EF eS ELECTRON ( oa)» e Vey PROTON e eo —_ NEUTRON Cue) = °°ch scientist, Neils Bohr, proposed some changes 0 Rutherford’s model. atthe electrons moved in a specific orbit or energy evel around the Hust like the planets move around the sun. These orbits are located at Bohr's model has been further modified 1913, Dani WT sggested th ral nucleus, cenain distances from the nucleus. ‘According to modern ideas, an atom has ai axvounded by alarge region in which there are enough elect the whole atom neutral. Jeus where the electrons small positively charged nucleus trons tomake age Tikely to be found is called the — to the space around a beehive in which the dd the nucleus in definite paths like a miniature re an electron is; they can only predict lose to the nucleus, round the nuc! .d, This is somewhat similar electrons do not move aroun: cientists cannot tell exactly whei ¢ found. Sometimes, the electrons are cl ‘The space a ‘dectron clou' ‘pees move. The solar system. S where it is most likely to b fometimes they move farther away. most likely location in the electron cloud pe found. Electrons with the lowest energy Electrons with higher Lach energy level indicates the where a particular electron may tre found in the energy levels closest to the nucleus, nergy are found in energy levels further away from the nucleus. the simplest atom, consists of a nucleus with one protons Moving in ‘ucleus there is a single electron, so that the atom as & whole is ® the first energy level or orbit. It fills the orbit in the sense the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus. Ahydrogen atom, an orbit around the m neutral. This electron “fills that it miay be found anywhere in Sub-Atomic Particles You may be surprised to learn that today scientists know about the existence of about two hundred sub-atomic particles which are smaller than an atom. Just now, you need to eam only about the three main sub-atomic particles—the proton, the neutron and the electron, This will help you understand modera chemistry. The nucleus is the central core of the atom. It occupies a very sinall space, but it accounts for 99.9% of the mass of the atom: faectrons S third energy level oO® Within the nucleus are two types of sub-atomic particles: *Protons, which are Dositively charged. The number of, Protons in an a is equal to the number of electrons, and the whole atom is neutral, Sige the mass of a sub-atomic particle is co Small, scientists use a specia} Unity measure the mass of these particles, s Ail protons are identical, no matter which elemeng they are found in, Within the nucleus, there are strong binding fe overcome the repulsion between the Positively charged protons. *Neutrons, which are not charged or are neutral. All neutrons are. identica, Although the mass of a neutron is slightly more than a proton, its mass ig still considered to be 1 amu, a ea Fa 36am, Bach is considered to be one unit negative charge. In any atom, the number of electrons is ‘equal fo the number of protons. They are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus. Each energy level within an atom can hold only a limited numben of electrons, The first level can hold only two electrons; the second and third energy levels can hold up to eight electrons each. The chemical properties of any atom depend on how its electrons are arranged in the different levels, Electrons can move from one energy level to another. This means a loss or # gain of a specific amount of energy, ' nergy level, it is said to be excited, Similarly, when the electron moves to a lower energy level, it must lose a specific amount of energy. Alsoit can move into the lower evel only if the level is not already filled. GETTING AN IDEA OF SUB-ATOMIC SIZES The extremely thin gold foil that Rutherford used for this experiment was itself two thousand atoms thick! | Ifyou could stand on the nucleus ofan atom, the nearest electron | would seem as faraway asa distant star appears fiom the earth How small is 1 amu? Imagine the number 6 followed by 23 zeroes. The mass of that many protons is equal (0 one gram, ic, | {600.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 protons | Now imagine that the mass of 1836 electrons = the mass of | (I proton! \ 152nts given with these words—proton, neutron, electron, ‘hat each word may match more than one statement. 4. Match the statemer Remember t i. Positively charged particle. ji, Has a mass of J amu. iii, Smallest of the three sub-atomic particles. jv, Equal numbers within the atom. y. Coexist in the nucleus. vi. May be fourd'anywhere withinrthe atom, —-——~ 2, Indicate which of the following statements are true (T) and whicharefalse ). Rewrite the false ones in your notebook after correcting them. j. Allelectrons are identical, negatively charged particles. ii, Electrons are heavy particles, each having a mass of 1 amu iii, Blectrons with high energy are found closest to the nucleus. iv. An electron is the unit of negative charge. y. Any number of electrons may be found in ne energy level to another must either a given energy level. vi. Electrons which move from o absorb or give out energy. 3, In your notebook, write down the important facts about proton, neutron ppg and electron that you have learnt so far. as Atomic Number, Mass Number and Atomic Mass ‘You have learnt that the atoms of different elements are different from each other. If all protons are identical and all neutrons are identical, then how do these differences arise? ‘Although these sub-atomic particles are identical, the number of them in the nuclei of different elements is different. ‘The number of protons in the nucleus of an element is called the atomic number of the element. The atomic number of an element never changes. ‘Thus, the number of protons in the nucleus of 2 particular element never changes. ‘The total number of protons and n called its mass number. ber of a carbon atom is 12 and its atomic number is i a 153 cutrons in the nucleus of an atom is For example, the mass num| 6. This means that the number of protons alone = The total number of protons + neutronsCarbon atoms of What is the ditter { I, Whose mass. number is, 14. also exist, ence between the t ‘wo kinds’ never changes, he, ? The atomic number (Y \2\ Te gaat kind of carbon atom has 6 Protons. One kind has 6 neutrons, while the other Kind h It is possible for atoms of the same element to have wy the same number of, Protons but different number of neutrons. Such atoms are called '6topas ee carbene) Im the example just given, carbon-12 and carbon-i4 are isotopes in of carbon. These are written as BC, and HC, thus showing the difference in their structures 4. The picture below shows you th hydrogen. Look at jt and say: Which isotope contains 2 neutrons? i, What is the omic nunterofeahisourer BA Cerbon-14 nucleus Protium nucleus i ree isotopes of t f ee f | L e “age of the 5 atomic mass of c ere Will be more A \8€ 18 closer to 12 than to 14, tt STILL SMALLER Se) F pomach broken up into stilt smelter Particles? Scientists ! Row believe that a new Kind of particle called a quark makes up all the Particles in the Auclews, There are a Pumber of different kinds Of quarks, Combination of three kinds of i fi 4 proton: another combination Produces a neutron, Exch eroup of quarks | a different kind of nuclear purticteure of the Elements ne known, consisting of one proton hnich scientists studied next has two s that of hydrogen. Can ¢ Atomic Struct 6, The hydrogen atom is the simplest 01 and one-electron. ‘The helium atom, w! protons anc two electrons. Yetits mass is four ime you say why? 7, Complete the following table: Nameot Symbol__Atomic Mass Th protons neutrons electrons elemen no. no. i. Nitrogen N 1 14 . Oxygen 0 8 16 iii, Sodium Na no 23 iv. Chlorine Cl 735 snt energy Scientists now needed to find out how the electrons were arranged in the differet levels or orbits. @ ‘They calculated that the maxi aber of electrons to be found in a given orbit was 2n% where m is the number of the orbit. “Ths, the first orbit could have 2 electrons (n= 1+ dn? = 2), the second orbit could 8) and the third orbit could have upto 18 electrons (n=3, Jectrons, the additional electrons are | have 8 electrons (n= 2, 2n’ | gn?= 18), When the first orbit gets filled with two el | found in the second. When both the first and the second orbits are full, the electrons are found in the third orbit. Using this rule, scientists were able to find out the arrangement of electrons in several elements, Neon (atomic number 10) and argon (atomic number 18) were somewhat special. They were labelled the inert gase5 because they did not take part readily in chemical reactions. Neon has ten electrons, two in the first orbit, eight in the second. ‘Argon has two in the first orbit, eight in the vecond and eight in third. Notice that each of them has eight electrons in the outermost orbit. ockek ® ‘Any atom that has eight ‘and inert. It does not take part in chem! electrons in its outermost shell is found to bestable jical reactions. atomic number 19), scientists found that its electrons were In the case of potassium ( ur different orbits. arranged 2, 8,8 and 1 in for8 When the third | begins, other lectron f one, oF and chlorine is the el You already know that both potassium and chlorine have a valency of ve cxamples of the same kind of combination between different elements, Sodium (At. No. 11) Electrons arranged 2 +8 + 1 Gives up one electron Chlorine (At. No. 17) Electrons arranged 2 + § +7 Accepts one electron Magnesium (At. No.12) Electrons arranged 2+ § 42 The two electrons given up by magnesium ane ‘aken up, one each, by ewochlorine atoms ‘0 form magnesium chloride, MgCl, 9. In your notebook Chlorine (At. No, 17) Electrons arranged 2 +48 47 m arrangement in the following 3), caleium (atomic number 20) 10. Answer these questions in your notebook. i. What kind of structure do atoms try to form during chemical combinations? _ 4 Define the valency of an element in terms Of its electron arrangement,d two neutrons qhe helium atom has a nucleus containing two protons an mass n0mmber = qi Nitose" 7 protons, TneutrOns, electrons fi, oxyge” g protons, Sneutrons, 8 electrons ii, Sodium + UE protons \2neutrons, °1 electrons iv. Chlorine 17pratons, 18 neutrons, 17 electrons , The maxima” number of electrons an orbit 'S given 2né, where mis the number of the orbit. o hen the outermest orbit BAS © ght electrons, the next one begins to form. g, Aluminium has 13 efgctsons arranged 2+8+3. “The three valence electrons 0 the outermost sine each, by three chlorine atoms “This combination forms aluminium orbit are taken up, chloride, AICI. Calcium has 20 elect orbit are taken up, om ~ chloride, CaCly 4p, i. During chemi their outermost orbit ii, The number of elect determin¢ ‘There are atomic P ‘and Kalpakkam (Tamil 12. ab, bg, cj, dks eb fl 1, Give a sins ju the first radioae! central core of the neutral P + of proton iv iv. number y, positively chat i. maximum num make germ-free. trument used vii. viii. inst ix. combining oft x. chamber i ons arranged 2+ each, by two chil ‘cal combinations, at0! es its valency. ower station gle word or ph articles foun: ged pat ‘ber of electrons that cé ‘n which a controtled 8 jorine atoms. This sms try to obtain 2 trons that an atom ¢ ns at Tarapore (Mahar Nadu). ase for each of the following ‘e element discovered. atom. \d inside the atom an atom. ticles whose mass an sin is almost to detect radiation. jo nuclei g+8+2. Thetwoval ea ‘an donate of accept i cashtra). fit into the second ectrons in the outermost lence et of calcium ds to the formation stable octet of eight electrons i? in the outermost orbit Kota Rajasthan), Narora (UP) phrases. the hydrogen atom. equal to shell of an atom. nuclear reaction occurs,