information is easily presented in a linear form.
As the learner uses hypertext, they determine the focus or center of investigation by choosing to move
outside the limits set up by the author's navigational structure.
6. Which of the following is a link from a hypertext file or document to another location or file, typically
activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image on the screen?
A. Hyperlink B. Hypermedia
C. Link D. URL
7. Which of the following is not a characteristic of hypertext?
A. Text flows in a straight line through a book.
B. It acts as a bridge between two basic, opposite, and complementing elements: free and shortcut.
C. In a hypertext system, the reader is free to navigate information by exploring the connections
provided.
D. Hypertext is very different way of presenting information than the usual linear form
8.Under what menu would you find the 'Hyperlink' button in Microsoft Word?
A. Format B. Home
C. Insert D. Review
9.In the URL http://www.fbi.gov/employment/, which part is the host name?
A. Employment B. http
C. www D. www.fbi.gov
10. Other than using the 'Insert' menu, what is another way to insert a hyperlink?
A. Just type 'Hyperlink' in the Search box within Microsoft Word
B. Press Control + Shift + H
C. Triple click the word you want to use as the link
D. Right-click the word or phrase you want to use as the hyperlink

Intertext or the term "intertextuality" was coined by Julia Kristeva in 1966. It is a process of text
development that merges two more processes such as imitation and creation in doing a text.
Intertextuality refers specifically to references made from one piece of writing/fiction/film etcetera into
another. Here the references are not generally visible.

  Intertext refers to the relationship between different texts or parts of texts. It is the idea that no
text can be fully understood on its own, but rather it is shaped by the other texts that surround it.
Intertextuality can manifest itself in many ways, from direct references to other works to more subtle
allusions and echoes.

For example, a writer might reference a famous work of literature in their own writing, either directly or
indirectly, in order to add depth and meaning to their own work. This reference can create a connection
between the two texts, allowing the reader to see the new work in a new light.
https://thecontentauthority.com/blog/intertext-vs-hypertext
Intertextuality is powerful because, when we recognise a quote or a theme from somewhere else, we
understand what it means in its current setting, but we also remember what it meant in that other
context.
https://coffeewithclio.substack.com/p/echoes-and-intertext
Comparison between Intertext and Hypertext

Intertext Hypertext
Relationship between different texts or parts Text linked together in a non-linear fashion
of texts
Can be found in all types of literature Most commonly found in digital media
Allows writers to create a complex web of Allows for a more interactive and engaging
meaning reading experience

Elaboration on Intertextuality
Method Definition
Retelling It is the restatement of a story or re-expression of
a narrative to suit the present time.
Quotation It is the method of directly lifting the exact
statements or set of words from a text another
author has made.
Allusion In this method, a writer or speaker explicitly or
implicitly pertains to an idea or passage found in
another text without the use of quotation.
Pastiche It is a text developed in a way that it copies the
style or other properties of another text without
making fun of it unlike in a parody.
parody When you take a plot, writer’s style or even an
entire genre and exaggerate it for comical effect.

Assessment

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is a text developed in a way that copies the style or other properties of another text without making
fun of it unlike a parody.
A. allusion B. pastiche
C. quotation D. retelling
2. This method of text development allows writers to produce texts with borrowed ideas from other
writers.
A. hypertext B. intertext
C. context D. concept
3. Which of the following is not an example of intertextuality?
A. The song Love Story by Taylor Swift was described as one of the modern versions of Romeo and Juliet
due to its lyrics.
B. Clueless was the basis of Iggy Azalea’s music video Fancy.
C. Harry Potter was originally written by J. K. Rowling.
D. None of the above
4. Which of the following statements is the best intertextuality definition?
A. The relationship between texts.
B. Allusions from one text to another.
C. The translation of a text into a different language.
5. Which of the following would not be an example of intertextuality?
A. A translation of one work into a different language.
B. A poetic homage to an earlier writer by adopting that writer’s theme and tone.
C. The main characters of two unrelated works coincidentally both named Bob.
6. What type of intertext is this?
A. allusion B. Pastiche
C. Parody D. Retelling
7. A temptation that leads to trouble alludes to:
A. Odyssey B. Pandora’s Box
C. Trojan Horse D. Midas’s Touch
8. What type of intertext is this?
A. allusion B. Pastiche
C. Parody D. Retelling

9. He is so talented that he makes a lot of money! He is lucky that his talent is such a blessing. We would
say he has the_________________
A. Narcissist B. Trojan Horse
C. Midas’s touch D. Herculean task

10. The TV series “Ang Batang Quiapo” is based on the movie “Batang Quiapo” by Fernando Poe Jr.
A. allusion B. retelling
C. pastiche D. parody

Performance Task
Direction: Write a poem about patriotism. It should at least consist of two stanzas.

Week 2

Critical reading is engaging in analytic activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the
text and the author’s claim. Critical readers are doing the process of evaluating, analyzing, and
interpreting the assertion of the hidden meaning of the entire text.
On the other hand, reasoning as defined in Merriam-Webster dictionary, is an act of giving statements
for justification and explanation. It is the ability of someone to defend something by giving out reasons.
Therefore, when reading critically, it is necessary to question the different arguments used by the
author, as any problem can weaken the authenticity of the conclusion. Remember that critical reading is
not meant to criticize but to assess the validity of textual evidence
Steps Used in Critical Reading as Reasoning
by Maxine Rafaella C. Rodriguez and Marella Therese A. Tiongson
1. Identifying assertions
Identify by a common type of assertion such as fact, convention, opinion, and preference
2. Formulating a counterclaim
Counterclaims are made to rebut a previous claim
3. Determining evidence
Evidence is the details given by the authors to support his/her claims
Assessment
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which is an example of a probability adverb?
A. Could C. Usually
B. Probably D. None of the above
2. Fact, convention, opinion, and preference are common types of assertion used in
A. Identifying assertion C. Determining evidences
B. Counterclaim D. None of the above
3. Determining evidences is
A. Asserting facts to support claims C. To details the given support survey
B. Rebutting a previous claim D. Showing courteous
4. Hedges are used to be courteous in expressing
A. Evidence C. Counterclaims
B. Assertions D. Critical reading
5. Critical reading is not to criticize but to assess the validity of the text.
A. True C. Both A & B
B. False D. Not so sure
6. Hypertext reading is difficult than intertext reading.
A. True C. Both A & B
B. False D. None of the above

7. Your tone must be courteous when you are writing counterclaims.

A. True C. Both A & B
B. False D. None of the above

8. Critical reading is meant to assess the validity of textual evidence and not to criticize
A. True C. Both A & B
B. false D. None of the above

9. Interaction with the text is not necessary in evaluating judgment.

A. True C. Both A & B
B. False D. None of the above

10. Which is an example of a modal hedge?

A. Could C. Usually
B. Probably D. None of the above

Formulating Assertions

Assertion - the act of asserting or something that is asserted: such as an insistent and positive affirming,
maintaining, or defending (as of a right or attribute)

- When someone makes a statement investing his strong belief in it, as if it is true, though it may not be,
he is making an assertion.

- A stylistic approach or technique involving a strong declaration, a forceful or confident and positive
statement regarding a belief or a fact.
Types of Assertion:
1. Basic Assertion
It is simple and straightforward statement for expressing feelings, opinions, and beliefs such as:
“I wish I could have expressed this idea earlier, because now someone else has taken the
credit”.
“Excuse me, first I want to finish my work, then I shall go with you.”
2. Emphatic Assertion
It conveys sympathy to someone, and usually has two parts: the first encompasses recognition
of the feelings or situations of the other person, and the second is a statement that shows
support for the other person’s viewpoint, feelings, or right such as:
“I understand you are busy, and me too, but it is difficult for me to finish this project on my
own. So, I want you to help me complete this project.”
“I know this is making you angry and frustrated because you have not gotten a response yet.
But I can help you by giving you an estimate of how long it might take.”
3. Escalating Assertion
It occurs when someone is not able to give a response to a person’s basic assertion, and
therefore that person becomes firm about him of her such as:
“When you speak harshly, I cannot work with you because I feel annoyed. Therefore, I want
you to speak nicely and then assign me a task.”
“When I don’t get enough sleep, it affects my nerves and I feel irritated. Therefore, I try to go to
bed earlier.
Performance task

Direction: Read the paragraph and answer the question after it.

Eastern Samar is an underdeveloped place and is one of the most disaster-prone places in the
Philippines. Because of poverty, residents are forced to live in high-risk places, which makes them prone
to disasters. Disasters in Eastern Samar affect a large number of people by destroying their houses,
farmlands, livelihoods, and other personal assets.

Question: What is the weakness in the argument of the writer?

Week 3

Assertions are declarative sentences that give one’s belief about something else as if it is true though it
may not be. It is expressed as an argument. Usually, these assertions contain languages that expresses
evaluation such as useful, significant, important, insightful, detailed, up-to-date, comprehensive,
practical, impressive, etc.

There are four types of assertions which are classified according to the degree of certainty they can be
judged as true or false.

1. FACT - is a statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses,
verified observations, or the results of research.

Example:

According to experts, seawater contains high amounts of minerals such as sodium, chloride, sulphate,
magnesium, and calcium.

(The first sample sentence is classified as a fact since the mineral contents of seawater can be tested and
proven through experiments and researches.)

2. CONVENTION - is a way in which something is done similar to traditions and norms. Its truthfulness
can be verified only by reference to historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs. Something to
note about conventions is that they may sound factual due to their being derived from customs, but
because they are socially accepted ways of doing things, they cannot be verified objectively by
measurements.

Example:

Seawater is classified as a heterogenous and homogenous mixture.

(The second sample sentence is a convention because the classification of seawater is based on the
classification system made by scientists and is acceptable to the scientific community.)

3. OPINION - is a statement based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty
of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. Opinions result from ambiguities; the more ambiguous a
statement, the more difficult it is to verify. Thus, they are open to disputes.

Example:

Swimming in seawater is the best activity to refresh and relax your mind, body, and soul.

(The third sample sentence is an opinion since the claim is difficult to prove.

The truthfulness of the claim may be true to some but not to others.)

4. PREFERENCE - states a personal choice in which the writer is under no obligation to support or prove
the truthfulness of the statement. They are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically
attacked.

Example:

I love to make frequent trips to places with seawater than those without it.

(The last sample sentence is a preference because it expresses the personal choice of the writer to
places with seawater over those places without it.)
Assessment

Direction: Identify the type of assertion in each statement whether it is a fact, convention, opinion, or
preference.

1. I would rather watch educational shows than play computer games.

2. Roses grow best in soil made of ¾ clay and ¼ sand and loam.

3. In America, the bride's family pays the majority of the wedding costs.

4. Chocolates taste better than ice cream.

5. Lions belong to the genus Panthera which contains well-known animals such as the tiger, leopard, and
jaguar.

6. I think that green is the best color.

7. I prefer to go to Maldives than to St. Gallen.

8. Corazon Aquino was the 11th president (and first female president) of the

Philippines. She restored democracy after the long dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.

9. The export of cut rose can easily become one of the most lucrative businesses in the country.

10. President Rodrigo Duterte signed the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act on March 24, 2020.

Counterclaims are claims made to rebut a previous claim. To rebut means to contradict someone’s
statement through a formal argument. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument.

Four Elements of Argument

1. CLAIM - is a statement that asserts facts based on one’s understanding about a particular topic or
issue.

- In the given example, Martha asking his father to buy her a smart phone is an example of a claim.

2. COUNTERCLAIM - is just the opposite of claim. It is a statement that contradicts one’s claim and is
usually proven and supported by both reasons and evidences.

- MangTonyo’s negative response to Martha’s claim is an example of counterclaim.

3. REASON - is the part of an argument where a statement offers an explanation behind a party’s claim.

- Martha’s offering of valid reasons to convince MangTonyo that she needs the smart phone is an
example of reason.

4. EVIDENCE - is the statement that proves the truth of a claim and generally leads to the conclusion of
an argument.

- Martha provides evidence of the necessity of using smartphone as part of the new normal life in the
time of corona virus is an example of evidence.

Assessment:

Direction: Identify whether the following statements are a claim, counterclaim, reason, or evidence.
Then select the word, clause, or phrase that proves your answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

_____________ 1. If you want to keep people around you, continue to open the door of friendship and
always accentuate the positive.
____________ 2. I am a child of a loving God who created me after His own image. I am happy for what I
am and I don’t have to be someone I am not.

____________ 3. I don’t think so. Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution explains that humans evolved
from the monkeys.

____________ 4. I did not come from the apes because I don’t look like one of them!

____________ 5. Also, Genesis 1:26 explicitly rendered that aside from creating man after His image,
God also gave him dominion over all His creations. Well, it does not matter whether I look like a
chimpanzee or not as long as I know I am me.

Week 4

Textual evidence is defined as the details given by the author in order to support his/her claims. It
reveals the position of the writer and makes the reading more interesting. Evidences are details that
strengthen, add variety or weight to any argument.

Ways on how you can present textual evidence in your writings.

It can be through paraphrasing or restating the text in your own words, through summarizing or stating
in a shorter way the text and other relevant details to support the idea, through referencing or
mentioning a specific section in the text,and through quoting or directly restating a part of the text

Assessment:

Direction:Analyze each argument below and choose the correct letter of answer. Write your answer on
your answer sheet.
1. Argument: School uniforms are very beneficial in schools today. Which would be a claim for this
argument?
A. Uniforms in schools increase student safety.
B. Uniforms do not allow students to express their individuality.
C. Bullying and attacks are not stopped just because of uniforms.
2. Argument: Milk is very healthy for the human body. Which could be a counterclaim for this
argument?
A. Milk helps to strengthen bones.
B. Drinking milk contributes to obesity.
C. Milk provides many healthy vitamins and minerals for the body.
3. Argument: Cell phone radiation is harmful to people. Which would be a claim for this argument?
A. Cell phone radiation is not powerful enough to cause cancer.
B. There are regulations and limits on how much radiation is allowed in cell phones.
C. Studies show that there is a correlation between cell phone radiation and brain tumor
4. Argument: There are several disadvantages to social media. Which would be a counterclaim for this
argument?
A. Social media is not private or secure.
B. Social media spreads false information.
C. Social media allows news to be broadcasted quickly.
5. Argument: College athletes should be paid. Which would be a claim for this argument?
A. College athletes are not professionals; they are just playing at an advanced level.
B. College athletes bring in money for the college because people pay to come watch them play.
C. College athletes would have to pay taxes and likely not be able to afford tuition expenses if they were
paid.

Week 5

A book review describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book’s overall
purpose, structure, style of narration to the unknown readers. It tells not only what a book is about, but
also how successful it is at what it is trying to do. It is a sneak peek at a book, not a summary.

In writing a book review, you combine your skills of describing the content of the pages, analyzing how
the book achieved its purpose, and expressing your most personal comments, reactions and
suggestions.

Things to remember before writing a book review:

1. Read the book, jot down some important details, and ask yourself these questions:
 What is the author’s viewpoint and purpose?
 What are the author’s main points?
 What kind of evidence does the author use to prove his or her points?
 How does this book relate to other books on the same topic?
 Does the author have the necessary expertise to write the book?
 What are the most appropriate criteria by which to judge the book?
 How successful do you think the author was in carrying out the overall purposes of the book?
2. Write a strong title for your book review based on your total impression of a book.
Examples of Strong titles:“Drew girl power to new height, “A night owl that seldom sleeps even
during daytime,”Beautiful illustrations with a story to match,” “Perfect for a weekend
getaway

Examples of weak titles: “State of the art book,” “Five stars,“A breath of fresh air,” “Fast and
furious.
3. Book reviews are meant to be subjective but be sure to back up your opinions with various forms of
evidence, for example, quotations, statistics, and the use of primary and secondary sources.

How do you START writing a book review?

1. Identify the book by author, title, and sometimes publishing information.

2. Specify the type of book (for example: fiction, nonfiction, biography, and autobiography). Help your
readers to review with perspective.
3. Mention the book’s theme.

4. Include background, if necessary, to enable reader/s to place the book into a specific context.

5. You may also use an interesting quote, an interesting fact, or an explanation of a concept or term

What do you DO with the content?

1. For nonfiction books like biography, history and the like: pay primary attention to the major points
(the argument) the author is putting forth and to the sources the author has drawn upon to back up
his/her point of view.

2. For fictional works such as novels, chic lit, graphic novels, manga: Pay attention primarily to the novel
or book’s setting, plot, style, characters, theme/s, use of language and voice. Caution: Do not give away
the story for no one appreciates a spoiler!

3. Provide your reactions to the book. (Normally not less than 100 words and 500-1000 words in longer
books)

4. Describe the book.

5. Respond to the author’s opinions and analyze it.

6. Explore issues in the book. (Gender sensitivity issue, sexual, political, cultural etc.)

How do you CONCLUDE?

1. Relate your argument to other books or authors.

2. Relate the book to larger issues.

3. Tie together issues raised in the review.

4. Briefly restate your main points and your thesis statement.

5. Indicate how well the book has achieved its goal, what possibilities are suggested by the book, what
the book has left out, how the book compares to others on the subject, what specific points are not
convincing, and what personal experiences you’ve had related to the subject.

How do you revise the draft?

1. Allow time to elapse, at least a day, before starting your revision.

2. Correct grammatical mistakes and punctuation as you find them.

3. Read your paper through again looking for unity, organization and logical development.

4. If necessary, do not hesitate to make major revisions in your draft.

5. Verify quotations for accuracy and check the format and content of

Sample Book review

The Paradox in Women’s Life

One of feminism’s paradoxes—one that challenges many of its optimistic histories—is how patriarchy
remains persistent over time. While Judith Bennett’s Ale, Beer, and Brewsters in England: Women’s
Work in a Changing World, 1300-1600 recognizes medieval women as historical actors through their ale
brewing, it also shows that female agency had its limits with the advent of beer. I had assumed that
those limits were religious and political, but Bennett shows how a “patriarchal equilibrium” shut women
out of economic life as well. Her analysis of women’s wages in ale and beer production proves that a
change in women’s work does not equate to a change in working women’s status. Contemporary
feminists and historians alike should read Bennett’s book and think twice when they crack open their
next brewsky.

Direction:Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. It is a sneak peek of the content of the book that includes relevant description as well as its overall
perspective and purpose.
A. Fiction Review B. Movie Review
C. Newspaper Review D. Book Review
2. The following are the focus of reviewing a book, except:
A. Purpose of the Author B. Title of the Book or Novel
C. Relevance of the Issues D. Content of the Book or Novel
3. Which of the following parts of a review provides the author’s name, book article’s name, source, and
their statement?
A. Introduction B. Body
C. Conclusion D. Synthesis
4. How long should a normal book review be?
A. 50 words B. strictly 500 words
C. 500 words or more D. strictly 100 words
5. The following skills are enhanced when one writes a book review, except:
A. Describing B. Expressing
C. Analyzing D. Assessing
6. What is your best basis in creating titles for a book review?
A. Background of the Author B. Book’s Impression
C. Book Illustrations D. Book’s Sales and Popularity
7. Which of the following are identified first in writing a book review?
A. Author and Title B. Page and Number
C. Publication House D. Audience
8. Which of the following is a strong book review title?
A. Hilarious B. Student Reviewer Went Viral
C. Five Thumbs Up! D. Millennial Philosophy to the Highest Level
9. Which of the following shows a weak book review title?
A. Quite Tough
B. A nerve-wracking thriller to date
C. She is a rose among thorns
D. Pinoy front liners honored insanely
10. In reviewing fiction books, what elements should be paid with most attention by
the reviewer?
A. Setting and plot only B. Language and audience
C. Setting, plot and characters D. Language and genre

Performance Task:
Write a book review of a book, novel or movie that you like. Follow the steps in writing a book review.

Week 6
A Research Report is a long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the
writer’s views and findings on a chosen subject. However, it is not just a long composition which follows
the principles of good writing. It is a

scholarly work and not just a collection of notes lifted from many different sources and strung together,
one after the other.

The components of a research report are as follows:

1. Title

It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report. Similarly, it should be as
short as possible, including essential key words.

2. Abstract
It is an overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length containing 200-
300 words. Think of it as an executive and technical summary that distills the key elements of the
remaining sections into a few sentences.

3. Introduction

It provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and a review of any literature
that is relevant. In addition, the researcher will provide a rationale of why the research is important and
will present a hypothesis that attempts to answer the key question. Lastly, it should contain a summary
of the key question following the completion of the research.

4. Methodology

This is arguably the most important section for two reasons: (1) it allows readers to evaluate the quality
of the research, and (2) it provides the details by which another researcher may replicate and validate
the findings. Typically, the information in the methodology section is arranged in chronological order
with the most important information on top of each section.

5. Results

In longer research papers, the results section contains the data and perhaps a short introduction.
Ideally, the interpretation of the data and the analysis is reserved for the discussion section.

6. Discussion

This section is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing body or
literature. In addition, should there be any anomalies found in the results, this is where the authors
point them out. Finally, it is an attempt to connect the results to the bigger picture and show how the
results might be applied.

7. References

This section provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research report. Any fact, idea, or direct
quotation used in the report should be cited and referenced.

How do you format a research report?

There is no one best format for all reports for a format depends on several relevant variables. You must
employ a suitable format to create a desirable impression with clarity. Report must be attractive. While
you should write systematically, you must use the format (or often called structure) that best fits the
needs and wants of its readers.

Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet.

1. Which of the following is a long formal essay with the length of five to fifteen
pages presenting the writer’s views and findings.
A. Book Report C. Formal Report
B. Research Report D. Informal Report

2. It allows the readers in evaluating the quality of the research which another researcher may replicate.
A. Abstract C. Discussion
B. Methodology D. Results
3. It contains the interpretation of data and perhaps a short introduction.
A. Abstract C. Discussion
B. Methodology D. Results

4. It is an overview of the research study measuring two to four paragraphs.

A. Abstract C. Discussion
B. Methodology D. Results
5. This is where the outcome of the study is interpreted and evaluated against the existing body of
research literature.
Abstract C. Discussion
Methodology D. Result
6. It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the study.
A. Abstract C. Title
B. Introduction D. References
7. The abstract is limited to ___________ number of words.
A. 50 C. 100
B. 150 D. 200-300

8. What is the other term for research format?

A. Mechanics C. Style
B. Structure D. Type
9. Which of the following is not a physical format of a research report?
A. Margins C.. Length
B. Vlog D. Width

10. Who should evaluate the research report best?

A. Parent C. Principal
B. Researcher D. Teacher
11. Which of the following is not found in a research report?
A. Abstract C. Recommendations
B. Results D. Discussion

12. The introductory part of a research report should have the aim to:
A. Identify the specific focus of the study.
B. Grab reader’s attention
C. Provide a rationale of the study
D. All of the above
13. What is the purpose of the conclusion in a research report?
A. It contains a useful review of the research report.
B. It outlines the research methods.
C. It summarizes the conducted research.
D. It summarizes the key findings of the research report.

14. Which of the factors below could be considered as the biggest enemy of students in the preparation
and in writing research reports?
A. Time C. Money
B. Commitment D. All of the above
15. Who is the main intended audience of a research report?
A. Personnel C. Principal
B. Teacher D. Unknown Reader
A project proposal is a document that is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning,
or equipment selling.
 Proposals are used to convince the reader to do what the proposal suggests, such as buying
goods or services, funding a project, or implementing a program.
 Proposals in the professional world are used for internal (within an organization) and external
(from one organization to another) purposes.
 They are ways of generating income for companies or seeking funding for projects.
 This is provided to the sponsor of the project for approval.

A proposal stands out depending on its ability to clearly answer questions about what is being proposed,
how the plan will be carried out, when it will be implemented, and how much money will be needed or
spent.

They are persuasive documents that need to do the following:

highlight reader benefits,

prove your credibility in carrying out the project,

and allow the reader to respond easily.

Guidelines in Writing the Proposal

1. Gathering the Data. One of the characteristics of an effective proposal is being well- researched. It
needs concreted data to back up its claims so it can become more credible. You can gather data from
primary and secondary sources, and apply the strategies that you learned in writing a research paper in
the previous lessons.

2. Organizing the Data. A proposal becomes more effective if the information on it is clearly organized.
You can use the parts of the proposal to guide you in your organization, or use an outline to structure
your discussion more effectively.

3. Writing the Proposal. Fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data.

4. Revising the Proposal. Make sure to review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you
send it out. A good proposal will be comprehensive and will put your organization in the best light.

Formatting the Project Proposal

Proposals are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal
proposal is about 2-4 pages long. Meanwhile, a formal proposal has 5 or more pages.
standard parts:
1. Introduction. This part provides the background necessary for understanding the project, which is
done by telling your reader the following:
Rationale - this identifies the problem to be addressed and shows the need to solve it.
Objectives - these reveal what the project intends to achieve in terms of results.
It also gives the reader an idea of the intended solution. Good objectives are SMART (Specific,
Measurable, Attainable, Results oriented, and bound within a realistic Time frame).
Benefits - these show what the reader or the target audience can gain from the proposal, which may be
improvements in processes or systems, an increase in
revenue, or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries of the proposal.
2. Project Description. This section gives specific information about the project itself. It indicates how
the project will address the identified problem through the following parts:
Methodology – this entails the different activities, the project will take on, including the manpower (i.e.,
the people involved and their duties), resources to be utilized and the expanded output.
Schedule - this discusses the task duration and expected start and end dates of each activity in the
project.
Budget - this presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project, which can be itemized or
shown as a whole, depending on the needs of the
project.
Note: Organizations usually provide interested parties with a required format for project proposals, so
make sure that you follow the prescribed format.
Brighthubpm 2009)

 The position paper is a composition that highlights an opinion of an author or specified entity
about an issue. As a debate, it presents one side of an arguable opinion and persuades the
readers or audience that the author has a well-founded knowledge about the issue.
 In writing the Position Paper, your goal as a writer is not only to state and defend your position
on the issue but also to show how your stance relates to other position. Do remember that
arguments should be supported with reasons and evidences?
Issue criteria to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument:
1. Is it the actual and real issue?
2. Can you clearly identify two positions?
3. Are you an advocate of one of these positions?
4. Is the issue narrow enough to be manageable?

Samples of relevant supporting evidence:

1. Factual knowledge, which valid and verifiable information
2. Statistical inferences, which are conclusions drawn from data gathered
3. Informed opinions, which are based on knowledge of the facts and carefully considered
principle, and rely on evidence instead of limited personal experience
4. Personal testimony, which are personal or first-hand experience of the writer or
knowledgeable party
(Rutgers 1998)
Components of a position paper.
I. The Introduction – identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position
on that issue.
A. Introduce your topic with background information
B. Build up your thesis statement which asserts your position
Example
 Fast food restaurants are bad for our health.
 Fast food packages should contain warning labels.
II. The Body – contains the central argument and can be further broken up into sections:
A. Possible objections to your position (counter argument)
Example
 Whose job is it to determine which restaurants are bad?
 Such labels would affect the profits of major corporations.
B. A discussion of both sides of the issue, which addresses and refutes arguments that
contradict the author’s position (your argument)
Example
 It would be difficult and expensive for any entity to determine which restaurants should
adhere to the policy.
 Nobody wants to see the government overstepping its boundaries
C. Explain that your position is still the best one, despite the strength of counter arguments. This is
where you can work to discredit some of the counter arguments and support your own.
example
 Restaurants might improve the standards of food if warning labels were put into place.
 The role of the government is to keep citizens safe.
III. Conclusion – restating the key points and when applicable, suggest resolution to
the issue.
A. restate your position
B. provide Plan of Action
(Thoughtco 2020)

Assessment
1. Which part of the Project Proposal provides the background necessary for
understanding the project?
A. Project Introduction B. Project Description
C. Project Methodology D. Project Revision
2. Which section gives specific information about the project itself?
A. Project Introduction B. Project Description
C. Project Methodology D. Project Revision

3. Which of the following presents an analysis of all the costs anticipated in the project?
Benefits B. Methods
C. Schedule D. Budget
4. What part of the proposal reveals what the project intends to achieve in terms of
results?
A. Rationale B. Objectives
C. Benefits D. Introduction
5. Which shows what the reader target audience can gain from the proposal, like
improvements on systems or a change in behavior of the beneficiaries?
Introduction B. Rationale
C. Benefits D. Objectives
6. Which document is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or
equipment selling.
A. Research Report B. Project Proposal
C. Book Report D. Position Paper
7. Which details the different activities the project will take on that includes the
manpower?
A. Budget C. Schedule
B. Methodology D. Objective
8. Which of the following is supporting evidence that is valid and verifiable?
A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony
9. Which knowledge relies on evidence instead of limited personal experience?
A. Factual Knowledge B. Statistical Inferences
C. Informed Opinion D. Personal Testimony
10. Why is a topic like “The pandemic Covid-19 shakes the world” not a good idea for a
position statement?
A. It’s too controversial
B. It’s a long, complicated topic
C. There is nothing to debate about
D. It’s a good topic for a position statement
11. Which of the following statements is false?
A. A position statement can be based upon your opinion
B. You will need to choose a side when writing a position statement
C. You don’t need to offer any options when writing a position statement
D. You should always write a conclusion that sums up your position
12. Which of the following is not included in the introduction of the position paper?
A. counter-argument C. background of the topic
B. relevance of the topic D. position statement
13. Which component of the proposition paper contains the main argument which can
be further broken up into sections?
Introduction C. Body
Conclusion D. Summary
14. This identifies the issue that will be discussed and states the author’s position on
that issue.
Introduction C. Body
Conclusion D. Summary
15. Which part of the paper suggests a course of action?
Introduction C. Body
Conclusion D. Summary